Fujian: Declaring War on Spartina alterniflora

Not long ago, a teleconference was held on the mobilization and deployment of Spartina alterniflora in Fujian Province, and the action plan of Spartina alterniflora in Fujian Province was issued, demanding full implementation? One year is obviously effective, two years is basically cured, and three years is completed. Strengthen long-term management and protection? The overall goal is to fully protect the biodiversity and ecosystem security in Fujian Province and create a beautiful and natural ecological shoreline landscape.

Spartina alterniflora has been listed as one of the most dangerous 100 alien invasive species in the world, and China is one of the countries most seriously affected by it. Fujian's coastal beaches are vast, and there are many harbors, which also suffer greatly. At present, on the basis of many years' experience in controlling Spartina alterniflora, Fujian officially declared war on this alien invasive species, made overall arrangements for the management, restoration, promotion and post-management of the existing 136620 mu Spartina alterniflora in the province, carried out tackling key problems in different regions and years, and went all out to eliminate weeds and roots to prevent resurgence, so as to make the beautiful coastal ecology a green space shared by the whole people.

Ecological killer

10 10 18, more than 80 machines were working at low tide on the beach on the south bank of Dongwuyang, Changchun Town, Xiapu County. Under the sharp blade of crawler mower, Spartina alterniflora, which is taller than man, fell down one by one, and the knife shaft of rotary cultivator went deep into the soil layer to chop the remaining underground roots.

This piece of Spartina alterniflora is the largest distribution area of Spartina alterniflora in the province, covering an area of nearly 6.5438+0.5 million mu. Over the past month or so, the area of local Spartina alterniflora has been decreasing at a rate of 300 mu per day.

This reminds Dani, the third-level director of Xiapu Forestry Bureau, of the life of looking for a small sea when he was a child. His hometown, Jiangsha Town, is located on the north bank of Dongwuyang, separated from Changchun Town by water. Due to the invasion of Spartina alterniflora, a native of Xiapu, it has been difficult to see jumping fish, octopus and crabs on local beaches for many years.

Spartina alterniflora is a typical halophyte, with tall plants, tall stems, developed roots, rapid propagation and strong adaptability and tolerance to saline-alkali environment. Spartina alterniflora was introduced from the country of origin in 1979. Since then, Spartina alterniflora has expanded wildly along the coast of China for more than 40 years.

In a foreign country, Spartina alterniflora shows two sides: it is an excellent coastal guard, protecting banks and revetments, resisting wind and waves, and promoting siltation and reclamation; At the same time, it destroys the habitat of coastal organisms, invades the living space of native plants, blocks the navigation channel, induces red tides, and seriously threatens the coastal ecosystem. It is an ecological killer that makes people flinch.

China's coastline is long and tortuous, with frequent typhoons. In order to find pioneer plants to eliminate waves and reinforce dams, researchers turned their attention to the other side of the ocean. Spartina introduced in 1950s and 1960s has short plants, low biomass and unsatisfactory effect. From 65438 to 0979, Professor Zhong Chongxin of Nanjing University introduced Spartina alterniflora, a close relative of Spartina alterniflora, from the east coast of the United States.

? Spartina alterniflora has strong adaptability and grows best on muddy beaches in the estuary area. ? Tan Fanglin, a professor-level senior engineer of the Provincial Academy of Forestry, introduced that the adult plant of Spartina alterniflora is about 2 meters high, and the deepest root system can go deep into the underground 1 meter soil layer. The stems are dense, the leaves are covered with developed salt glands, which can excrete the salt absorbed by the roots, and there are abundant aeration tissues to supply oxygen to the roots, which can still grow normally under the conditions of two tides a day and soaking for six hours each time.

After the successful trial planting in Nanjing, Spartina alterniflora began to travel north and south and spread to coastal provinces. The first stop is Luoyuan Bay, Fujian. Taking this as a starting point, Spartina alterniflora took root and sprouted in coastal areas such as Fuzhou, Ningde, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From 65438 to 0982, the agricultural technology department of Xiapu County took the lead in introducing Spartina alterniflora in eastern Fujian. Changchun Town along Dongwuyang is the first batch of pilot projects.

Spartina alterniflora is a natural beach-fixing expert. A popular story is that 1994 typhoon landed in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, and 70% of the stone seawalls were destroyed by strong winds and waves. Because there is a 200-meter-wide Spartina alterniflora belt outside the seawall, only a section of seawall of 15 km has survived.

Everything has two sides. Spartina alterniflora, as an exotic species, gradually revealed its ecological killer in the process of uncontrolled diffusion.

? The underground roots are intertwined, which leads to the hardening of the beach soil and the loss of living space for benthic organisms such as crabs and shellfish. ? Dani said that Spartina alterniflora has a rapid expansion, which can quickly form a single vegetation community and encroach on the living space of native plants such as Smilax China, reeds and mangroves. Fujian is East Asia? As an important node of Australasia international migratory bird migration route, a large number of migratory birds from south to north inhabit and feed in coastal wetlands every year. Influenced by Spartina alterniflora, many migratory birds such as geese, ducks and snipes have lost their foothold and food sources.

Spartina alterniflora not only endangers the biodiversity of coastal wetlands, but also affects the seawater exchange capacity, leading to the decline of water quality and inducing red tides; Blocking the waterway and affecting the ship's departure from the port; After the aboveground part withers in winter, a large amount of floating garbage is produced; Offshore farming is unsustainable, and fishermen engaged in beach farming are uncomfortable.

In 2003, the former State Environmental Protection Administration and China Academy of Sciences jointly announced the first batch of invasive alien species 16, among which Spartina alterniflora is the only coastal salt marsh plant. At this time, the awareness of preventing alien invasive species has just begun in China. But this did not stop the expansion of Spartina alterniflora. At the peak, the area of Spartina alterniflora in Fujian Province reached 1 1,000 hectares. According to an insider? Everything that can grow is long. .

Eradicate the grass-uproot it

After years of expansion, Spartina alterniflora has become one of the biggest threats in China coastal zone. For many years, Fujian and Spartina alterniflora have been in a stalemate tug-of-war.

In this struggle against alien invasive species, every place has its own magical power: physical removal is expensive and incomplete; Chemical treatment has low cost and high efficiency, but there are potential environmental risks; Cofferdam inundation, large amount of work, involving land use policy is difficult; Pests are used to control pests, but no natural enemies that can balance Spartina alterniflora have been found in China. Used in animal husbandry, but Spartina alterniflora is not palatable as feed; Used as raw materials for papermaking, the cost of harvesting and drying is extremely high, and the salt content is too high, which affects the quality of paper; Xiapu and other places have the habit of eating Spartina alterniflora, which is called locally? Sea bamboo shoots? , but consumption is limited.

The reason why Spartina alterniflora is so tenacious is related to its reproductive characteristics.

Spartina alterniflora has two ways of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction, which can not only spread seeds over a long distance through waves, but also rapidly expand the population through roots. Taking sexual reproduction as an example, Spartina alterniflora can produce millions of seeds per square meter. Mature seeds are easy to fall off, can drift around with the wind and waves, and will germinate in the next spring when they meet the right position.

Only the right medicine, systematic management and all-round attack can truly eradicate the root cause. Thus, Fujian officially declared war on Spartina alterniflora.

? Considering the biological characteristics of Spartina alterniflora, we should stick to a game of chess in the whole province and implement regional coordination and linkage elimination and integration in key bay areas. ? Zhou Dongliang, deputy director of the Provincial Wetland Protection Center, said that Fujian, on the basis of summing up local management experience for many years, encourages all localities to choose scientific management methods according to local conditions, giving priority to physical management methods to ensure that it will not adversely affect marine ecology.

For Spartina alterniflora distributed in patches, Fujian Province encourages the adoption of mowing+rotary tillage, mowing+root digging and deep ploughing. For sparse Sparse Spartina alterniflora distributed or dispersed in mangroves, artificial digging (pulling) is encouraged. Among them, mowing+rotary tillage mode is Fujian's technological innovation. The key point is that after cutting Spartina alterniflora, when it germinates naturally, the root system is fully chopped by the rotary tiller and buried in the soil, which completely destroys its underground root system, and at the same time blocks the downward transmission of oxygen and reduces the new germination rate. At least 2 times of rotary tillage, the walking direction of each machine is perpendicular to each other, and the depth reaches 30 ~ 50 cm.

The panoramic image taken by the high-definition spherical camera on the electric tower recorded the daily change of ten thousand mu of Spartina alterniflora in Changchun town: Spartina alterniflora was densely covered on the vast beach in early September, and then it decreased at a speed visible to the naked eye every day. By the end of June 65438+1October 65438+August, 9990 mu of Spartina alterniflora had been partially treated, and more and more beaches were exposed at low tide. According to the plan, the province will eliminate 876 12 mu of Spartina alterniflora this year, and the remaining 49,008 mu will be eliminated before the end of September next year.

Both removal and prevention should be controlled? A resurgence? .

? After the management of Spartina alterniflora, it is necessary to conduct daily inspections and regular monitoring, especially in the spring and summer growing season, to prevent recurrence. ? Zhou Dongliang said that all localities should establish a long-term management and protection mechanism. Once the newly sprouted Spartina alterniflora is found, measures such as manual pulling out or stepping into the soil should be taken to remove it in time.

To this end, Changchun Town introduced digital means.

? We use the national geographic information system, high-definition spherical cameras and intelligent drones to build a global digital integrated management platform for three-dimensional real scenes. ? Ruan Keyong, mayor of Changchun Town, said that relying on the platform to collect and analyze data around the clock can not only grasp the input of labor, machinery, processing methods, area, scope, progress and quality in real time, but also carry out real-time dynamic monitoring and early warning in the later stage to realize early detection and early processing.

Return the beach to the people.

On September 25th this year, the investigators of Fujian Bird Watching Association observed a spoonbill snipe while carrying out bird survey activities in Minjiang Estuary Wetland. This is the first time this autumn and winter that Fujian Province has recorded this extremely endangered species in the world. As a winter migratory bird, the sandpiper often flies to the Minjiang Estuary at the end of 10 every year and leaves in April of the following year. This year's observation record is one month earlier than previous years.

Birds are important ecological indicator species. Migratory birds from south to north witnessed the ecological changes of Minjiang Estuary wetland.

The Minjiang Estuary wetland was invaded by alien species, and the area of Spartina alterniflora once exceeded 5000 mu. In recent years, the local area has basically curbed the spread of Spartina alterniflora and actively carried out ecological restoration.

? We introduced some native plants, such as Kandelia candel, Smilax China, Sparganium nigrum and so on. In the control area, at the same time, some water birds are reserved on the bare beach for foraging and roosting. ? Lin, deputy director of the Minjiang Estuary Wetland National Nature Reserve Management Office, said that in today's Minjiang Estuary Wetland, reeds sway and green water is long, and birds stay in Manchuria. . There are rare and endangered birds here, such as Chinese crested tern, spoonbill snipe and black-faced spoonbill.

Cutting grass and removing roots is only the first step to weed Spartina alterniflora. On this basis, it is an important second half article to promote ecological restoration and upgrading and restore the original appearance of coastal wetlands.

Mangroves are called? Coast guard? Planting native trees such as mangroves in Spartina alterniflora control area, and inhibiting Spartina alterniflora through biological substitution? A resurgence? It is considered as an important way of ecological restoration.

However, according to Wenqing Wang, a professor at the School of Environment and Ecology of Xiamen University, the more mangrove plants you plant, the better. On the one hand, we should pay attention to the diversity of tree species and avoid the single structure of tree species; On the other hand, be moderate? Leave blank? Reasonable bare beach and breeding area can provide sufficient habitat and foraging space for rare birds. ?

Because of this, Fujian has defined the principles of ecological restoration: suitable forest, suitable grass and suitable beach. After treatment, 20% of the beaches will be planted with native plants for ecological restoration, and a coastal composite vegetation protection system with rich biodiversity will be built; For beaches that are not suitable for planting native plants for the time being, keep bare beaches and strengthen management and protection through natural restoration.

It is necessary not only to restore the coastal wetlands to their original appearance, but also to return them to the people, to create an ecological coastline with clear water and green beaches and beautiful beaches, and to realize ecological benefits for the people, the people and the people.

In Ewan Natural Village, Zhongbei Village, Yantian She Nationality Township, Xiapu County, mangroves planted more than 89 mu ago have already been closed. In recent years, Xiapu has devoted itself to building? Beach photography resort? . Relying on the mangrove landscape, Ivan Village is becoming a new photo punching point.

? Here, you can shoot the reflection of clouds, the driving of ships, fishermen casting nets and other beautiful scenery. ? Lei Yu, Party Secretary of Yantian She Nationality Township, said that the next step will be to build ecological civilization exhibition hall, coastal plank road, observation deck, bird-watching house and other facilities here, making it the first wetland landscape park in Xiapu.

In Beicun, Songshan Town, Luoyuan County, fishermen changed from initially opposing mangrove planting to actively demanding mangrove planting.

Beicun, located on the southwest bank of Luoyuan Bay, was once the hardest hit area of Spartina alterniflora. With the spread of Spartina alterniflora, the waterway is blocked, the water quality is degraded and the beaches are abandoned. Fishermen who have been engaged in offshore aquaculture for a long time are not allowed to go out to work.

? After the management of Spartina alterniflora was completed, we decided to plant mangroves for ecological restoration. ? Qiu Shougun, director of the resource station of Luoyuan Forestry Bureau, said that because most of the shallow beach wetlands suitable for planting mangroves are farmland contracted by fishermen, the resistance of fishermen is very strong. Therefore, the first local ribbon net planting mode is a rectangle with a length of 50 meters and a width of 40 meters, and 3 mu of open space is reserved in the middle for fishery breeding, so as to strike a balance between ecological restoration and fishermen's livelihood.

After planting more than 400 acres of Kandelia candel, Beicun has built mangrove coastal park, leisure plank road, water park, amorous feelings street and other infrastructure. Soon, tourists came, traditional fishermen had a tourist meal, and mangroves became? Golden forest? . More and more fishermen propose to plant more mangroves in the culture area.