The Life of Songzan Gambu Characters

In the third year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (629), when Songzan Gambu 13 years old, the unified Tubo dynasty suffered heavy losses, and King Langri Songzan was poisoned. At the same time, my father's ministers and my mother's family were sending troops, and the Ministry of Industry, Dabo and Gnambault were occupied by rebels. Not only that, the Toarey Yang tribe in the west took advantage of the invasion, and the old Supi nobles in the north of the Yarlung Zangbo River also plotted to "restore". These forces attacked Tubo one after another.

Songzan Gambu inherited his father's footsteps and became the important task of the 33rd generation Zampa of Tubo. Relying on the emerging forces, more than 10,000 people have been recruited to form an elite team. After three years of war. The internal rebellion was put down, the situation was stabilized, and the unity of Tubo was restored again. In the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), Songzan Gambo led his troops across the Yarlung Zangbo River and moved the capital from Zedang to Luodian (now Lhasa). So as to get rid of the fetters of Tubo nobles and the threat of life; At the same time, the political center and the military center are unified, which facilitates the command and control of the army and is of great significance to the development of absolute monarchy and the consolidation of slavery.

In addition, compared with geographical location and natural conditions, Logue is also a place to lay a foundation and make a career. The climate is pleasant, the scenery is beautiful and the products are rich. The center is flat and open, surrounded by mountains. The ravine in the distance is dangerous, and it can be attacked, retreated and defended. Later history proved that Lhasa was the right choice as the capital of the Tubo dynasty. After Tubo moved to the capital, Songtsan Gambu formulated a series of strategic policies to annex the Qiang people around, aiming at unifying the plateau. He first aimed at the two kingdoms of Supi and Toarey Yang.

Supi, a native of the western Qiang nationality, has 20,000 households, located in the north of Tubo and scattered in Yushu, Qinghai. It has a vast territory, developed agriculture and animal husbandry, and is rich in good horses. After Sonzan Gambo's father died. The old ministers of Tubo rebelled, and Su Pi and Yang Ping also rebelled openly, taking the opportunity to attack Tubo. Songzan Gambu is a famous soldier. He used the method of "breeding sheep to lead the herd" and subdued it with a tongue, sword and lip gun.

Toarey Yang, also known as Qiangtang, is located in the west of Tubo, where "things are thousands of miles away, which is better than 890,000 soldiers, with fur and developed animal husbandry", and it is rich in salt closely related to the life of Tubo people. So Songzan Gambu personally led the troops to make repeated conquests and finally destroyed his Ministry.

After Songtsan Gambo destroyed these two kingdoms, it not only eliminated the threat from the west and the north, but also helped to supplement the Tubo soldiers, rations and horses, making it a powerful fighting force and providing material guarantee for the development of the Tubo kingdom. After pacifying the civil strife, conquering the Qiang people and reunifying Tibet, Songtsan Gambu, who is full of political foresight, actively sent envoys to neighboring Nepal (now Nepal) to trade with each other, sell handicrafts, and hire craftsmen and artists to teach architecture, painting and sculpture skills; On the one hand, contact with the Tang Dynasty. The close friendship between Tibetans and Han people has been concluded and developed.

At that time, under the rule of Li Shimin, an outstanding politician and strategist in the history of China, the Tang Dynasty in the Central Plains summed up historical experience and lessons, and implemented a series of policies that were beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood, which promoted the high development of social economy and culture, made its national strength strong, and ushered in the prosperous era of "chastity rule".

Songzan Gambu has deep admiration for the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), he sent envoys to Chang 'an to say hello to the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong also attached great importance to the first envoy of Tubo, and immediately sent an envoy Feng Dexia to meet him with a letter. Songzan Gambu "See Deya, I am overjoyed. I heard that Tugu Temple and Tuguhun are princesses, so I sent envoys to North Korea to propose marriage with Germany and many treasures. " However, at that time, Emperor Taizong disagreed.

In the autumn of 638, Songzan Gambo led the Tibetan army to attack Songzhou in the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong appointed Shang Shuhou, the official department, as the general manager of Mi Daoying, the right leading general as the general manager of Lu Marching, the left Wuwei general Niu Jinda as the general manager of Guangshui Road Marching, and the right leading general as the general manager of Taohe Marching, and led 50,000 troops to attack it. Tang Jun's advance troops defeated the Tubo army under the command of Niu Jinda. Songzan Gambu was afraid, led the troops out of Tangut, Bai Lanqiang and Qinghai, and sent messengers to apologize. Because of remarriage, Taizong agreed. Songzan Gambu sent his counterpart Lu Dongzan as a gift and donated 5,200 yuan to fight knowledgeable person for Yu Bao. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng (imperial daughter, non-emperor daughter, unknown biological father) to Songzan Gambu. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), Songzan Gambu was 25 years old, and the Tang Dynasty sent King Jiangxia and Li Daozong, the minister of rites, to escort Princess Wencheng 16 years old into Tubo. Songzan Gambu led the Guards to meet the enemy Tubo. Princess Wencheng and his party went west from Daotang River and Sun Moon Mountain to the White Sea (Zhaling Sea) near the headwaters of the Yellow River, where they met the procession of Songzan Gambu to greet the bride.

Songzan Gambu happily put on the Ma Xu Ji costume presented by the Tang Dynasty and paid a visit to King Li Daozong of Jiangxia. He said, "My grandfather didn't marry to China, and now I have the honor to be a princess of Datang ..." He accompanied Princess Wencheng and Li Daozong to visit Heyuan scenery. After seeing off Li Daozong and other envoys of the Tang Dynasty, Songzan Gambu escorted Princess Wencheng into Tibet. Along the way, the Tubo people welcomed Princess Wencheng with warm and sincere feelings. Wherever the princess goes, there are many stories full of national friendship and love.

"Old Tang Book" records: "The pioneers of Jin Dynasty attacked their camp from Songzhou at night and killed more than a thousand people. Praise the great fear, lead the troops back, send an apology. Because of remarriage, Taizong agreed. Praise is to give Lu Dongzan as a gift, donate 5,200 yuan, and play hundreds of things in Yu' ebao. "

The Book of the New Tang Dynasty records that in fifteen years, his wife became a princess and had a daughter, and Wang Daozong of Jiangxia was escorted by the festival to establish the Heyuan Kingdom. Nong Zan (Songzan Gambu) led the troops to the White Sea to meet the enemy. When he saw Daozong, he was very respectful. When he saw the beauty of China's clothes, he flinched and fell into shame. After returning home, he thought that he had not lost the emperor and daughter before, but built a city for the princess to boast of, so he set up a palace to live in. The princess hated China people's faces, praised them, and ordered them to be banned in China. It's Chinese to touch the carpet and attack the cloth. Send all the children of great men to Chinese studies and study poetry books. Confucian classics, please.

The Tubo classic mkas-pavi-dgav-ston records that "Songzan Gambu was crowned as a princess and made a queen."

Princess Wencheng, a female imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty (not the daughter of the emperor). "Dunhuang Tubo Historical Documents" records: "Princess Zanmeng Wencheng was welcomed into the land of Tubo by Gadong Zanyu Song." "When the Year of the Sheep (683) ... winter, sacrifice to Princess Zanmeng Wencheng." Princess Tang Guifei Jincheng is the daughter of Wang Yong Li Shouli. Dunhuang Tubo historical documents record: "From the Year of the Dog (7 10) ... Princess Zanmeng went to Luoduo", "To the Year of the Rabbit (739) ... Princess Zanmeng Jincheng died in year of the snake (74 1) ... to offer sacrifices to Prince Raben and Princess Zanmeng Jincheng of Zanpu.

(Scholars such as Yao Wang pointed out that Zanmeng is like Meng Jue and Zhu Meng. When they are used to address Zambo's women, there is no difference in their titles: "btsan mo", "Zhu Meng" and "jo mo". Zhu Meng wrote it at the end of his life. )

According to the records of Dunhuang Tubo historical documents, it is the treatment of people who are praised and honored and enjoy sacrifices after death. Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng have this treatment, and only Princess Wencheng has this treatment among the women who praise Gampo.

There are few absurd elements in some Tubo historical materials, such as Bhrikuti Devi of Nipolo, Tubo documents in Dunhuang, and Tubo inscriptions, as well as records in Chinese historical materials. There are all Songzan Gambu marrying Princess Wencheng, but there are no Songzan Gambu marrying Nipolo. The marriage between Songtsan Gampo and Nibo Bhrikuti Devi only comes from some chapters of some absurd novels in some Tibetan books (such as some chapters of books such as History among Columns (Guanyin in Tibet) and A Story of the King of Tibet). There is even a foreign Tibetan scholar who wrote about Songzan Gambu's wife, saying that the marriage between Songzan Gambu and Nipolo Bhrikuti Devi is fictitious. In fact, the status of Nirvana Bhrikuti Devi is relatively low.

In the battle of Songzhou, Tang Jun defeated the Tubo army, Songzan Gambu withdrew his troops to apologize, and Tubo withdrew from the defeated Tangut, Bai Lanqiang and Qinghai Tuguhun. The Tang Dynasty controlled Longyou in Hexi for a long time, and gradually expanded to the western regions (Anxi Beiting). The Tang Dynasty had an advantage over Tubo, became a princess and married Songzan Gambu. (Tang Xiujing and Chen Daci led Tang Jun to defeat the Tubo army. The Tang Dynasty controlled Longxi Longyou in Anxi Beiting for a long time, and the Tang Dynasty was in an advantage over Tubo. Princess Jincheng kissed Tubo and married Kridê Zukzain. )

When the Emperor attacked Liao, (Song Zan Gan Bu) ordered Lu Dongzan to write a letter saying, "Your Majesty has pacified all directions, and the sun and the moon shine, and I have ruled them. Korea is far away, and the rate is in the ceremony. The son of heaven will spend the Liao Dynasty, and the city will fall, which means that the sun will triumph. Although geese fly in the sky, they have no speed. Goose is not as good as goose, I would like to offer goose with gold. " It is seven feet high and has three kinds of solid wine. In twenty-two years, you Wei led the governor Wang Shi to make a policy to the western regions, which was confiscated by Zhongtianzhu, and he praised and sent elite soldiers to win over from the policy and offer them as prisoners.

In the 23rd year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (649), Songzan Gambu was named as Xu Taiwei and King of Xihai County, and was later named King. And carved its image on a stone and listed it in the Zhaoling mausoleum of Taizong. On May 24th, the first year of Yonghui (June 28th, 650), Songzan Gambu died of illness. The Tang dynasty sent envoys to mourn.

Emperor acceded to the throne, Huo Xu, a surname, king of Xihai County. Sun Chang said, "When the son of heaven first ascended the throne, there were unfaithful people under him. I am willing to send troops to serve the country and ask for it. " And present fifteen kinds of gold to recommend Zhaoling. In 650, Songzan Gambu died. There are different opinions about the cause of death: First, Bhrikuti Devi was infected with plague and spread to Songzan Gambu, and soon Songzan Gambu died in Semogang, Peng Yu (near Pengbo Farm, Linzhou County, Xizang Autonomous Region); On the other hand, Songtsan Gambo was assassinated by Catholics who hated Buddhism. The following year, with a very grand funeral, Tubo built a very tall tomb for Songtsan Gambu between the tombs of Zap of the Tubo dynasties in Qiongjie, called "Muri Mubo". Because his son * * * Zan died young, Sun Mang Songzan acceded to the throne and talked about Lu Dongzan's regency.

After the collapse of the Tubo dynasty, various slave uprisings broke out in Tubo. In 877, four slave army leaders carved up the tombs of Zampa and dug them up. The tomb of Muzimubo Mausoleum in Songtsan Gambu was carved up by the Lu Wu clan and the Ninth clan, so it has not been excavated and has been preserved to this day.