Sports anatomy books-hip and knee movements, etc.

Hip flexion, hip extension, internal rotation, external rotation, adduction, abduction

The femur is a long thigh composed of three parts, and both ends are integrated.

Upper end: femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter (outside of greater trochanter) and lesser trochanter (tubercle behind femoral neck).

Femoral body: thick, triangular in cross-section, with a longitudinal bone ridge running through the back, called thick line, with branches at the upper and lower ends, and nine hip muscles attached to the thick line.

Lower end: thicker, the front part is called patellar surface, which is related to patella, and the lower back is divided into two parts, namely femoral condyle, which is divided into medial condyle and lateral condyle!

There is an acetabular fossa on the ilium, which is a hemispherical deep fossa, located at the junction of ilium, pubis and ischium on the lateral surface of ilium. The hip joint surface only occupies a part of acetabular fossa, which is crescent-shaped, and the hip joint surface is located at the front and lower part of acetabular fossa.

Stretching, bending, pronation and supination

The femur and patella form the patella joint.

The femur and tibia form a tibial joint.

The patella is not connected with the tibia.

There are medial tibial condyle and lateral tibial condyle at the upper end of tibia.

There is a protrusion in the front of the tibia, which is the tibial tuberosity.

There is an area on the medial side of tibia, which is the paw area of goose.

Flexion: the femoral condyle rolls first and then slides.

Extension: the femoral condyle slides first and then rolls.

Anterior cruciate ligament (the lower part is attached to the anterior region of tibial intercondylar crest and the upper part is attached to the lateral condyle of femur) to prevent the tibia from moving forward excessively.

Posterior cruciate ligament (the upper part is attached to the lower part of medial femoral condyle and the lower part is attached to the posterior area of tibial intercondylar ridge) to prevent excessive posterior displacement of tibia.

The main function of patella is to protect quadriceps femoris tendon. .

First axis: the line connecting the center points of hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint.

The second axis: the midline of the femoral body.

The third axis: the tibial midline.

The second axis and the third axis will form an angle of 170 to 175, which is called genu valgus.

The position of knee joint in lower limb is eversion and eversion.

The meniscus of the knee joint is two pieces of fibrocartilage on the articular surface, which are crescent-shaped and triangular in cross section.

It is divided into medial meniscus and lateral meniscus.

The meniscus is attached to some ligaments (meniscus patella ligament, tibial collateral ligament).

The meniscus angle is attached to the tibia, and some sides are attached to the joint capsule.

Attached to tendon (lateral meniscus popliteal tendon, medial meniscus semimembranous tendon)

Function: The meniscus can move slightly during exercise, which increases the distribution area of synovial fluid. The meniscus increases the contact surface of the thigh and bears the pressure better.

Meniscus displacement: extension (meniscus moving forward), flexion (meniscus moving backward) and rotation (meniscus moving forward on the same side as rotation). These movements of meniscus are very necessary, and some movements are fixed or squeezed between condyle and articular surface. This condition is called meniscus injury.