Masters, who knows what a gestalt is? Give an example!

Gestalt psychology school was born in Germany in about 19 12, when Dr. max wertheimer (1880 ~ 1943) published his first paper on "phenomenon", systematically expounded gestalt psychology for the first time, and then developed. Wertheimer believes that the organization of visual elements is the basis of all thinking, which is innate and does not need to be studied deliberately. He named the factors of visual element organization as perceptual organization law, which is the gestalt law of proximity, similarity, continuity and closure to be discussed later. Wertheimer put forward the principle of "grouping" for the first time, which established a strict theoretical basis for the former composition principle that painters only knew "unity and change" between "plain" and "loose" pictures. Seven years later, another Bauhaus College of Art and Architecture, which played an important role in modern art in the 20th century, was founded by architect walter gropius in Weimar. They also took a holistic approach to the problems brought about by the prosperity of science and technology during this period. Although there is no direct relationship between Bauhaus School of Art and Architecture and Gestalt School led by Dr. max wertheimer, Bauhaus's artistic tendency full of practical spirit is actually very consistent with the mathematical and expressive analysis of the study of vision and visual elements.

Bauhaus College of Art and Architecture is a university-level art college. Contrary to traditional aestheticism and classicism, the artistic tendency of this school adopts "form obeys function" and "less wins more" as the guiding principles of creation. Its school-running spirit is to combine art and industrial technology, thinking that "art and engineering should benefit from each other and need not be strangers like19th century". So "Bauhaus" is actually an art school that emphasizes utilitarianism and pragmatism. # 123; Theoretical science is as important as the concept of experience. Bauhaus art teacher pays special attention to the basic training courses of form analysis and color structure when designing courses. How to combine artistic creativity with skilled technical skills and scientific knowledge to meet the needs of industrial production in the 20th century is a major feature of Bauhaus teaching.

The faculty of this school includes: important art theorists and conceptual artists in the 20th century, such as paul klee (figure C5- 1), Wassily Kandinsky (figure C5-2), Lyonel Feininger (figure C5-3), laszlo moholy nagy (figure C5-4), Ludwig M.V. Roe, etc. Among them, paul klee and Wassily Kandinsky combined their own creative experience, systematically sorted out and compiled a textbook with rigorous structure and originality. Kandinsky's works on color experiments are also very strong? # 123; The psychological effect of pure color opened the trend of "abstract art" and was called the originator of abstract painting. "Bauhaus" provides a learning environment for students to create freely, respects any form of creation, and encourages students to discover and solve problems by themselves. This workshop-style teaching sword? Pioneer of generation f art education. Especially at present, most universities in various countries classify architecture as science and engineering rather than humanities, which requires students to have a strong background in mathematics and physics. I believe this is related to the success of Bauhaus teaching.

Bauhaus planned all kinds of brand-new art courses, trying to solve the problems caused by high industrialization and scientific and technological development with a complete set of methods. Many Bauhaus teachers are as convinced as Dr. max wertheimer: in fact, the mechanical principle of physics is very similar to the human perception system, and they are constantly seeking a simple and stable state. Therefore, Dr. max wertheimer and Bauhaus's teacher first put forward the concept of "field" and applied the architectural structure theory to the design course. They skillfully combine pure art and pure science courses, and combine craft production with practical experience. Among them, laszlo Moholy Nagy began to use the experiment of direct exposure of photographic materials without a camera to complete the abstract collage image (C5-5), and finally achieved the equivalent of traditional photography. These avant-garde and experimental views at that time completely reversed the educational direction of architecture and design in the 20th century.

It's just that Bauhaus's teaching philosophy was gradually interfered by political and external academic forces, and he was forced to transfer to another school in 1925. Less than 10 years later, 1932 moved to Berlin again because it lost the support of the local municipal government. 1933? # 123; The elite regime forced schools to close, and most of the teachers were evacuated and fled to Britain and France, and then went to the United States one after another. It is worth mentioning that Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus, later entered Harvard University to give lectures. Rohe came to teach at the School of Architecture, Planning and Design, which was later renamed Illinois Institute of Technology. Najib founded the new Bauhaus School in Chicago on 1937, but it only lasted for 1 year. Most of these outstanding artists grew up in Europe with innovative ideas, and later became the world leaders in architecture, painting, design, photography and aesthetic theory in the 20th century.

Kohler, the early core figure of Gestalt Psychology School, moved to the United States from Europe because of the destruction of Nazi Germany. Due to the introduction and advocacy of max wertheimer, Kurt Kaufka and wolfgang kohler, who put forward "Epiphany Learning", "Gestalt Psychology" gradually became familiar to American psychologists in the AD 1930' s, and Rudolf arnheim, a disciple of Dr. max wertheimer who had taught in Berlin University, was a key figure in the brilliance of Gestalt Psychology.

After receiving his doctoral thesis on 1928, arnheim studied the expressionist film materials of the Soviet Union, the United States and Germany because he regularly published film reviews of silent films. 1932 wrote a book on film theory-film as art, discussing film as a medium. From 65438 to 0940, arnheim moved to new york, USA, where he won the Guggenheim Scholarship and worked as a bridge between art and visual psychology (especially gestalt psychology). He paid special attention to the visual functions of space, form, color and rhythm, and the relationship between these functions and artistic works. From 65438 to 0945, he completed a lifetime classic-Art&; Visual perception (art and visual cognition) (as shown in figure C5-6) also finds out the commonness between artistic action and viewing behavior. In the same year, he applied to teach at Sarah Lawrence College. 1968 arnheim left Lawrence College to teach art psychology at the Carpenter Art Center of Harvard University. 1969 published the book "visual thinking" and expounded the role of "visual thinking" in artistic creation. He believes that works of art are not copying nature, and the artist's job is not only to observe things, but to discover the essence of things. Arnheim retired from Harvard University in 1974, and was immediately applied to be a visiting professor at the University of Michigan until his second retirement in 1984. During his teaching of art psychology in American universities, he was diligent in writing, carried forward the peculiar theory of gestalt and became a master of gestalt psychology.

/kloc-famous physicists in the 0/9th century include michael faraday, heinrich rudolf hertz, Herman L. Helmholtz, etc. They have made great achievements in the fields of electromagnetism and gravity field? After many experiments, they put forward a hypothesis that there are so-called electric, magnetic and gravitational fields in the physical world, and all the elements in the field will be condensed together because of some form of sympathetic force, and the elements in the field will influence each other. They either attract each other or repel each other. This mutual traction is limited by the size, mass, position and proximity of the components. Dr. max wertheimer's visual research was influenced by the newly discovered laws of physics at that time. He believes that there should be a very similar field in the world of human perception, just like the field in the physical world. Relative to the human visual world, it is called "vision"; Related to people's life, study and other situations is the "perception field". People perceive this place and then use it to grasp the whole and reach the gestalt, so the psychology of gestalt is called "field theory".

The definition of "gestalt" in "vision" is that all kinds of forces in "vision" are combined into a self-improving and balanced whole. In a gestalt, the change of any element will affect the original characteristics of the whole and its parts, so the whole is greater than or not equal to the sum of the parts. The Gestalt Rule confirms Dr. max wertheimer's visual view that the way people feel about an object is determined by its existing state or condition in the field. In other words, many elements in human "vision" are either attracted to each other to form a whole (grouping), or mutually exclusive and independent (not grouping). The cognitive conclusion of gestalt psychology actually describes how the group's cognition is formed in the field of vision. In addition, psychologists Kurt Lewin and Fritz Pailes used the theory and law of "Gestalt" to study and discover some group motivation hidden in human perception system, thus constructing a set of gestalt therapy in clinical psychology, which is a brand-new idea and attempt in psychotherapy.

In any "field of vision" (perhaps a painting or a scene), whether several visual elements can be connected together and regarded as an organized outline depends on whether there is some perceptual connection between these elements. In order to find out the illusory relationship between elements, Gestalt Psychology School has found some famous principles and laws, which are called Gestalt Law. They have the concept of "map and land" mentioned above, and have the laws of "similarity", "symmetry", "continuity", "proximity", "common destiny" and "abnormity" which are very useful for visual creation. These were studied by Gestalt Psychology School and belonged to Nazis. Visual laws can help the creators and designers of plane images to build a road that can penetrate complex obstacles such as shape, color, pattern, texture and movement in point, line, surface and space, and then lead to the formation of visual cognition.

In fact, the scope and concept of "field" can also be extended to human society and life. For example, a closed group composed of most people-companies, schools, communities, ethnic groups, etc. A similar "field" has also been formed, and the elements in the "field"-colleagues, classmates, family members, relatives and other group members will also influence each other. Among them, members with similar interests, similar backgrounds and similar ages may attract each other and interact with each other, which is also the best annotation to the idiom "Birds of a feather flock together". On the other hand, if there are great differences in race, identity, status, personality and education level, it will easily lead to alienation and even conflict and friction, and the relationship will be in a weak or antagonistic state. This phenomenon is very consistent with the "similarity" of Gestalt Law. In addition, in the face of daily work, everyone must finish writing a paragraph before they are willing to stop, otherwise they will feel uneasy. This is also a vivid portrayal of the "closeness" of Gestalt Law. Unfinished work (symbolizing unclosed) can cause psychological tension and depression. In the modern society of 2 1 century, people have already got rid of the old system of agricultural society and advocated freedom and simple social relations and values. This attitude and form of life recognized by modern people is also similar to the gestalt rule, which comes from simple principles. Therefore, the form of "simplicity and single function" has become the fashion of clothing, furniture, architecture, automobiles and other products in the 2 1 century, and even has become the principle and policy for modern people to deal with interpersonal relationships.

Therefore, to judge whether a painter or photographer's visual performance level is high or low, we should not only consider observing his technical performance and aesthetic performance, but also examine whether he (or she) is sensitive enough to the relationship between various elements existing in the "vision". Just like the main theory of gestalt psychology: "The whole is different from the sum of its components", in (Figure C5-7), readers can choose to see English letters composed of C, A, M, E, R and A independently, or they can be regarded as images of monocular cameras. The latter regards all the elements as a whole, and this action of gathering visual elements into a single image is actually a gestalt.

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