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When discussing the influence of sound on film and television art, we prefer to take film sound as an example. This is not because of our preference for movie sound, but because movie sound has experienced a more tortuous course than TV sound, and also because TV sound is very similar to movie not only in genre but also in creation.

In order to discuss the influence of film sound on film art, we can roughly divide film sound into the following historical periods: (1) The film history is called "silent film" period. This period began with 1895, the first "movie projector" made by Lumiere brothers in France, and ended with 1927, the American black singer Al. Sheng Qiao shouted to the audience on the screen: "Friends, you can't hear anything! 32 years ending in ""; (2)1The period of "Classical Sound Theory" marked by The Future of Sound Film (Statement) signed by Eisenstein, pudovkin and Aleksandrov on July 20th, 928; (3) The period of modern sound theory from the end of 1970s. We divide it like this just for the convenience of discussion. In fact, it is difficult to determine strict boundaries. The formation and development of a trend of thought or creative method is often complicated except for the limitations of the materials we have. In addition, we can't forget the great influence of sound production technology on movie sound.

Although there is a period of "silent film" in film history, from the perspective of film sound history, as mentioned above, there is no real period of "silent film". During this period, sound is still very important to "film art"

It has a great influence, but she brings more trouble than help to silent films of pure visual art.

Strictly speaking, movies in the early days of the film's birth can only be regarded as novel programs in amusement parks at best. Even if they later developed into a cultural phenomenon, due to the limitation of technical conditions, noise is always the primary factor that interferes with the audience's viewing. At this time, according to the auditory masking effect, people consciously or unconsciously use musicians or bands to play live to eliminate this interference; Later, this live soundtrack or dubbing gradually related to the content of the film. Since the beginning of the 20th century, in order to change the randomness of live music accompaniment, European and American music publishers have specially compiled "Selected Emotional Music Songs" for cinemas, selected ready-made music for scenes with various emotional themes, and provided theater musicians or bands with the right to prepare music series in advance according to the contents of the released films.

Sound effects are usually recorded in advance, but due to technical difficulties, there are often jokes that the sound and pictures are not accurate. It is rare for an actor or singer to recite words or sing live on the screen.

The "Vitafeng" system invented by Bell Telephone Company in the early days of the United States realized the synchronization of sound and picture by recording large records and using mechanical connection devices, just like today's double film projection. This method was quickly replaced by the optical recording and sound reproduction system of Tobies company in Germany, and the preliminary technical preparation of audio film was basically completed. At this time, the sound film can only be regarded as a technological invention to a great extent. Only after Eisenstein, Claire and other film artists developed different forms of sound-painting relationship (such as sound-painting counterpoint, voice-over, etc.). ) Has sound really become the basic artistic element of movies? Silent films of pure visual art began to transform into audio-visual films.

Audio film is the product of the combination of technology and market. In terms of film creation and film theory, there are all kinds of obstacles-in fact, this resistance has seriously hindered the healthy development of film and television art to some extent.

People who insist that movies are visual arts think that sound movies destroy the integrity of movies as independent arts. Rudolph, a French film theorist. Einheim believes that "it is precisely because of silence that movies gain the power and strength to achieve outstanding artistic effects." Therefore, he advocates that it is important to "investigate whether the existence of the voice itself is reasonable". He is especially opposed to the dialogue in the voice, thinking that "... once dialogue dominates, it will lead to drama", "...

Narrowed the world of movies. " French director Reina. Claire also reflects this view to some extent. He wrote in 1929, "Because of this progress, the film is not worth the candle. It occupied the world of sound, but lost the dream world ruled by silent films. He also strongly opposed the dialogue in the film, accusing some playwrights of saying that "their professional prejudice simplifies life into a series of dialogues in their eyes" and "the dialogue is very poor". ..... will be a great scourge of white films. "(1) Nevertheless, the sound of the film has not disappeared from the film, but has become more and more popular in the market (audience) with an irresistible trend.

It is reported that the audience of Hollywood in the United States has almost increased from 60 million to 1 times in the 1.929 years after the appearance of the sound film, reaching 1. 1 billion. With the development of recording technology, this trend continues to develop. In particular, Eisenstein, the founder of the (former) Soviet film school, expressed great enthusiasm for the sound to enter the film. At the beginning of the signing of The Future of Sound Film (Statement) (1July 20, 928) with pudovkin and Aleksandrov, he cheered: "The ideal of sound film that I yearn for every day has finally come true." After affirming that montage is the basic and only means of film, they clearly pointed out that "... compared with the great significance of sound, the significance of color film and three-dimensional film is insignificant." Although they overemphasized the counterpoint of sound and painting in their manifesto, they put forward important concepts of sound montage, picture montage (which they called "visual" montage) and sound montage, and clearly saw their great functions. The statement pointed out: "The topic of theme and plot is becoming more and more complicated. Trying to solve these topics only through' visual' montage will either lead to the failure of the task or the director's clever montage structure, which will make people panic about inexplicable technology and reactionary decadent art. ..

"As a new montage component (as an independent part combined with visual image), sound will inevitably bring some powerful new means to help us express and solve those extremely complicated tasks. We have been trying to find a way to overcome these tasks before, because the film method is not perfect and only visual images can be used. " Their films Admiral and Mother not only won a high reputation, but also enriched and improved the montage theory. Although this statement of T has certain historical limitations, practice has proved that it has a certain influence on the exploration of talking movies not only in the early days, but also up to now. "

Digital technology is as follows:

Film is a literary work that combines science and technology with art and embodies its own value in commercial form. Its origin and development process are influenced by science and technology. The film started in France 1895, and its sound experienced silent film, sound film, mono film, stereo film, Dolby stereo surround sound film and DTS digital audio film, and its image experienced black-and-white film, widescreen color film and stereo film. Its carrying media and shooting methods have gone through the process from traditional movies to digital media. At the end of last century, digital technology swept the world with the trend of Wan Chuan returning to the sea, which brought unprecedented impact to the whole industrial society and affected almost all fields of industrial production. This paper briefly expounds the positive and negative effects of digital technology on the film industry.

The development of society is always influenced by science and technology. As an art, film comes from life and is higher than life. In the process of recording social life, it also reflects the influence of science and technology on social life. As far as it is concerned, its means of expression is science and technology. Different times have different technologies, and different technical means must correspond to different film arts. The film industry has experienced three revolutions, from silence to sound, from black and white to color. Now we are in the third revolution, from tradition to numbers. Obviously, these three revolutions are the result of continuous technological innovation. One of the four major technological innovations defined by Freeman is "major technological innovation". In my opinion, this kind of technological innovation is a kind of technological innovation from scratch and discontinuous in time, just like digital technology from scratch is the result of long-term research and development. Among the four major technological innovations, major technological innovations have the most far-reaching influence. The application of digital technology in film has solved many problems in the process of film production and screening. The lens that can't be shot before or is difficult to shoot can be easily completed by digital technology, which greatly saves the production cost. After major technological innovation is put into production, there will be "gradual technological innovation", which is continuous in time and short-term technological progress. Specifically, digital technology is more widely used in movies, such as DVD, online movies, mobile movies and so on. The result of these two kinds of technological innovations is the change of technological economic paradigm, which is also the ultimate goal of technological innovation. New technology should ultimately be reflected in its role in promoting economic development. Technology is the means, economy is the purpose, and technology serves the economy.

The application of digital technology can bring many benefits to movies. In terms of images, RGB has a total of 256×256×256 or more TINT to make the images rich and vivid, and the projection speed of 24 frames per second makes the images smooth and coherent. The visual impact brought by Nanjing International Studios15m wide digital movie screen is unprecedented. The image is so clear that you can even see the details on the skin. Its effect is not quite the same as that of traditional movies. The full application of CG technology has greatly improved the level of film production. Titanic, Jurassic Park, Star Wars ... These well-known American blockbusters can only appear in the director's mind before the appearance of digital technology. The lifelike dinosaurs in Jurassic Park seem to take the audience back to the Jurassic era, and the dazzling space war in Star Wars sends people to the future world. The artist's imagination is not bound by logical thinking, and digital technology allows talented directors to express their artistic feelings at will. In terms of sound of movies, the continuous development of technology has made movies go through the process from silent to voiced and digital audio. Film art is recording social life, and life is full of language and notes. As for language, there is a doctrine in the Bible that language is everything. For music, the Pythagorean school in ancient Greece thought it was a means to purify the human soul. A movie without sound is not perfect. Movies should not be silent, but the limitation of technical level makes the original movies only silent movies. In the 1920s, sound was added to movies, and in the 1970s, Dolby Laboratories successfully applied stereo surround sound to Star Wars. Star Wars amazed American audiences with its dazzling effect and shocking sound. I have been to Warner Studios, a five-star cinema in Nanjing, and listened carefully to their Martin sounds again and again. Its voice is as quiet as a virgin, as moving as a rabbit, clean and powerful. The high frequency is bright and sweet, full of color, the intermediate frequency sound is also unreal and true, the positioning score is not bad, and the low frequency feeling is like the surge of spring thunder, which makes people excited. These beautiful notes can only be completely interpreted by digital technology. The box office record of Star Wars in 1970s was not broken until 1990s by another digital sci-fi film Jurassic Park, which was broken by Titanic. The top three movies at the historical box office are all sci-fi movies with high technology content and futuristic feeling, which may reflect American surrealism. It can be seen that these three films are the perfect combination of technology and art. Without digital technology, there would be no such super blockbuster. It is these super blockbusters that inspire groups of filmmakers to work harder to pursue higher quality movies. Their efforts have also promoted the progress of the film. This is a positive feedback to technological progress, and both sides encourage each other and jointly promote development.

Some people may think that the essence of movies is content, not audio-visual effects. I am firmly opposed to this view. It is a fact that the essence of movies is content. Artists resort to emotion and take movies as the carrier of emotion, thus causing emotional resonance between the audience and the author. If the content is regarded as the essence of things, then the audio-visual effect can be regarded as the superficial phenomenon of things. From the perspective of epistemology, the process of understanding things is to rise to the essence through phenomena. I want to ask, the audio-visual effect of a movie is very poor, the image is blurred, the sound lacks texture, and the phenomenon is so unclear that it is impossible to observe it in detail or even fully understand it. How can we understand the essence through phenomena? What's the point of improving image quality and sound quality through technological innovation? Understanding the artist's emotion behind art is the purpose, and appreciating movies is the process. The purpose is important, but the process can not be ignored. China people always pay attention to practicality, utility and purpose, but often ignore the process. I think the reason is the lack of rational spirit. For a simple example, Einstein's theory of relativity, whose English name is The Theory of Relativity, means connection. Its essence lies in revealing the universal connection between matter and motion, time and space. The result of Lorentz coordinate transformation is that time and space are relative. Let's translate it into relativity. Universal connection is the essence, and relative is the result. We only pay attention to the result, but ignore the essence of the process, which shows that this translation lacks rationality. This overall lack of rational spirit makes technological innovation in industrial society often appear in western countries. Therefore, the technology-economy transformation has greatly promoted its economic development, which may be one of the reasons why western developed countries are ahead of China in economy.

In terms of the transmission channels of film culture, digital technology makes watching movies as simple as eating and sleeping. Before the advent of digital technology, movies could only be seen in cinemas. Although there are videos to watch at home, the price is high and it is difficult to popularize. With digital technology, you can watch it online, buy cheap DVDs and even watch it on your mobile phone. It is also very important that in the mid-1990s, after China began to introduce American blockbusters, Hollywood films began to hit the China market, broadening people's horizons and letting them see more and better films. But as a socialist country, after all, it is very different from western countries in values, cultural traditions and political systems. The General Administration of Film castrated and even banned many American films. This disrespect for artistic democracy has made us miss many good movies, such as The Silence of the Lambs, Seven Deaths and Saw. Through the internet and piracy, we can still watch these excellent movies. Piracy has become a major public hazard in China. But I personally think it should be viewed from a developmental perspective, a concrete and historical perspective. At present, piracy has certain positive significance in China market. First of all, as mentioned above, you can watch some genuine or good movies that you can't see in the cinema through piracy. Secondly, art should not only pay attention to its commercial attributes. Although business is the goal, as a culture, more people should be involved. In the United States, the average movie ticket price in 2006 was $6, but in China, as far as Nanjing is concerned, the average movie ticket price was around 50 yuan. It costs only $ 10 to watch Mission Impossible 3 in a top cinema in a prime location like Times Square in new york, and the ticket price for Nanjing Warner Studios is 50 yuan. This obviously makes movies a high-consumption activity, and most people will choose piracy in this case, because art appreciation and cultural exchange should not be the patent of the rich. Finally, most of the domestic genuine movies are shoddy and mixed, far less than the original pirated ones, and the price is very high. Therefore, people who like movies hate piracy, but they have to buy it. In a word, digital technology has played a great role in promoting the spread of film culture.

Everything has its good side and bad side. Digital technology has brought us high-quality movies and rich box office for film companies, but it has also brought technology alienation. In the process of film production, digital technology has replaced some real-life performances, and human emotions can't be replaced by any technology, which is somewhat misleading to artistic appreciation. The film Simone is a good example. Applying immature digital technology to movies is a waste and blasphemy to art, and the promise in A Curse is so pretentious and self-righteous! The biggest negative impact of digital technology lies in its mode of transmission. Piracy is a serious problem, especially in China, because digital technology makes it a low cost, simple operation and high profit to make high-quality pirated CDs. This is an infringement of intellectual property rights, no different from theft. The huge investment of film companies often cannot be recovered because of piracy, and film companies lose money one by one and gradually close down. These phenomena are particularly common in Hong Kong. In the long run, piracy will inevitably slow down the development of the film industry and even destroy it. In addition, many young people, especially college students, like to download movies from the Internet, which will make them fall into a misunderstanding, because movies in the digital age should be digital movies with gorgeous pictures and shocking sound effects, and those movies downloaded online are greatly reduced in image quality and sound quality due to the limitation of network capacity. These are all alienation of technology. We should fully understand its harmfulness, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and correctly handle the advantages and disadvantages brought by digital technology to movies.