Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography major - Vision × hearing × taste × touch × smell, the development of baby's five senses &; Nursing decryption
Vision × hearing × taste × touch × smell, the development of baby's five senses &; Nursing decryption
As for taste, * * * is transmitted to pons and thalamus through taste buds, pons to limbic system structure, and thalamus to cerebral cortex. The basic tastes are sweet, salty, bitter and sour. At the age of 2, the feeling of pain is similar to that of an adult. Newborns like sweet, and when they are sour, they wrinkle their noses and secrete saliva. Some babies will open their mouths and spit out their tongues to lose their temper.
The sense of smell is to receive the smell from the olfactory epithelial cells in the nose, to the olfactory bulb, and then to the olfactory center of the brain; As for the sense of touch, it passes through the skin to the hypothalamus and then to the cerebral cortex. The feeling of pain, temperature and touch all belong to the category of touch.
The difference between feeling and perception? Feeling refers to the process of transmitting to the brain through the receptors of the body and nerves, so that people know what kind of feeling it is; Perception refers to the process of reading and organizing the cerebral cortex after sensation reaches the brain, and this ability is related to cognitive development.
What is the internal force? Internal drive means that every baby will take the initiative to explore the environment and gain experience when he is born, and will actually implement this desire. Every baby has internal drive, but some babies have strong internal drive and some are weak, and environmental factors will also affect the strength of internal drive. Environmental factors, such as: some babies like to pat mommy, which is actually the process of baby's tactile exploration. If mommy stops the baby from doing this, the relevant * * * and internal motivation will be weakened, and the baby will realize that "this is wrong" and may not do it again in the future.
From 8 months to 1 year, the number of synapses in the brain reaches its peak. Dr. Zhang Xi said that the use of the five senses will connect the synapses in the brain. When the baby is 8 months old to 1 year old, the number of connections between brain nerves (that is, synapses) will reach its peak. At this stage, if multiple synapses are often provided for reuse, the possibility of deleting some less used synapses can be reduced.
If the synaptic function is well established, the synaptic connection will be stronger in the future. Therefore, parents should develop their baby's five senses, interact with him as much as possible, and talk to him as much as possible, even if he still doesn't understand.
Vision × hearing × taste × touch × smell, the development of baby's five senses &; Care about the visual development of the visual baby?
Compared with other five senses, the development time of vision is relatively slow. Li Xiangyi, a therapist, pointed out that the newborn can only see objects about 20 cm in hyperopia; 2, 3 months later, you can gradually see objects at different distances, and begin to develop the ability to adjust the focal length with the distance of objects. At this time, I gradually developed the ability to look after moving things, and I prefer to look at my mother's face. At 3 months, bright color contrast can be distinguished. Before that, most of them could only distinguish black and white contrast. About 4 months, binocular stereoscopic vision began to develop, and all the main colors could be seen and distinguished. When I was 6 months old, I already had the basic ability to pay attention to depth and color, as well as details. At this time, the ability to follow slowly moving objects is fully mature, and the 6-month-old baby can choose the direction to look.
When the baby was born, he was farsighted. From 6 months to 1 year old, his eyesight has developed to be similar to that of an adult. But if you want to be fully mature, you have to wait until you are 5 or 6 years old (mainly eyesight and focus). If the baby doesn't get enough eyesight, it may affect his future study and color recognition.
How to help the baby's visual development and care?
1. Vision * * *: Show the baby black and white objects or brightly colored objects. Furthermore, it is recommended to give a black and white line chart card to the baby of 0 ~ 3 months; After 3 months, it is recommended to send brightly colored contrast items. As long as the same article has two colors, there are not many colors. For example, you can make your own toys and put a red sticker on one end of the bottle and a green sticker on the other end. This is the easiest way.
2. You can also show your baby unsalable items. For example, after 3 months, you can take an item and slowly move it left and right in front of the baby, so that the baby can move with it. * * * Try to put it at your fingertips, about 20 cm away from your baby.
After 3.6 months, you can give your baby what you want at different distances, and the distance should be trained. The main purpose is to practice the ability of eyes to adjust focus.
What do you not do when you give vision?
Parents should be careful not to give their baby too many other sounds when giving vision, because vision suggests training alone. Parents should also pay attention to the fact that when giving * * *, try not to let the baby rely on the response to sound to replace the use of vision, otherwise it will only be * * * hearing, not vision. But don't stop playing with acousto-optic toys at any time. Appropriate multi-sensory * * * is still necessary! )
In addition, if there is no doctor's advice, parents should not directly illuminate their baby's eyes with pen lights at home, which may damage their baby's retina.
The cause of abnormal vision?
Simply put, both genes and environment (during pregnancy or after birth) may affect the development of vision-related receptors and nervous system. If there are congenital conditions, it is recommended to deal with them as soon as possible, which can reduce the environmental impact, such as congenital cataract. It is recommended to handle it within 2 months at the earliest. If parents are in doubt, it is recommended to ask a pediatrician and then evaluate whether to refer them to an ophthalmologist or therapist according to the doctor's opinion.
Does the baby always stare at an object?
Many parents will find that babies about 2 months old will have forced watching behavior, such as staring at an object for more than 30 minutes. This is because the brain is inhibiting the movement of the eyes to the external environment (like to look at the side), which is conducive to the development of central vision (seeing things that should look straight ahead). This is a normal development process, so parents don't have to worry too much.
Many parents will hang toys on the ceiling directly above the crib. It is recommended that the baby 2 months ago should not hang directly above the baby, but can hang it slightly; After 2 months, it will be hung in the position directly above, which is also related to the fact that newborn babies like to look at the external environment.
Vision × hearing × taste × touch × smell, the development of baby's five senses &; Care about your baby's taste development?
Dr. Zhang Xi said that according to Japanese research data, the mouth and nose of the fetus have gradually formed at the 7 th and 8 th week of pregnancy; After 20 weeks of pregnancy, taste gradually appears, but the taste function will not be used at this stage; After 28 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus can gradually distinguish sour, sweet, bitter, salty and other tastes, so the newborn basically has a sense of taste, and can distinguish the difference between mommy's breast milk and other people's breast milk 5 or 6 days after birth. In addition, the newborn baby's taste is more sensitive than that of adults, and the newborn's kidney is not mature, so the baby won't like salty things very much.
The baby eats non-staple food for 4 to 6 months. Through the experience of eating various foods, the baby's taste preference will be gradually established. In fact, the taste preference for food is mostly not innate, and it is related to the cultivation of acquired habits. If you like to eat heavy-flavored food from the non-staple food stage, you will tend to prefer heavy-flavored food when you grow up. It can be seen that non-staple food is not only related to the baby's health, but also affects the establishment of eating habits in the future, so the taste of non-staple food must be light.
Does the disease affect the baby's taste?
Thrush: Although the affected part of thrush is in the baby's mouth, it will not affect the taste, but will make the baby's mouth uncomfortable, causing pain and discomfort when drinking milk or eating, thus affecting the willingness to eat. Enterovirus: Babies infected with enterovirus will have blisters and ulcers in their mouths, and they will feel pain when swallowing food, and even have difficulty swallowing, but it will not affect their taste. Taste disorder: Very few babies may have taste disorder, but it is difficult to tell. Taste disorders usually occur in babies with severe zinc deficiency, which is related to the metabolism of taste buds. Zinc deficiency can also be complicated by other symptoms, such as systemic eczema. In this case, zinc should be supplemented according to the doctor's advice. How to help the baby's taste development and care?
1. Non-staple food does not add salt, sugar or other seasonings, and its taste remains light.
2. Non-staple foods should be balanced in nutrition, and don't worry too much about the possibility of allergies (unless the baby is known to be allergic to specific foods). For example, Dr. Zhang Xi, many parents in Taiwan Province Province are worried that their babies may be allergic to strawberries, so they don't give them strawberries; In fact, in Japan, parents often add strawberries to their baby's non-staple food after 6 months. Just note that the principle of giving non-staple food at one time is the same, and it is recommended to observe the same food for at least 3 days.
3. Clean your baby's mouth. After the baby drinks milk or eats non-staple food, he can clean his mouth slightly with a gauze towel dipped in warm water (1 ~ 2 times, once a day); If it is inconvenient to clean your mouth, you can also let your baby drink water after eating.
Smell baby's sense of smell development?
Dr. Zhang Xi said that according to Japanese research data, the fetal nose has gradually formed at the seventh and eighth weeks of pregnancy; At 20 weeks of pregnancy, the basic function of smell has been gradually established; Newborns have a keen sense of smell. Newborns may be able to find mommy's direction by smell; When the baby is 7 or 8 months old, the development of sense of smell is roughly the same as that of adults.
Can mommy wear perfume?
For the baby's olfactory care, many people will have a question: "Can Mommy wear perfume? Will it be bad for the baby's sense of smell? At present, there is little research on the influence of perfume on sense of smell, but most doctors will advise caregivers not to use perfume as much as possible. If you want to use perfume, it is recommended to use natural, elegant and gentle perfume, and don't over-stimulate your baby's sense of smell. Babies have a keen sense of smell. If mommy's perfume is strong, it may cover up mommy's own taste.
How to help the baby's olfactory development and care?
1. Nurses should use perfume as little as possible.
2. In the case that the smell is not as heavy as perfume, the baby can smell a variety of smells, such as the taste of fruit and the smell of toilet paper. Develop your baby's sense of smell in moderation. It is recommended to take the baby out for a walk and smell the smell of nature, whether it is the smell of flowers or earth, so that the baby can smell more and interact with it more.
Vision × hearing × taste × touch × smell, the development of baby's five senses &; Care for the development of tactile baby?
Li Xiangyi, a therapist, explained that the first feeling of an embryo is the sense of touch, which comes into being in the third week of pregnancy. In the third month of pregnancy, the whole body reacts to touch (there is no feeling except the top of the head and the back of the head during the whole pregnancy), but this reaction is still a reflection, which is not similar to the consciousness control reaction of adults; About the last three months of pregnancy, the fetus has a tactile experience of reaching the cortex. After the baby is born, although it will distinguish between cold and heat on 1, it is learned the day after tomorrow. Because of cold and heat, the baby will definitely not take off his clothes and cover himself with a quilt.
When the baby is 6 months old, you can feel the difference in the texture of the goods; At 6 or 7 months, the baby will feel the hardness of the item; At 9 months, you will feel the weight of the item; 6 ~ 1 1 month will take the initiative to grasp and release items. The order of tactile development is from the beginning to the feet, so the mouth is more sensitive than the hand.
In addition, there are some tactile reflections that parents can pay attention to:
It appeared 0 ~ 3 months ago and disappeared after 3 months: if you gently touch your mouth, the baby will turn it around and open it (after 3 months, the baby will open his mouth if he wants to. )
It appeared 2 ~ 5 months ago and disappeared within 2 ~ 5 months: when touching the inner side of the upper lip, the baby will take the initiative to shut up and suck.
It appeared 0 ~ 2 months ago and disappeared at 2 months: when the baby receives a touch from the corner of his mouth or lower lip, he will open his mouth and stick out his tongue at the source of * * * *, and his head may also turn with it.
It appeared 4 ~ 9 months ago, but it will disappear in 4 ~ 9 months: if you gently dig the soles of your feet, you will retract your feet.
It appeared 6 ~ 7 months ago and disappeared within 6 ~ 7 months: when the back of the hand is lightly touched, the baby will open his hand and stay away from * * *.
How to help the baby's tactile development and care?
1. Parents can observe whether the baby will wake up because he feels cold and move his limbs, but he will sleep more stably when he is warm; You can also observe whether the baby wants to touch himself or something in the environment; And whether the reflection appears and disappears at a proper time can be observed.
2. Give your baby a variety of items with different tactile sensations, so that he can touch them more, such as toys, bottles, toilet paper and so on.
3. If you want to help your baby's tactile development, parents can help your baby. * * * every day for about 10 minutes, gently press the whole body in the order of: face → shoulders → back → chest → arms → legs, and stop at all parts. * * *, but also gently bend the baby's hands and feet and then straighten them to increase the proprioception.
4. Six months before the baby, parents can gently hold the baby's little hand to touch the face of familiar relatives; After the baby is 6 months old, parents can gently slide the items across the baby's palm to increase the sense of touch. But don't press the palm hard, the baby will be afraid.
5. Parents can also touch the baby's head and back when putting the baby to sleep, which not only helps to provide a sense of touch, but also helps the baby's emotional development and interpersonal communication in the future. If the baby does not get enough sense of touch, it may affect motor development, emotional and social development and cognitive development.
What should I pay attention to when giving my baby a sense of touch?
If parents observe that the baby is shrinking, running away or crying, they should pause first and try again the next day. It must be noted that parents must try again in the future, and don't give up once, because the baby may be afraid of being unfamiliar when trying for the first time, and may adapt after trying several times; But parents should also remember not to force their babies.
If you replace your baby, you should also observe the state of your baby's skin. If it is red, it may mean a little too much.
Baby likes to touch everywhere, should it be forbidden?
Babies in the oral period love to put their hands in their mouths and explore the world with their sense of touch. Many parents think it is "dirty, so that the baby won't get sick." Therapist Li Xiangyi believes that it is actually recommended not to ban before the age of 2. After all, this is a normal cognitive development stage, but parents should pay attention to the disinfection of articles before and after use and choose the appropriate size and material.
Vision × hearing × taste × touch × smell, the development of baby's five senses &; Concerned about the development of hearing baby?
Babies' hearing develops very early. Therapist Huang introduced that the appearance of fetal ears was formed at 8 ~ 1 1 week of pregnancy, and the cochlea began to develop. At 20 weeks of pregnancy, the cochlea matures and the fetus gradually begins to hear; After the baby is born, with the reception of various sounds, these auditory experiences are very important for language learning. Simply put, about 0 ~ 2 months, when the baby hears a loud noise, he will stop crying, calm down, wake up from sleep, open his eyes and blink. From 2 to 6 months, when the baby hears the familiar adult voice, he will show different reactions or expressions even if he can't see the adult. For example, when you cry, when you hear mommy's voice, your mood will gradually stabilize. At this stage, babies also begin to imitate and repeat the sounds made by adults, and they will begin to look for the sounds they are interested in, such as the sound of TV and the barking of dogs.
For example, therapist Huang explained that when the baby is 7 ~ 12 months old, he can correctly turn to the direction and source of sound and will always stare at familiar adults. When a baby hears music, his body will swing or shake with the music. Babies also babble and make overlapping sounds, such as ㄅㄚㄅㄚㄉㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚㄚ.
From 1 to 1 year and a half, the baby can understand about 50 ~ 75 words, speak about 10 words, call "mom and dad" and obey simple instructions. 1.5 ~ 2-year-olds can say about 30 ~ 50 words, most of which are nouns, and repeat the last word or two that others have said. In addition, the baby can also start to combine simple words, such as "Mom has eaten", or answer some simple questions and understand some simple instructions, such as: sit down.
The cause of hearing abnormality?
There may be many reasons, which can be divided into different parts such as external ear, middle ear and inner ear. Simply put, the damage of external ear is related to earwax, foreign body accumulation, congenital malformation or atresia of external auditory canal. Hearing can be restored after foreign body removal or operation. As for middle ear injuries, most of them can be recovered or alleviated by drugs, surgery and wearing hearing AIDS. The most common disease under 2 years old is otitis media, and others, such as European duct obstruction and external impact, may also affect hearing; Inner ear injury includes cochlear hypoplasia and auditory nerve injury. In addition to congenital genetic reasons, acquired bacterial infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, measles, rubella, premature delivery, improper medication during pregnancy, etc. , may affect hearing.
As the accumulation of listening experience will directly affect language learning, it is suggested that listening should be screened as soon as possible to grasp the critical period of language learning. The American Joint Committee on Infant Hearing suggests that if hearing problems are diagnosed as early as 3 months before the baby is born, hearing rehabilitation or hearing AIDS can be received 6 months ago, and when the baby is 3 years old, it may be able to develop a language level suitable for his age. In Taiwan Province Province, the national health department has also begun to implement free newborn hearing screening for babies born in China under three months. Usually, screening can be done within 24 hours after the baby is born. As long as three induction wires are attached to the scalp, the ticking sound is played through the earphone, and then the baby's brain wave response to the sound is received through the wires. The time is less than half an hour, which is not an invasive examination and quite safe. However, parents should also be reminded that even if they pass this screening, it does not mean that the baby's hearing must be fine. After all, hearing loss may occur the day after tomorrow. If you have abnormal performance in the future, you should also seek medical advice as soon as possible.
How to help the baby's hearing development and nursing?
Therapist Huang suggested the following practices that parents can try at home:
1. Create a suitable listening environment: when the baby wakes up, parents can talk to the baby, sing, play musical instruments with obvious rhythm, and play and interact with the baby, thus promoting the development of listening.
2. Let the baby detect all kinds of sounds in the surrounding environment: for example, the sound of animals, the horn of cars, etc. Parents can play a sound matching game with their baby with various toys.
3. Let the baby listen to the contrast voice between loud and quiet: However, Huang's therapist also stressed that the loud voice mentioned here is mainly not harsh and comfortable, as long as it is slightly louder than the quiet voice.
4. Sound orientation training should be carried out: parents can call the baby's name, or hide the sound source in different directions such as the baby's back and the side of the head, and wait for the baby to find it himself (the easiest way is to practice with an alarm clock as the sound source).
5. Get the child's attention: Before parents start talking, it is recommended to get the baby's attention and face to face.
6. Slow down: When parents talk to their baby, it is recommended to use words suitable for the baby's development stage, and slow down the speech slightly, increase the number of repetitions, or emphasize key words. The most important words should be placed at the end of the sentence.
7. Encourage the baby to speak and imitate the baby's voice: parents can also imitate the baby's voice.
8. Depending on the situation, decide whether to add visual AIDS to listening: In case the baby has difficulty only listening to sound (in case the baby has hearing problems), parents can add some visual clues, such as using finger-like objects (toys or picture cards) to let the baby identify the meaning of sound through vision. When the goal is achieved (after the baby can recognize the sound), he can switch back to hearing alone.
9. Don't correct it immediately: When the baby can't speak clearly, parents don't have to correct the baby immediately, and they don't have to ask the baby to repeat it over and over again. They can complete sentences for the baby and give the baby a chance to listen more.
10. Simplify the source of * * *: Huang's therapist reminds parents not to provide listening at the same time. Too many sound sources will make the baby feel confused and inattentive, so simplify * * *, preferably one person at a time. For example, the father will talk to the baby first, and then change the mother.
1 1. Avoid excessive noise: when talking to your baby, control the volume appropriately, not too loud; When playing with toys that will make noise, it is recommended to give priority to toys that will not make too much noise, and try to keep the baby away from the ultra-high decibel places where firecrackers will be set off.
12. Don't deliberately clean up the earwax: Generally speaking, the baby's earwax can be naturally metabolized. Usually, parents can use gauze towels to clean the outside of their ears a little. If the earwax is deep, it is suggested that it should be handled better by medical staff, so as to avoid deliberately cleaning it too deep to puncture the eardrum and cause infection.
13. Prevention of infection: prevention of colds and otitis media. If the baby has a cold, it is recommended to seek medical advice as soon as possible; When washing your baby's hair, avoid sewage flowing into the external auditory canal.
Vision × hearing × taste × touch × smell, the development of baby's five senses &; I heard that babies have seven senses? We often hear the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell, but some people think it can be extended to the seven senses. What are the seven senses? Li Xiangyi's therapist explained that if the version of the seven senses is adopted, the other two senses besides the five senses are the "vestibular sense" and "proprioception" mentioned by sensory integration.
* "Vestibular sensation": the sensation reaches the brain stem through the semicircular canal and otolith of the inner ear, and also transmits information to the eyes or spinal cord; Sometimes it will spread to the brain stem, then to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex. Simply put, vestibular sensation is related to balance ability. With vestibular sensation, the baby can know whether he is about to fall, whether he is sitting up straight, and make an appropriate response. Whether this feeling is mature or not will also affect the baby's concentration.
* "proprioception": feeling * * * is accepted by receptors in joints or muscles, and then transmitted to the brain, so that we can feel the strength and direction of action. Simply put, proprioception is related to the coordination of actions. If the proprioception is not good, the baby can easily bump into people or things (but will not fall); Or if you can't hold things stably, it's easy to fall. If the baby doesn't get enough * * *, his balance and attention may be poor in the future.
How to help the baby's vestibular sense and proprioception development?
1. After the baby is 3 months old, parents can carry their children up and down the stairs, or they can stand and squat, 3 to 5 times a round.
2. When the baby is sitting on the trolley, parents can gently push forward, stop for a second and then gently push back, and exchange for about 5 minutes.
3. After the baby is 8 or 9 months old, parents can hold the baby, and adults can slowly rotate, stand or sit, with a speed of about 5 ~ 10 seconds as a circle, 3 turns in the same direction and 3 turns in the opposite direction, which is 1 circle, a total of up to 7 laps. However, when doing these actions, always observe the baby's reaction. If the baby doesn't want it, or the expression is dull, pause first.
What are the common misunderstandings about the five senses? Parents feel that the way they change is too fast, or think that the baby sleeps much more than the average baby, takes good care of it, and it is a good thing not to cry. In fact, if the baby sleeps too much or is in a daze, the time to get a sense of * * * will be reduced, which will also inhibit the opportunity of brain development in disguise. Some parents will pay too much attention to the baby's emotional reaction and only give it once. If the baby doesn't accept it, he won't give it again. In fact, you can let him get to know him slowly. Many times, it is because the baby is unfamiliar. To protect himself, he cried. As long as it is normal, try it a few times to make him understand, and the baby may accept it. Some parents are worried that their baby will catch a cold and always let their baby wear a lot. In fact, you can let your baby move freely in a warm room without wearing too much clothes, so that you have a better chance to get proprioception and touch. Zhangxi
Education: Doctor of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan; Doctor of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
Experience: Attending physician in pediatrics of National Kyoto University Affiliated Hospital, Japan, and attending physician in pediatrics of Mitsubishi Kyoto Hospital, Japan.
Current position: Attending physician of pediatrics in Affiliated Hospital of Taipei Medical College, and Assistant Professor of pediatrics in Taipei Medical College.
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Education: Master's degree in communication disorder from Taipei City University.
Experience: Lecturer in the special education professional knowledge credit class of elementary schools and kindergarten teachers in Taipei City University.
At present, she is a speech therapist in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of the Affiliated Hospital of Taipei Medical College, a speech therapist in the Joint Assessment Center for Child Development entrusted by the National Health Department of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and a clinical practice supervisor in the Master's Program of Communication Disorders of Taipei City University.
Li Xiangyi
Education: Bachelor's degree from Department of Functional Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University.
Experience: functional therapist in Taipei Hong 'en Comprehensive Memorial Hospital and systematic functional therapist in New Taipei School.
Current position: Functional Therapist, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Taipei Medical College.
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