Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography major - Brief introduction of l-glutamic acid
Brief introduction of l-glutamic acid
L glutamic acid is an acidic amino acid. There are two carboxyl groups in the molecule, and its chemical name is α-aminoglutaric acid. L glutamic acid was discovered by Li Suosen in 1856. It is a colorless crystal with delicate fragrance, slightly soluble in water, but soluble in hydrochloric acid solution, with an isoelectric point of 3.22. It is rich in cereal protein, which is also abundant in animal brains. L Glutamate plays an important role in protein metabolism in organisms and participates in many important chemical reactions of animals, plants and microorganisms. Medically, L- glutamic acid is mainly used to treat hepatic coma and improve children's intellectual development. In the food industry, monosodium glutamate is a commonly used instrument freshener, and its main component is sodium L- glutamate. In the past, monosodium glutamate was mainly produced by hydrolysis of gluten, but now it is produced on a large scale by microbial fermentation.
Glutamine is hydrolyzed by glutaminase to remove ammonia in upper renal tubular epithelial cells, and then combined with H+ to form ammonium salt and discharged. In vivo, ammonia can also combine with α -ketoglutaric acid to synthesize L- glutamic acid. Clinical detection of L- glutamic acid metabolism is helpful for disease diagnosis.
2 L glutamic acid medical examination 2. 1 examination name l glutamic acid
2.2 Biochemical examination of classified blood & determination of amino acids, nitrides and organic acids
The determination principle of 2.3 L glutamic acid is the same as that of ion exchange chromatography.
2.4 Determination of reagents by ion exchange chromatography.
2.5 The operation method is the same as that determined by ion exchange chromatography.
2.6 The normal value is14 ~192 μ mol/L. ..
2.7 The clinical significance of laboratory examination results increased: gout, pancreatic tumor.
2.8 Note (1) For clinical determination of L- glutamic acid in serum or plasma, blood should be taken on an empty stomach in the morning to avoid the influence of food digestion.
(2) Specimens should not be used for hemolysis, so as to avoid false elevation caused by L- glutamic acid in red blood cells entering plasma.
2.9 Gout-related diseases
3 L glutamic acid pharmacopoeia standard 3. 1 product name 3. 1. 1 Chinese name l glutamic acid
3. 1.2 Chinese Pinyin Gu 'an Calculation
3. 1.3 English name glutamic acid
3.2 structural formula 3.3 molecular formula and molecular weight C5H9NO4 147. 13
3.4 Source (name) and content (potency) This product is L2 glutamic acid. Calculated by dry products, the content of C5H9NO4 should be no less than 98.5%.
3.5 Characteristics This product is white crystal or crystalline powder; It tastes a little sour.
This product is soluble in hot water, slightly soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, acetone or ether, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid or 1mol/L sodium hydroxide solution.
3.5. 1 Take the specific rotation of this product, accurately weigh it, add 2mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve it, dilute it quantitatively, make a solution containing about 70mg per 1ml, and determine it according to law (Appendix VI E of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10), and the specific rotation range is+310.
3.6 Identification (1) Take an appropriate amount of this product and L glutamic acid reference substance respectively, add 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve and dilute, and make a test solution and reference substance solution containing about 0.2mg per 1ml. According to the chromatographic conditions of other amino acids, the position and color of the main spots in the test solution should be the same as that of the reference solution.
(2) The infrared absorption spectrum of this product should be consistent with that of the reference substance (Figure 958, infrared spectrum collection of drugs).
3.7 Check the light transmittance of 3.7. 1 solution Take this product 1.0g, add 20ml of 2mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve it, and measure the light transmittance at the wavelength of 430nm by UV-Vis spectrophotometry (Appendix Ⅳ a, Pharmacopoeia 20 10), which shall not be lower than 98.0%.
3.7.2 Take 0.30g of this product as chloride and check it according to law (Appendix VIII A of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10). Compared with the control solution made of 6.0ml standard sodium chloride solution, it should not be thicker (0.02%).
3.7.3 Take 0.50g of this product as sulfate, add 2ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and 5ml of water, shake well to dissolve it, and check it according to law (Appendix VIII B of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10). Compared with the control solution made of standard potassium sulfate solution 1.0ml, it should not be more concentrated (0.02%).
3.7.4 The ammonium salt is 0. 10g, which should be checked according to law (Appendix VIII K of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10), and should not be deeper (0.02%) than the control solution made of standard ammonium chloride solution 2.0ml.
3.7.5 Take this product from other amino acids, add 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve and dilute it, and make a solution containing about 65438±00mg per 65438±0ml as the test solution; Accurately measure 1ml, put it in a 200ml volumetric flask, dilute it to scale with 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, and shake it as a control solution; Take an appropriate amount of L- glutamic acid reference substance and L- aspartic acid reference substance, put them in the same measuring bottle, add 0.5mol/L hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve and dilute them, and make a solution containing about 65438 00 mg L-glutamic acid and 0.05mg aspartic acid per 65438±0ml, respectively, as the system suitability test solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (appendix ⅴ b of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10), 5μl of each of the above three solutions was absorbed and spotted on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, and n-butanol-water-glacial acetic acid (2: 1: 1) was used as the developing agent, which was developed, dried and sprayed with ninhydrin (/). The control solution should show clear spots, and the system suitability test solution should show two completely separated spots. If the test solution shows impurity spots, its color shall not be darker than the main spots of the control solution (0.5%).
3.7.6 loss on drying takes this product and dries it to constant weight at 105℃, and the weight loss shall not exceed 0.5% (Appendix VIII L of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10).
3.7.7 Take this product 1.0g as residue on ignition, and check it according to law (Appendix VIII N of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10), and the residue shall not exceed 0. 1%.
3.7.8 Take 2.0g of iron salt, add 6ml of dilute hydrochloric acid and appropriate amount of water, heat and dissolve, let cool, add water to 25ml, and check according to law (Appendix VIII g of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10 Edition). Compared with the control solution made of standard iron solution 1.0ml, it should not be deeper (0.0005%).
3.7.9 Take the residue left under the heavy metal residue on ignition and check it according to law (the second method in Appendix VIII H of Pharmacopoeia 20 10), and the content of heavy metals shall not exceed 10 parts per million.
3.7. 10 Arsenic Salt Take 2.0g of this product, add 5ml of hydrochloric acid and 23ml of water to dissolve it, and check it according to law (the first method in Appendix VIII J of Pharmacopoeia II, 20 10), which should meet the requirements (0.000 1%).
3.7. 1 1 Take this product as the pyrogen, add sodium chloride injection, make a solution containing 20mg per 1ml, heat and dissolve it, cool it to 37℃, and check it according to the law (Appendix D of Pharmacopoeia Part II, 20 10), according to the weight of rabbits per/kloc-0.
3.8 Content determination Take about 0.25g of this product, weigh it accurately, add 50ml of boiling water to dissolve it, let it cool, add 5 drops of bromothymol blue indicator, and titrate the solution with sodium hydroxide (0. 1mol/L) until the solution changes from yellow to blue-green. Every 1ml sodium hydroxide titration solution (0. 1mol/L) is equivalent to 14.7 1mg C5 H9 no 4.
Class 3.9 amino acid drugs.
3. 10 storage and shading, sealed preservation.
3. 1 1 Preparation of (1)L glutamic acid tablets? (2)L sodium glutamate injection? (3)L potassium glutamate injection
3. 12 Edition People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia 20 10 Edition
4 L glutamic acid instructions 4. 1 drug name l glutamic acid
4.2 English name glutamic acid
4.3 L glutamic acid alias glutamic acid; Glutamate; Aminoglutaric acid; L- glutamic acid; Glutaric acid; glutamic acid
4.4 classification of digestive system drugs >; Auxiliary drugs for liver disease
4.5 dosage form tablets: 0.3g and 0.5g each.
The exact mechanism of pharmacological action of 4.6 L glutamic acid is not clear. Under the catalysis of ATP and L- glutamic acid synthetase, L- glutamic acid can combine with excess ammonia in blood through liver cells to become harmless glutamine, which is excreted with urine, thus reducing blood ammonia. At the same time, L-glutamic acid is also beneficial to the production of aspartic acid, helping ornithine circulation to promote urea synthesis, alleviating ammonia poisoning, preventing and treating hepatic encephalopathy, and using its sodium salt or potassium salt more often. However, in recent years, it is considered that the increase of blood ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy is not constant, and the degree of coma is inconsistent with the blood ammonia level. Therefore, these drugs are no longer used as routine drugs for hepatic encephalopathy. At the same time, L- glutamic acid is also involved in protein and glucose metabolism in the brain, which promotes the oxidation process and improves the function of the central nervous system. L- glutamic acid and its calcium salt can be used to treat petit mal's disease, psychomotor epilepsy, neurasthenia, schizophrenia, etc. In addition, L- glutamic acid can be converted into pyruvate and glucose in vivo, which can increase blood sugar and reduce gluconeogenesis, thus reducing lipolysis and ketone bodies, so it can be used to relieve ketonuria and ketonemia. L glutamic acid can also be used to treat gastric acid deficiency, and the acidification power of 0.3gL glutamic acid is equivalent to 0.6ml dilute hydrochloric acid. Animal experiments show that L- glutamic acid can promote erythropoiesis and can be combined with ferrous sulfate. It can also prevent nausea in the first trimester.
4.7 Pharmacokinetics of Glutamate L Glutamate produces alanine through transamination of intestinal mucosa, which is distributed in the liver. It is not clear whether it is excreted through milk.
The indication of 4.8 L glutamic acid is 1. It is used as an auxiliary drug for treating hepatic encephalopathy and some mental and nervous system diseases (such as schizophrenia and epilepsy). When used for small attacks, it can reduce the number of attacks.
2. It can also be used for gastric acid deficiency and hypochlorhydria.
4.9 L Glutamate contraindication is prohibited for patients with hyperacidity or peptic ulcer.
4. 10 Note: Use with caution in patients with renal insufficiency or anuria.
4. 1 1 L glutamic acid adverse reaction 1. Facial flushing's symptoms can appear about 20 minutes after taking the medicine.
2. A large number of oral can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
4. Usage and dosage of 1 2 l glutamic acid1. Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy: 2.5 ~ 5g each time, 4 times a day;
2. Minor seizures: 2 ~ 3g each time, 3 ~ 4 times a day;
3. Insufficient gastric acid: 0.3g each time, 3 times a day.
4. 13 drug interaction 1. L- glutamic acid combined with common antiepileptic drugs can improve the curative effect of petit mal and psychomotor seizures.
2.l glutamic acid should not be combined with alkaline drugs.
3. The combination of L glutamic acid and anticholinergic drugs may weaken the pharmacological action of the latter.
4. The combination of L glutamic acid and vincristine can weaken the effect of the latter.
4. 14 Expert opinion
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