At present, in China, what occupation does the state provide old-age insurance for people?

Weibo was certified as the director of the business development department of British Chinese Weekly. Recently, it published an article introducing the story of Qu Laoren who went to Britain from Tianjin in 13.

This article was reprinted by many media, and netizens marveled at the superiority of the British welfare system described by An Guang, but also questioned the authenticity of the article. So, how do developed countries provide for the aged, and what lessons can their pension system provide for China?

Britain: Occupational annuity is an important pillar of pension.

According to the data released by the British Department of Employment and Pensions in August, 20 12, in 20 12, there were130,000 retirees in Britain who could only receive a basic pension of 7 pounds per week, while130,000 people could receive a basic pension of more than 200 pounds per week. This means that under its current pension system, the difference between retirees' annual basic pensions can be up to 1 000. It is not impossible for Uncle Qu to receive a pension of several thousand pounds a month, but not every retiree is as "lucky" as him.

At present, Britain's pension insurance system consists of three pillars: national pension plan, occupational pension plan and individual pension plan.

The national pension plan includes the "national basic pension plan" and the "second pension plan", which are provided by the government and the government bears all the responsibilities. The basic pension covers all employees in the public and private sectors. Employees and employers pay together to form a "national insurance fund". The fund implements the pay-as-you-go system, and all the remaining funds are purchased from government bonds or deposited in banks, and stock investment is prohibited. The main target group of the second pension is informal employees, such as low-and middle-income people, employees who have been ill for a long time or have physical disabilities. Any employee who has paid the basic pension insurance premium and has no occupational pension or private pension will automatically join the second pension plan. Under the condition that the payment period of the basic pension remains unchanged, the second pension pays different pensions according to different income standards.

Because of the low replacement rate of basic pension, it can only guarantee the basic needs of employees after retirement, and most people's main income after retirement comes from professional pension. The occupational pension has become a more compulsory occupational pension since June 20 12. All those who earn more than 7,475 pounds a year, are between the age of 22 and the legal retirement age, and have not participated in any occupational pension plan will automatically join the occupational pension plan. The employer pays 3% of the employee's salary and the employee pays 4%. The government calculated it as 1% in the form of tax incentives, and 8% of the total payment was injected into employees' personal accounts. The funds accumulated by the occupational pension plan are mainly invested in the stock capital market. Occupational pension participants account for about 45% of the total population in Britain and have become the most important part of the British pension system.

Personal pension plan includes private pension, pension savings and personal life insurance. Private pensions are mainly for many small and medium-sized enterprises, including a large number of individual businessmen, self-employed individuals and unconventional employees. Individuals can voluntarily choose whether to join the individual pension plan, and the level of treatment is related to individual contributions, reflecting the principle of paying more and getting more.

Germany: Encourage the development of "supplementary endowment insurance"

Germany's old-age insurance system includes three parts: statutory old-age insurance, enterprise old-age insurance and private old-age insurance. The latter two are also called "supplementary endowment insurance".

In Germany, the statutory old-age insurance covers a wide range, including both ordinary pensions, occupational rehabilitation benefits, pensions that lose their professional ability or employability, etc.

The statutory endowment insurance fund mainly comes from the contributions of employers and employees, and the rate can be adjusted at any time according to actual needs. At present, the payment ratio is 65438+ 09.5% of the salary, which is shared by the employer and employees. The pension is based on the retiree's salary and calculate length, but the maximum amount is not more than 75% of the last month's salary before retirement.

In addition, Germany also strongly encourages enterprise pension insurance and private pension insurance. Different from the statutory pension insurance, the enterprise pension insurance adopts the principle of "direct payment", that is, how much enterprise pension insurance employees have accumulated during their work, and they can get the corresponding amount of pension after retirement. At present, the proportion of pension paid by statutory pension insurance, enterprise pension insurance and private pension insurance in Germany is about 70%, 20% and 10% respectively.

United States: The responsibility for providing for the aged is shared by three parties.

The responsibility for providing for the aged in the United States is shared by the government, society and individuals. The main source of funds is that employees pay part of their wages to the government as a "social security tax" for retirees, disabled people and their families, and employees can enjoy corresponding benefits from the social security system after retirement.

The amount of social security benefits (social security benefits) employees receive after retirement depends on their working hours, the amount of social security taxes paid and their retirement age. However, the amount of benefits for early retirees will be appropriately deducted.

In addition to the social security system, the US government and some companies also have their own pension systems. The United States government has formulated the "Federal Employee Retirement System". In addition to participating in the social security system and paying social security tax, government workers have to pay 0.3% of 65438+ salary every month. Government workers can receive corresponding pensions according to their wages and length of service after retirement.

Japan: National pension is the foundation of the pension system.

Japan's pension system can be divided into public pension and private pension. Public pension includes national pension, welfare pension and mutual pension. The central government bears all the administrative expenses of public pensions and provides 1/2 of the national pension expenditure.

Since 1990s, the rapid aging of population and economic recession have made the public pension system face the risk of making ends meet. The government was forced to reform the pension system many times, and private pensions began to develop rapidly. Private pension is divided into enterprise pension and individual pension. Private pensions enjoy certain government tax incentives, and there are many types, including national pension funds, retirement allowance plans, welfare pension funds, and tax-qualified pension systems.

National pension is the foundation of Japan's pension system, and all residents over 20 and under 60 who have the right of residence in Japan must join. Its funds come from insurance premiums paid by individuals and the state budget. Self-employed and unemployed people need to pay 6.5438+0.33 million yen per month. Enterprise employees and civil servants join welfare annuity and mutual benefit annuity respectively, including national annuity. The payment amount is 65,438+07.5% of income, and employees and employers bear half respectively. There are also enterprise annuities and individual annuities, which are managed and operated by enterprises themselves.

In 2000, Japan introduced the world's earliest old-age insurance system. Citizens only need to pay a certain insurance premium, and they can accept the services provided by this insurance after the age of 65. Including: home care, home bathing, home rehabilitation, life care for Alzheimer's patients, etc.

Singapore: All wage earners participate in the provident fund scheme.

From 65438 to 0955, Singapore began to establish a central provident fund system and set up a central provident fund bureau to implement unified management of the national provident fund. Singapore's Central Provident Fund Law stipulates that all wage earners, whether civil servants or employees, must participate in the central provident fund scheme and pay the provident fund in full and on time. The provident fund is paid by both employers and employees. At present, the payment base is: employees under 55 years old, and the collection rate of provident fund is 40% of daily salary, 25% for those aged 55-59, 65,438+05% for those aged 60-64, and 65,438+00% for those over 65. With the change of the situation, the Singapore government has continuously supplemented and improved the contents of the provident fund. Individuals can use the provident fund savings to buy a house, see a doctor and provide for the elderly. The provident fund has made Singapore residents feel safe, have medical care and have a home in a short time.

Expert: China should learn from foreign diversified pension models.

From 65438 to 0889, Germany established the world's first social endowment insurance system. 100 years, more than 160 countries in the world have formed different models of social old-age security system. In recent years, in order to cope with the financial crisis of old-age security, many countries have reformed the old-age security system. The general trend is to build a multi-pillar and sustainable social endowment insurance system, which mainly includes basic endowment insurance, supplementary endowment insurance and personal savings endowment insurance.

Professor Jiang, deputy director of the Institute of Gerontology of Renmin University of China, pointed out when visiting People's Daily Online that the old-age insurance model developed by some foreign countries covers almost everyone, including not only government-sponsored old-age insurance, but also occupational insurance, that is, occupational annuity system. This diversified model is worth learning from.

Some experts believe that China should learn from Japan and give full play to the role of the private pension system, instead of waiting until the public pension can no longer be maintained. There are huge domestic differences, so it is unrealistic to rely entirely on the national unified public pension system. We should consider implementing tax reduction policy, encouraging the development of private pension, and adjusting the demand difference of different income groups in different regions for pension.

Qi Chuanjun, secretary general of the World Social Security Center of China Academy of Social Sciences, expressed the same view. "You ask employees, many people don't know what an enterprise annuity is. He doesn't know how to fight for this right ... Now basically, the basic old-age insurance has one leg, and the enterprise annuity and commercial insurance are small, lacking legs and unbalanced. "

"I think the Anglo-Saxon model is more suitable for China's old-age insurance, or more accurately, the Anglo-American model, that is, the American model. The old-age security system model in the United States has many characteristics that are more suitable for China. " Zheng Bingwen, director of the World Social Security Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences, believes that the old-age security system in the United States is "not fragmented, but a unified system. Civil servants and enterprise workers are all a system, presidents and cleaners are all a system, and there is only one system in the country. There is no problem of unfairness and privilege. "

"In addition, the basic old-age security system in the United States is more incentive, and everyone's retirement age is voluntarily extended." For example, Zheng Bingwen said, "An American professor I know is a professor of pension economics. 20 10 He was 70 years old when he won the Nobel Prize in Economics and had just finished his retirement. A social security system, if it can promote the supply of labor force, is conducive to the free flow of labor force throughout the country and has an incentive effect on economic development. Obviously, such a system is more suitable for China. Otherwise, if a social security system makes most people rush to retire early, and all those who play mahjong and dance in the street retire at the age of 50 or 60, the impact of this social security system on labor supply will definitely be negative. "

Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.