What are the characteristics of Han Yu's poetic style?

One of the characteristics of Han Yu's poems, in the words of Si Kongtu, a poetic theorist in the late Tang Dynasty, is "to drive the momentum and move, and if thunder carries electricity, it will soar between heaven and earth" (after Liu Liuji). Simply put, it is famous for its momentum. Since Dali and Zhenyuan, poets have limited themselves to expressing their narrow personal sadness and melancholy, and their natural scenery has also been infected with this emotional color; They are meticulous and experienced, but they lack imagination and momentum. And Han Yu's poems, with great courage and rich imagination, changed this delicate phenomenon in poetry. Most of his poems are wonderful. For example, "Nanshan Poetry" scans the whole picture of Zhongnanshan, and uses 5 1 word "or" one after another, making Zhongnanshan magnificent and full of weather. "Lu Langzhong Yunfu sent a message to send a plate of millet poems to make peace" has four words about waterfalls:

The weather is fine and the well water overflows. Who leans the sword on Taihang Mountain? The wind blows down the sky, and it rains in Luoyang during the day.

Imagine a waterfall as if it were born, which means Li Bai's "looking at Lushan Waterfall", but it is too strong. Another example is Tribal Tiger, which is about the illusion of life. "I was born like the wings of a cloud, and my inspiration comes from the wind." I even wrote this feeling that is usually very sad. Lu Soul Mountain Fire and Huang Fushi used their rhymes to describe a mountain fire;

..... The sky is jumping up and down, shining on the vast cliff, burning walls all around, and there is nowhere to escape. When the three lights are extinguished, tigers, bears, elk and pigs catch monkeys and apes, hoses, turtles, fish and catfish, crows, carved eagle pheasants and simmering pheasants. Zhu Rong told him to have a rest. ……

Very strange, very imposing. In his poetry creation, Han Yu deliberately adopted the elaborate techniques of Han Fu, the parallelism of metaphors and the surreal imagination of wandering immortals, which set off the strong atmosphere and strength in his poetry.

The second feature of Han Yu's poems is to avoid the familiar patterns of the previous generation, and strive for strangeness and novelty in language and images, even avoiding embarrassment and suddenness. For example, in Yong Zhen Xing, the fox crows noisily and leaps and bounds, and the fire burns aboveboard. Flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies. Flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, flies are like flies, Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly-like Fly is as horrible (such as "ghost", "magic", "evil wind" and "poisonous sting"), ugly (such as abdominal pain and diarrhea, snoring and tooth loss) and desolate (such as barbarism, death, etc.

The third feature of Han Yu's poetry is to destroy the external form of poetry that has been gradually standardized and orderly, pursue harmonious rhythm and stable sentence patterns, and make it loose and deformed. He often introduces the syntax of prose and parallel prose into poetry, making it long or short, ups and downs and changeable. For example, the tribal tiger adopts the sentence pattern of eleven, six, eleven, seven, three, seven and seven. The first sentence is "Tribal tigers are ignorant of life, and I want to get rid of it for no reason", which is completely syntactic in prose, but it gives people a sigh-like shock from the heart. Another example is Nanshan Poetry, in which more than 50 "or" and "if" are used together, such as "or if they follow each other, or if they contend with each other, or if they are prepared, or if they are amazed", which creates a kind of fu-style long parallelism in five-character ancient poems and constitutes a dazzling and colorful landscape. Another example is Zhilutong and Whose Son, in which a large number of prose function words are used, such as "It's just that several houses have been demolished", "I'm sorry for it", "Who indulged it" and "It's not too late to punish it", which greatly changes the rhythm and meaning of the poem's fluency and harmony.

There have always been different comments on Korean poetry. The detractors say that it is "bodybuilding, but it is not a poem in the end" (Lengzhai Nightmare is quoted from Shen Kuo), and the admirers say that it is "beautifully organized" (Ouyang Xiu's June 1 Japanese poem), both of which have their own reasons. In all fairness, Han Yu is undoubtedly a great poet with a unique style in the Tang Dynasty and even in ancient China. His poems are magnificent, imaginative and novel in language, showing an unprecedented style. Although he is bent on change and innovation, he is by no means working hard on language form, which has both new images and new forms, unique personality and in-depth experience. Therefore, his poems are often full of charm and vivid, such as Visiting Cui Bu.

Guanghua flashed on the wall to see ghosts and gods, and closed the fire umbrella. However, the clouds burn trees and the sun pecks eggs. The soul turns its eyes and forgets the place, and the red gas melts. Just like using nine rounds of candles to dry Kun drought in ancient times.

……

Although the writing is strange, it does convey the earth-shattering momentum of the mural and reveal the strong shock to the poet's mind before the mural. Another example is the famous poem "The Rock", in the narrative order of general landscape travel prose, from going to the mountain temple, watching murals at night, making beds, eating at night, listening, watching at night, leaving the temple in the morning and writing down the mountain. It makes people feel very emotional. From what I saw and heard from this night to the early morning, I chose some pictures with changing colors, such as "rough rocks and narrow paths, bats are at dusk when I arrive at the temple" to write "darkness" in the dusk; The following two sentences write banana and gardenia, which is another "bright" in dark color; Write murals with torches, indicating that there is darkness in the light; In the dead of night, "Shanyue came into my door with her pure light" is coming to Ming secretly; "I left the mountain at dawn, alone, lost my way, and went in and out of the poor smoke forest", which is Shan Lan with the sky filled at dawn;

Then "let the streams and mountains turn green and purple, illuminate everything", and then suddenly it lights up. In this way, a continuous picture with strong visual sense is left in the reader's mind. The whole poem is smooth and strange, but it is carved with great care.

On the other hand, however, Han Yu's poems also created disadvantages for future generations. First, he likes to brag, use uncommon words and be sarcastic. Although it has amazing effect, excessive use will destroy the coherence of poetry reading and cause the overall artistic conception to be fragmented. For example, the words "Oh, I'm sorry, I'm digging" in Shannan Xianggong Fan and "If, I'm embarrassed" in Zheng Sentence are not just a slap in the face, but also a kind of tongue pain. Second, because he is too deliberately innovative and uses some ugly and grotesque images, after all, it is too far from people's long-term aesthetic habits, which sometimes causes people's disgust. For example, write diarrhea, tooth loss and so on. Writing the cold as "cold nose can't hurt, blood can't touch fingers" (Bitter Cold) and writing the moon as "a rabbit hides its belly in a mortar, and the dead branches of a osmanthus tree close its door" (Sun and Moon Talk) is strange to imagine, but it is not beautiful, which is also used by some poets (such as Mei) in the Song Dynasty. Third, because he deliberately changed the sentence pattern and was argumentative, he regarded prose as poetry, sometimes ignoring the charm and rhythm of poetry itself. Sticking to the meter itself is bound, but completely ignoring the rhythm of language will make poetry lose its musical beauty; It is not impossible to integrate philosophical discussion into poetry, but too much philosophy and lack of image will make poetry tasteless. Some poets in the Song Dynasty "take prose as poetry", and their writing is dry and boring, which is inseparable from the influence of Han Yu.

Of course, Han Yu's poems are naturally fluent and easy to understand, such as Zhang Eighteen Members of the Water Donation Department in Early Spring:

There is a lot of silk in the sky above the avenue, which is as delicate and moist as butter. The grass is vaguely connected in the distance, but it looks sparse in the near future. This is the most beautiful season of the year, far better than the late spring of the green willow.

But this is not the main feature of Han Yu's poems. The main features of Han Yu's poems are majestic and magnificent. In this respect, he has greatly changed the Tang poetry and even the poetry after the Song Dynasty, as Ye Xie said in "The Original Poetry":

Han Yu is one of the great changes in Tang poetry, with great strength, strong thinking and rising as the originator. Song (Shun Qin), Mei (), Ou (), Su (Shi), Wang (An Shi) and Huang (Ting Jian) are becoming more and more popular.