Medicine fu photography

Edison was born in1February, 847 1 1, Milan, Ohio, in the midwest of the United States. Father is Dutch.

Descendants, my mother used to be a primary school teacher. She is a descendant of Scots. When Edison was 7 years old, his father lost money in the tile business.

The family moved to a suburb north of Lake Huron, Michigan, and settled down. Shortly after moving here, Edison suffered from scarlet fever.

He has been ill for a long time because of a fever. It is believed that this disease is the cause of his deafness. Edison went to school at the age of 8, but read only.

After three months' study, the teacher thought the book was an "imbecile" and kicked it out of school. Since then, his mother has been his "tutor"

Teacher. "Thanks to his mother's good educational methods, he took a keen interest in reading." He not only reads widely,

And the ten lines are clear at a glance, have a look. "At the age of eight, he began to read Shakespeare, the most important playwright in the English Renaissance.

Dickens' works and many important historical books. By the age of 9, he could quickly read difficult books, such as Parker's.

Philosophy of nature and experiment. 10 years old, he loved chemistry. At the age of 1 1, he experimented with his first telegram. Buy in order to make money

After buying chemicals and equipment, he began to work. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, he got a job selling newspapers on the train and moved to Port Huron.

And Detroit, Michigan. While selling newspapers, he also deals in fruits and vegetables. Whenever he has time, he goes to the library.

Read a book. He bought an old printing press and began to publish his own weekly newspaper, The Herald. The first issue of the weekly newspaper was published on the train.

Printed in the newspaper. With the money he earned, he set up a chemistry laboratory on the baggage car. Unfortunately, once the chemicals catch fire,

He was thrown out of the car with all his equipment. Another time, when Edison tried to board a freight train, a train

The driver grabbed him by the ear and helped him into the car. This action led to Edison's lifelong deafness.

1862 In August, Edison rescued a dying boy on the train track with fearless heroism. children

Zi's father is grateful for this, but he is willing to teach him telegraph technology because he has no money to reward him. From then on, Edison and this

The mysterious electric new world has a relationship and embarked on a scientific journey.

1863, Edison worked as a telecom operator in Stratford Hub Station, the main railway line. From 1864 to 1867

In, I worked as a telegraph operator in all parts of the midwest and lived a life similar to wandering. Footprints include Stratford and Adri.

Ann, fort wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Nashville, Tennessee, Memphis, Louisville and Huron.

Wait for a place.

1868, Edison came to Boston as a telegraph operator. In the same year, he obtained the first invention patent.

This is a device for automatically recording votes. Edison thought that this device would speed up the work of Congress and would be very popular.

Yes However, a congressman told him that they had no intention of speeding up the agenda, and sometimes they voted slowly because of politics.

The needs of. From then on, Edison decided never to make any inventions that people didn't need.

At the beginning of June 1869, he came to new york to look for a job. While he was waiting to be summoned in the broker's office, a computer.

The telegram is out of order. Edison was the only person there who could repair the telegraph, so he found a better one than he expected.

Work. On June+10, 5438, he and Pop established "Pop-Edison Company", specializing in electrical engineering science.

Instrument. Here, he invented "Edison Universal Printing Machine". He dedicated this printing machine to a big company on Wall Street.

The manager wanted 5000 dollars, but he didn't have the courage to say it. So he asked the manager to give a price, and the manager gave it.

Forty thousand dollars.

Edison used the money to build a factory in Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, which specializes in manufacturing all kinds of motors.

He worked all night. He trained many capable assistants, and at the same time, he happened to meet diligent Mary, who was the first one in his future.

A bride. In Newark, he invented wax paper and mimeograph. From 1872 to 1875, Edison successively

Invented double and quadruple telegrams, and helped others make the world's first English typewriter.

1in the spring of 876, Edison moved to Menlo Park, New Jersey again. He's here.

The completion of the first "invention factory" marked the beginning of collective research. 1877, Edison improved the early

The telephone was invented by Bell and put into practical use. He also invented the phonograph, one of his favorite projects. electric current

Words and telegrams are "a revolution to expand human sensory functions"; The phonograph is one of the three great inventions that have changed people's lives.

Judging from the imagination of the invention, this is his extremely significant invention achievement. At this time, people called him "Monroe"

The magician in the park. "

When Edison invented the phonograph, after numerous failures, he finally made a breakthrough in the research of electric light. 1879.

10 year1On October 22nd, Edison lit the first electric lamp with wide practical value. In order to prolong the life of the filament, he

We have tried more than 6,000 kinds of fiber materials and found a new luminous body-Japanese bamboo silk, which is sustainable.

1000 hours to achieve the purpose of durability. To some extent, this invention is the pinnacle of Edison's life.

Ultimate achievement. Then, he created a power supply system, so that distant lights can be distributed from the central power station. This is a

Great technological achievements.

His first discovery in pure science appeared in 1883. While doing experiments with electric lights, he observed what he called the Edison effect.

Phenomenon: There is charge in the lighted bulb from the hot filament to the cold plate through the space. Edison applied for this on 1884.

The patent was discovered, but it was not further studied. Scientists nearby have used the Edison effect to develop the electronic industry, especially in the absence of.

Cable TV.

Edison tried to do for his eyes what the phonograph did for his ears, and the movie camera was born here. Use Joe

In order to cure Hysmans's newly invented celluloid film, he took a series of photos and projected them on the curtain in rapid succession.

Create the illusion of movement. He experimented with movies for the first time in the laboratories of 1889 and 189 1. 1903

1980, his company produced the first feature film great train robbery. Edison did a lot of work for the establishment and standardization of the film industry.

Work.

Edison 1887 moved his laboratory to West Orange, made products and popularized his various inventions.

He founded many commercial companies; These companies later merged into Edison General Electric Company, which was later called General Electric Company.

Organization. Since then, his interests have turned to fluorescence, ore mashers, magnetic separation of iron, storage batteries and railway signaling devices.

During World War I, he developed a torpedo device, a flamethrower and an underwater periscope.

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Albert Einstein [1] (Albert Einstein,1March 87914-1April 955 18), a world-famous American physicist, a Jew, a pioneer and founder of modern physics, and the theory of relativity.

Einstein graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. 1905 received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. Working in the Berne Patent Office. Professor, Zurich University of Technology, German University in Prague. 19 13 returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at the University of Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1933 persecuted by Nazi regime, moved to the United States, became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, 1940 became an American citizen.

When Einstein was a child, one day the German imperial army passed through the streets of Munich, and curious people flocked to the window to cheer. The children were fascinated by the soldiers' shiny helmets and neat steps, but Einstein hid in fear. He despised and feared these "monsters in war" and asked his mother to take him to a country where he would never become such a monster. In middle school, his mother met Einstein's request and took him to Italy. Einstein gave up his German citizenship, but did not apply for Italian citizenship. He wants to be a carefree citizen of the world. ...... After World War II, Einstein tried to base his dream of world peace on reality and delivered a series of "peace" speeches in "enemy countries". His thoughts and actions led to his death: a Russian aristocratic female assassin with imperialist ambitions secretly pointed the gun at him; Albert Einstein's name also appeared on the blacklist of German right-wing assassins; Hitler offered a reward of twenty thousand marks for his head. In order to keep himself in harmony with the world, Einstein had to move from Italy to the Netherlands and from the Netherlands to the United States. He became an American citizen. He believes that in this country, people from all walks of life can coexist in a barely passable friendship. (Excerpted from Einstein's Reflection No.5-6, Applied Writing Academic Monthly, 1985)

/kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of great changes in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass, adhered to the determinism position of quantum theory explanation of "God does not roll dice" (vector sum of particle vibration and translation), and solved the long-standing problem of star energy source. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.

Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.

[Edit this paragraph] Growth Resume

1March 879 165438+ At 0: 30 in the morning, Einstein was born at 135, Ulmbanhof Street, Germany. Both parents are Jewish. My father's name is Herman Einstein and my mother is Pauline.

188 1 year1month 18. Einstein's sister Maya was born in Munich.

1884, Einstein fell in love with the pocket compass.

From 65438 to 0885, Einstein began to learn the violin.

1886, Einstein studied in the parliamentary school in Munich. Studying Jewish canon at home.

From 65438 to 0888, Einstein entered Louis Polder High School. Continue to receive religious education at school and accept the rite of passage. Friedman is the instructor.

From 65438 to 0889, he read popular science books and philosophical works under the guidance of medical college student Talme.

189 1 year, I taught myself Euclidean geometry, and I was crazy about it. At the same time, I began to teach myself advanced mathematics.

1892, I started reading Emanuel Kantor's works. 1895, taught himself calculus.

1896, graduated from Arau Middle School. In June, 5438+00, he entered Zurich Normal University of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology to study physics. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

189910 June 19, Einstein formally applied for Swiss citizenship.

1900 In August, Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland; In February, 65438, he completed his thesis "Inference of Capillary Phenomenon", which was published in the Journal of Physics in Leipzig the following year and incorporated into Swiss nationality.

1901March 2 1 day, and obtained Swiss nationality. From May to July this year, I finished my thesis on the thermodynamic theory of potential difference.

1September, 904, the trainee of the patent office turned into a formal third-class technician.

1March, 905, the quantum theory was developed, the light quantum hypothesis was put forward, and the photoelectric effect problem was solved. In April, he submitted his paper "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich, and received his doctorate. In May, he finished the paper "On Electrodynamics of Moving Objects", and put forward the principle of special relativity independently and completely, which initiated a new era of physics.

1906 was promoted to the second-class technician of the patent office in April. 165438+ 10, the paper on specific heat of solids was completed, which is the first paper on solid quantum theory. 1908 10 is a part-time lecturer at the University of Bern.

19 13 returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin, a professor at the University of Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

World War I broke out in August. Although he lived in the birthplace of war and was surrounded by war advocates, he firmly showed his anti-war attitude.

In September, Einstein participated in launching the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance". Although the organization was declared illegal and a large number of its members were arrested and persecuted and went underground, Einstein resolutely participated in the secret activities of the organization.

191511month, and put forward the complete form of the general relativity gravity equation, which successfully explained the motion of Mercury's perihelion. [Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

19 16 In March, I finished my summary paper "The Basis of General Relativity". In May, the hypothesis that the universe is finite and unbounded was put forward. In August, he completed the quantum theory of radiation, summarized the development of quantum theory and put forward the theory of stimulated radiation.

19 17, after the victory of the Soviet socialist revolution led by Lenin, Einstein enthusiastically supported this great revolution, praised it as a great social experiment of decisive significance to the whole world, and said: "I respect Lenin because he is a man with complete self-sacrifice spirit and devoted himself wholeheartedly to realizing social justice. I don't think his method is practical, but one thing is certain: people like him are defenders and reconstructors of human conscience. "

19181kloc-0/October, German workers and soldiers, influenced and inspired by the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, launched an uprising and overthrew the German emperor William II. On the third day after stepping down, Einstein wrote two postcards to his mother, cheering "a great event happened ... what an honor to experience it personally!" " From the 1920s to the early 1930s, Einstein was basically an absolute pacifist. However, the fact that wars of aggression and plunder are constantly happening has broken his beautiful dream. Especially after Hitler came to power in 1933, Germany became increasingly fascist, which made Einstein realize that a new barbaric war was inevitable and prompted him to change his point of view. He made it clear: "When the law and human dignity must be defended, we must fight. Since the danger of fascism came, I no longer believe that absolute negative pacifism is effective. As long as fascism rules Europe, there will be no peace. " Because of Einstein's progressive activities and because he was a Jew, he was listed as an important persecution object by the German Nazis. Fortunately, he left Germany to give lectures in the United States at the end of 1932 and was not killed. His house in Berlin was raided and destroyed, his property was confiscated and his works were burned. The Nazis offered a reward of 20,000 marks to kill him. Faced with the danger of Nazi assassination, Einstein did not have the slightest fear, but fought more resolutely. When his close friend Laue wrote to persuade him to take a wise attitude on political issues, he ignored his personal safety and shouted, pointing out that fascism means war, and peace must be defended by armed forces, calling on the American people to rise up against fascism. Einstein was very sad when he later learned on the radio that the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing many civilian casualties. Later, he was sent to write a letter to American citizens, which said, "We scientists who liberated this great force should give priority to taking responsibility for everything. We must limit that atomic energy should never be used to kill all mankind, but should be used to enhance human happiness."

19 19 Einstein's theory is considered as "one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought". In February, 65438, he received the only honorary degree in Germany: the doctorate of medicine from the University of Rostock.

1921From April 2 to May 30, Weizmann and I visited the United States for the first time to raise funds for the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem.

1922 1 month, finish the first paper on unified field theory. In July, he was threatened with murder and temporarily left Berlin. On October 8th, 65438/KLOC-0, Einstein and Elsa went to Japan by boat in Marseille. Visit Colombo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai along the way. 1October 9th, 165438+ Einstein was awarded the "Nobel Prize in Physics" for his explanation of photoelectric effect. 165438+1October17-65438+February 29th, I have been to Japan.

1923 In July, he went to Gothenburg to receive the Nobel Prize of 192 1. In February 65438, it was first speculated that the quantum effect might come from the overconstrained field equation of general relativity.

1924, Bose-Einstein condensation was discovered.

After 1925, Einstein went all out to explore the unified field theory In the first few years, he was optimistic that victory was in sight; Later, he found many difficulties, and he thought that the existing mathematical tools were not enough.

During the 30 years from 1925 to 1955, except for the completeness of quantum mechanics, gravitational waves and general relativity, Einstein devoted almost all his scientific creative energy to the exploration of unified field theory.

1926 was elected as an academician of the Soviet academy of sciences.

Exploration of 1928 to pure mathematics. He tried various methods, but he didn't get any results with real physical significance.

In June 5438+10, he was elected as the director of "German Human Rights League" (formerly known as "German New Motherland League").

1929 March, 50th birthday, hiding in the suburbs to avoid birthday celebrations. On June 28th, he won the Planck Medal.

1930,65438+February, 1 1 to 193 1, Einstein visited the United States for the second time and gave lectures at California Institute of Technology.

1932 Corresponded with Freud in July to discuss the psychological problems of war; Call on the German people to fully defend the Weimar Republic and oppose fascism.

193365438+1October 30th, the Nazis came to power.

On March 10, I made a statement in Pasadena that I would not return to Germany and set off for Europe the next day.

Fan Zhongyan (989- 1052), that is, the second year of Emperor Taizong's reign (989)- the fourth year of Huang You (1052). Fan Zhongyan, word Xi. As a contemporary of Bao Zheng, he was a famous official, politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born in Wuxian (now Jiangsu). When I was a teenager, my family was poor, but I was studious. When he is learning, he often takes the world as his own responsibility and has the name of daring to speak. He wrote many times to criticize the then prime minister, so he was demoted three times. Song Renzong was a deputy prime minister when he was an official. Yuan Hao rebelled, Longtuge was a bachelor, and Xia Song ran to Shaanxi. Strict orders, Xia people dare not commit crimes. Qiang people are called Laozi, and Xia people call Fan Laozi. 1043 (three years in Song Renzong), Fan Zhongyan was deeply saddened by the shortcomings of state affairs at that time, and put forward "ten essentials", advocating the establishment of a strict official system, attaching importance to agriculture and mulberry, reorganizing military equipment, advocating the legal system, and reducing imprisonment. Song Renzong adopted his suggestions and implemented them one after another, which is called "Qingli New Deal" in history. Unfortunately, because of the opposition of conservatives, it could not be realized soon, so he was demoted to Shaanxi Fourth Road as a propaganda ambassador. Later, I died of illness on my way to Yingzhou.

Fan Zhongyan likes playing the piano, but he only plays one song on weekdays, so people call him Fan Lvshuang. He is engaged in poetry creation, which is rich in political content, beautiful in language and open-minded. There are two sentences in his "Yueyang Tower", "Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later", which is an eternal famous saying. It is also a portrayal of his patriotism all his life.

He was not only a famous politician and commander in chief in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also an outstanding writer and educator. The Li Qing Reform led by him became the prelude of Wang Anshi's Xifeng Reform. He improved some military systems and strategic measures to make the western border defense stable for a long time; A large number of scholars he recommended laid the foundation for the academic prosperity of the Song Dynasty. His thought of worrying about the world first and the moral integrity of people with lofty ideals are brilliant spiritual wealth in the history of Chinese civilization; Zhu called him "the first-rate figure in the history of heaven and earth"! Today, the remains of Fan Zhongyan in various places have been protected and commemorated by people.

Li Shizhen, whose name is Dongbi, is from Qichun County, Hubei Province. Born in the 13th year of Zheng De, Emperor Wuzong of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 15 18), he died in the 21st year of Wanli (A.D. 1593). His family has been doctors for generations, and his grandfather is "Dr. Bell". My father's name is yuechi county, and he is a famous local doctor. At that time, the status of folk doctors was very low. The Li family is often bullied by officials and gentry. Therefore, the father decided to let his second son, Li Shizhen, go to school and take exams, so that he could succeed once and get ahead. Li Shizhen was sickly since childhood, but his personality was straightforward and pure, and he couldn't learn those empty and boring eight-part essays at all. Nine years after he became a scholar at the age of fourteen, he went to Wuchang to take an examination of three people, all of whom came last. So, he gave up his plan to be an official in the imperial examination and concentrated on studying medicine, so he begged his father to say, "I'm 23 years old and I'm always failing the exam." You'd better let me study medicine! " And expressed such a determination: "If you swim against the current, your heart is stronger than a stone. I hope that my father will aim high and not be afraid of difficulties until he dies. " Li Yuechi finally woke up in front of the cold facts, agreed to his son's request and taught him carefully. In a few years, Li Shizhen really became a famous doctor. At the age of 38, he was summoned by the King of Chu in Wuchang, and was appointed as the "temple official" of Wang Fu, and was also in charge of the affairs of the Doctor's Office. Three years later, he was recommended by his wife's hospital to go to Beijing for sentencing. Thai Hospital is a medical institution specially serving the imperial court. It was done by some quacks at that time. After only one year in office, Li resigned and returned to his hometown.

In the past ten years, Li Shizhen has read a lot of ancient medical books and discovered ancient herbal books through clinical practice. "The number of products is annoying, and the names are miscellaneous. Or one thing is divided into two or three products, or two things are mixed with one product "(Biography of Foreign History in Ming Dynasty). In particular, many toxic drugs are considered to be "long-lasting", which leads to endless disasters. So he decided to rewrite a herbal book. At the age of thirty-one, I started making wine. In order to "search for the poor and learn from the rich", I read many reference books. After reading the books collected at home, I took the opportunity of practicing medicine and borrowed some from rich and powerful families in my hometown. Later, he entered the Chu Palace in Wuchang and the Beijing Imperial Hospital. He read many books and became a "book fan". He described himself as "a long-time lover of classics and fond of chewing sugar cane" (the original preface of Compendium of Materia Medica). Gu Jingxing also praised him for "studying for ten years, staying at home, and learning without worry" in Biography of Li Shizhen. Indeed, he not only read more than 800 kinds of tens of thousands of medical books, but also read many historical, geographical and literary masterpieces, including Dunhuang classics and historical masterpieces. The complete works of several great ancient poets have also been carefully studied. He also extracted many poems about medicine. These poems gave him a lot of real and useful medical knowledge and helped him correct many fallacies of his predecessors in medicine. For example, "Fuxi" often appeared in ancient medical books. What do they mean? What's the difference? Pharmacologists in past dynasties have different opinions and debates. Li Shizhen quoted two sentences from Qu Yuan's Lisao, namely, "I will compete with a chicken for food" and "I will be like a duck to water", pointing out that the poet's juxtaposition of "I" and "I" proves that they are not a kind of bird. According to the description of their different living environments in the poem, he proved that "Fu" is a domestic duck and "Fu" is a wild duck with different medicinal properties. Qu Yuan's poetry and prose fu became the eloquent basis for Li Shizhen to research the name and reality of drugs.

In the process of compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, the biggest headache for Li Shizhen is that the shape and growth of drugs are often confused because of the mixed names of drugs. Although the cursive script in the past has been repeatedly explained, some authors copied it from books instead of in-depth investigation and study, so the more they explained, the more confused they became, and the contradictions multiplied, which made people unable to agree. For example, Tao Hongjing, a famous medical scientist in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, said it was grass, like ephedra, but it was blue in color and had white flowers. Ma Su in Song Dynasty thought it was like Qing Dynasty, and accused Tao Hongjing of not knowing it at all. Another example is a medicine for treating the dog's spine. Some people say it looks like a weed, some people say it looks like a weed, and some people say it looks like a flower. Opinions are very different. There are many similar situations, and Li Shizhen has to write them down again and again. How to solve these problems? Inspired by his father, Li Shizhen realized that it was necessary to "read thousands of books", but it was more necessary to "take the Wan Li road". Therefore, he not only "accepted" but also "visited the four sides" to conduct in-depth investigations.

Li Shizhen put on straw sandals, took up his medicine basket, and accompanied by his apprentice Pang Xian and his son Jian Yuan, walked a long way in Shan Ye, visiting famous doctors and scholars, looking for folk prescriptions, observing and collecting medicinal specimens. He first interviewed in his hometown of qi zhou. Later, he went out for interviews many times. Besides Huguang, I have been to many places in Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui. Taihe Mountain in Zhou Jun has also been there. Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi, which is rich in medicinal materials, Sheshan Mountain, Maoshan Mountain and Niushou Mountain in Nanjing are also estimated to have his footprints. Later generations wrote a poem for this purpose, "A secluded place, exploring the flowers at the foot of the mountain", which reflected his life of trekking and interviewing everywhere.

Everywhere Li Shizhen went, he humbly asked all kinds of people for advice. Among them are herb gatherers, farmers, fishermen, wood cutters and hunters. Enthusiastically help him understand all kinds of drugs.

For example, Brassica is a commonly used medicine to treat diseases. But what is this? Shennong's herbal classics are unclear, and the annotations are also unclear. Li Shizhen asked an old man who grew vegetables. Under his guidance, he inspected the real thing and realized that Brassica was actually rape. This kind of plant, planted in the first year, blooms in the second year, and its seeds can be used to extract oil. So his Compendium of Materia Medica clearly notes this medicine.

Li Shizhen pays great attention to observing the morphology and growth of drugs during interviews in various places or in his own medicine nursery. Agkistrodon acutus, a white snake from qi zhou. The medicine has the effects of treating wind arthralgia, convulsion and tinea. Li Shizhen studied it for a long time. But at first, I just observed it from the snakehead. The insider reminded him that it was caught from the mountains of Xingguo House in the south of the Yangtze River, and it was not a real viper. So what does a real viper look like? He consulted the snake catcher. The man told him that the fangs of Agkistrodon acutus were extremely poisonous. People who have been bitten should amputate their limbs immediately, otherwise they will die of poisoning. It is very valuable because it has special effects on the treatment of the above diseases. State officials forced the masses to risk their lives to catch them in order to pay tribute to the emperor. Qi zhou is so big, in fact, only Longfeng Mountain in the north of the city has real vipers. Li Shizhen got to the bottom of it. He wanted to observe the viper with his own eyes, so he asked the snake catcher to take him to Longfeng Mountain. There is a cave, surrounded by rocks and shrubs. Heather, wrapped around shrubs, can be seen everywhere. Agkistrodon likes to eat heather leaves, so it lives in this area. Li Shizhen looked everywhere regardless of the danger. With the help of the snake catcher, I finally saw the viper with my own eyes and saw the whole process of catching and making snakes. Because of this in-depth practical investigation, he later wrote a discussion about Agkistrodon halys in Compendium of Materia Medica, which was handy, concise and accurate. It is said that the shape of the Agkistrodon is: "The dragon's head is in the tiger's mouth, with black and white flowers on the side, twenty-four Fang Shengwen, rosary spots on the abdomen, four fangs on the mouth, a Buddha's armor on the tail, one or two points long, and the intestines are like beads"; It is said that the process of catching and making Agkistrodon acutus is: "People eat its flowers and leaves on heather, so that people can find it." Sprinkle a handful of sand first, then hold it flat with a fork. If you hang it with a rope and take out the intestinal material with a knife, wash the abdomen, turn the tail around, cover the wound, protect it, support it with a bamboo pole, bend it and tie it to the kang. "At the same time, the difference between Agkistrodon halys and Agkistrodon halys in other places is clarified:" Those who leave the ground will not be trapped by dry eyes, and those who are elsewhere will not be trapped. "This clear description of various situations of the Viper is of course due to careful field investigation.

Li Shizhen's understanding of drugs is not satisfied with a cursory investigation, but one by one, and compared with the real thing. This clarifies many specious and ambiguous drugs. In his words, it is "one by one, quite true" and "list all the products and look at them again and again"

At that time, the "Langmei" produced by Wulong Palace in Taihe Mountain was described by Taoist as eating "immortal fruit". They pick them back every year and pay tribute to the emperor. The government forbids others to pick them. Li Shizhen doesn't believe the story of Taoist priest, so he should try it himself and see how the attack works. So, regardless of the opposition of the Taoist priests, he took the risk of picking one. It is found that it has the same efficacy as ordinary peaches and apricots, and can produce fluid to quench thirst. It is a deformed elm fruit, which has no special attack effect.

Koi fish, or pangolin today, is a commonly used Chinese medicine. Tao Hongjing said that it can be amphibious, climb rocks during the day, open its scales to play dead, lure ants into the armor, then close the scales, dive into the water, and then open the armor to let ants float out and swallow. In order to know whether Tao Hongjing's statement is correct, Li Shizhen personally went up the mountain to observe. With the help of woodcutter and hunter, he caught a pangolin. About a liter of ants were dissected from its stomach, which proved that Tao Hongjing was right. However, he found from his observation that when pangolins eat ants, they scratch and lick their nests instead of luring ants into their armor and swallowing them in the water. Li Shizhen affirmed Tao Hongjing's right side and corrected his mistakes.

In this way, after a long and arduous on-the-spot investigation, Li Shizhen found out many difficult problems of drugs, and completed the compilation of Compendium of Materia Medica in the Five India Years of Wanli (AD 1578). The book is about 6.5438+0.9 million words, 52 volumes, 1892 kinds of drugs, 374 kinds of new drugs, more than 10,000 exhibitors 1 000 pictures, which is an unprecedented pharmacological masterpiece in China. Among them, many mistakes have been corrected, and outstanding achievements have been made in many aspects such as animal and plant taxonomy, and contributions have also been made to other related disciplines (biology, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, astronomy, etc.). Darwin praised it as "an encyclopedia of ancient China".