The invention time of the camera

From China's ancient lantern-shadow play and lantern-running, to the spinning wheel and moving slide show in western countries, human beings have spread their wings and soared in the world of science and art, but people are not satisfied with what they have achieved, and they have to fly to a higher and broader world. At that time, the slide show was very close to the movie, but the pictures on the slide show were all drawn by hand, which was a waste of time and the drawing action was simple and inaccurate. Can you make the image of the picture more realistic and the content more complicated? With the development of photography, some people tried to replace hand painting with photos on the slide projector, and achieved good results, thus giving birth to the earliest cameras and projectors.

Using slide projector to show photos, although the picture is realistic, the photos are not continuous, and the projected image can't move. How can I make the image in the photo move? 185 1 year, the first "mobile photography" was successfully trial-produced by photographers Crowe and Dubosk. They take continuous shooting's way, breaking down a person's action of putting down his arm into several parts. For example, first take a picture of a person with a raised hand, and then take a picture of a person with a slightly lowered hand, so patiently shoot again and again until the hand is completely lowered, and then take several pictures respectively, and then put them on a movable slide projector, and the image on the screen actually comes alive.

However, this action is too simple. 1873, a famous British photographer designed a clever way to shoot moving objects. He arranged 24 cameras equidistantly along the runway, pointed their lenses at the runway and installed photographic film. A long rope is tied to the shutter of each camera, and these leads are side by side on the runway. Then a horse ran on the runway. The horse tripped 24 leads in turn and closed the shutters of 24 cameras one by one. So I took 24 photos in a row and recorded the continuous action of running horses. After the photos are developed, you can see the image of running horses through slides. Later, the photographer also took moving images of people or things with more than 40 cameras, and made various moving slides. This experiment aroused the strong interest of European and American scientists and stimulated the rich imagination of inventors.

But the photos taken with more than 40 cameras can only be played for a second or two. If you want them to watch it for a minute or two or more, you need hundreds of cameras. Besides, in this way, the situation is not as wonderful as expected. When shooting a galloping horse, sometimes the horseshoe doesn't touch the rope and nothing is left in the camera. Sometimes the rope is tied too tightly and the horse keeps stepping on it, but the horse is frightened and pulls down the camera. Can we use a continuous camera instead of several independent cameras? 1874, Norwegian astronomer Johnson invented a "wheeled camera". This camera adopts the principle of wheel, and there is a lens and a sealed cylindrical black box on the camera. There is a gear in the camera box to drive a circular photosensitive plate to rotate intermittently. Every time it takes an image, it stops for 70 seconds, turns the photosensitive plate around and takes a second image. In this way, a * * * can take 17 images, and Johnson successfully took the images of Venus passing through the sun at various stages.

Later, a French biologist, Marley, integrated the principles of moving photos and spinning cameras. After several years of unremitting efforts, he finally invented the first film camera-fixed negative continuous camera, which was called "photographic gun" at that time. In a "camera gun", the photographic film is coated on a rollable paper tape instead of a flat negative. Malai took pictures of seagulls flying, horses, donkeys, dogs running and pedestrians with this "camera gun". 1888, Male improved the "camera gun" and presented the photos taken with it to the French Academy of Sciences.

Malai's achievements have aroused the enthusiasm of scientists in many countries, promoted the development of photography technology and made photography machines more perfect. Here we need to mention an inventor who has made outstanding achievements in inventing and creating electric cameras. He is the world-famous great scientist and inventor-American Thomas Edison. From 1877 to 1879, Edison successfully tested the phonograph, power supply and electric lighting system. By chance, the phonograph aroused his association: how interesting it would be to be a kind of "camera" to record people's actions. So, he used the principle of the phonograph to wrap the cylinder of the phonograph with photographic film, put the position of the stylus on the lens of the camera, and shook the handle to make the cylinder rotate when taking pictures, so that the lens could be aimed at the moving object, so that the continuous action of the moving object could be photographed. But such a "camera" has two big shortcomings: first, the film length is not enough; Second, shake the handle by hand to turn the cylinder, the speed is uneven, so the photos taken are not ideal. With the development of electric power industry, the appearance of motor provides power for the camera and replaces the handle. In addition, Kodak produced a 50-foot-long 35 mm film at that time. After many studies and a lot of reference to previous experience, Edison finally decided that 35 mm wide film was the standard form of film. Pictures are arranged from top to bottom on the film, and four holes are punched on both sides of each picture, which can be accurately driven by gears to make the film pass through the camera lens evenly, thus properly solving the problem of film traction. Today, except for a few changes, most of the films still retain the size originally set by Edison. These inventions enabled Edison to complete the most complete movie camera in the world at that time. Edison not only made great contributions to the invention and creation of movie cameras, but also made indelible contributions to the emergence of movie projectors. 1894, Edison invented a movie viewing cabinet. This is a big wooden cabinet with a projection light source, a magnifying glass and a set of pulleys. It pulls a 50-foot-long film and moves at a speed of 46 frames per second. Moreover, there is a shutter to cover the film every time it is changed, so that the audience can't see the motion of the film. The film is connected end to end, so it can run circularly. The movie viewing cabinet can only be watched by one person at a time, and the viewer can see the moving image for about half a minute from the magnifying glass. Because of its novelty, people rushed to watch it, calling it a "magic cabinet". Unfortunately, because the problem that most people can watch at the same time cannot be solved, movie and TV cabinets are not widely used.

Although the film viewing cabinet is not popular because of its imperfect structure, it is not difficult to see that the prototype of the film projector has basically taken shape. At this time, the research and improvement of the film mainly focused on how to show the film to the audience perfectly. Therefore, it can be said that the film is not far away, just around the corner.