/kloc-What is the difference between French neoclassicism in the 0/9th century and previous classicism?

Classicism in terms of literary thought, classicism is a period of literary thought produced in the historical stage of the establishment of a sovereign nation-state and the gradual development of capitalism in the seventeenth century. /kloc-France, which developed most fully in the 0/7th century, also appeared in Britain, Germany and Russia, and once occupied a dominant position in Europe. It is named after studying, worshiping and imitating ancient times and taking ancient Greek and Roman literature as a model. From the political and social roots, classicism is the product of the development of commercial capital, based on the mercantilist policy. It was subordinate to the autocratic monarchy at that time, and it was a literary reflection of the autocratic monarchy, and also a manifestation of the bourgeoisie's temporary accommodation, compromise and concession to the feudal monarch at that time. France in the 17th century was in the heyday of absolute monarchy, and the conditions for bourgeois political revolution were not yet mature. This is the era when French kings Louis XIII (16 10- 1643) and Louis XIV (1638- 17 15) came to power. France's commercial capital is highly developed, and money has become the main wealth of the people. The king, who represents the interests of the big bourgeoisie and new noble, must seize power from the Pope and the old nobles, centrally control and suppress the separatist activities of local nobles, open up tax sources and encourage overseas colonial expansion in order to implement the mercantilist policy and develop foreign trade. This is the origin of centralized monarchy. At that time, the bourgeoisie was rising. On the other hand, because its strength is not enough to overthrow feudal rule and seize political power, it needs to rely on royal power to develop capitalism. On the other hand, they are not willing to be vassals in politics, demanding ideological revolution and limiting kingship. Therefore, the bourgeoisie and feudal nobles temporarily formed a situation of mutual containment and struggle. As Marx pointed out; Monarchical autocracy occurred in a transitional period, the old feudal hierarchy tended to decline, and the medieval citizen hierarchy was forming a modern bourgeoisie, but neither side of the struggle had overwhelmed the other. At this time, the kingship became a "superficial mediator" between the two classes. Philosophically, classicism is compatible with rationalism, which was formed under the influence of rationalism prevailing in western Europe at that time. Rationalism, represented by Descartes (1596- 1650), advocates that everything is based on rationality, abandons traditional prejudice, opposes medieval theological worldview, opposes blind faith in religious authority and scholasticism, and thinks that rationality is the only source of knowledge. It is believed that perceptual matter can deceive people, and only through reason can we know the world. This rationalist epistemology and methodology was progressive at that time and played a guiding role in classicism. Therefore, classicism can also be called literary rationalism. Judging from the origin and development of classicism, it first appeared in 1930s and 40s, prevailed in 1960s and 1970s, and prevailed for more than 200 years. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, classicism began to decline, and gradually changed from the content of literary thought to a simple literary form, which was called "archaism" or "pseudo-classicism" in the history of literature. At this time, it became a huge obstacle to the bourgeois political revolution and literary development, and was finally defeated by the Enlightenment and Romanticism. In French classical literature, drama is the most successful, with three great dramatists; Tragic writers are Gao Naiyi (1606- 1684) and Racine (1639- 1699), and comic writer is Moliere (1622- 1573). Miser, etc. He is the most accomplished comedian in the17th century, but he is not the most typical classicist. Sid, Gao Naiyi's masterpiece, laid the foundation for the norms of classical tragedy in the history of French drama. The central content is about the conflict between personal feelings and reason, the triumph of reason over feelings, the conflict between the obligation to defend the country and the feudal obligation of the family, and finally the feudal family obligation, which is subordinate to the higher obligation to defend the motherland. Therefore, Roderick, the protagonist, led troops to defend the enemy and won the title of "Xide" (meaning general, meaning first-class leader). Gao Naiyi has written more than 30 plays, most of which are tragedies and a few are comedies. The representative of classical literary theory is boileau (1636-1711), who wrote The Art of Poetry, which Pushkin called the classical Koran. This literary theory work inherits and synthesizes the viewpoints of Aristotle's Poetics in ancient Greece, and puts forward a classic theory that meets the requirements of the times. The original text is in the form of poetry. In addition, the fable poet La Fontaine (162 1- 1695) wrote twelve volumes of fable poems, which is also quite influential. Neoclassicism Neoclassicism (English: Neo-classicism) rose in Rome in the 0/8th century A.D. and quickly spread to the art movement in Europe and America. Neoclassicism, on the one hand, stems from the reaction to baroque and rococo art, on the other hand, it hopes to revive the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Neoclassical artists deliberately imitate ancient art in style and theme, and know what they are imitating. Neoclassicism is represented by bas-relief in sculpture art, so it is completely different from baroque deep carving. The representative artists of neoclassicism are Barry, Konova, Flaxman, Hamilton, Mons, piranesi, Thorvaldsen, Vien and West. In architecture, the most famous is the University of Virginia campus designed by Jefferson. Besides the University of Virginia, Jefferson even designed his own home. Classical art under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman art appeared in France as early as17th century. Before the French Revolution and its political and social reform, there was a pure artistic revolution, which was the neoclassical art movement. French art in this period is neither the reappearance of ancient Greek and Roman art nor the repetition of French classicism in17th century. Adapting to the needs of bourgeois revolution is a trend of art. The so-called neoclassicism is relative to the classicism of17th century. At the same time, because this neoclassical art movement is closely related to the French Revolution, some people call it "revolutionary classicism". The characteristics of neoclassical art are as follows: choosing severe major themes (major events in ancient history and reality) and emphasizing rational rather than perceptual expression in artistic form; Emphasize the integrity of composition; In modeling, attention is paid to sketch and outline, to sculpture figures, but not to color. French neoclassical art, from Vian, David to Angel, achieved the best and reached its peak. Vian is the earliest neoclassical painter in France. He tried to oppose pornographic and excessively elegant art and restore the simplicity and solemnity of ancient Greek art. Due to the limitations of talent and personality, he failed to achieve fundamental changes in art. David, a student of Wei 'an, returned from studying in Rome on the eve of the Great Revolution. He successfully exhibited his painting "Beggar Beresesh". Later, his Oath of the Horace Brothers was exhibited in the salon of 1785. This painting clearly shows the solemn and majestic influence of Greek and Roman art, praises the civic morality, keeps pace with the French Revolution, and arouses the strong bourgeoisie. 1789, he founded Buzentis, apparently challenging the Louis XVI dynasty. It was these works that established his important position as an artist during the Great Revolution. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, under the unquestionable leadership of David, neoclassicism won in France. David has many followers around him, including more than 400 students. Most of them have become active figures in French painting, among which Gé rard, Giraud and Gro are the most famous, and they have gained a unique position to some extent. The art of Prudden, who was contemporary with David, showed the other side of the artistic ideal in the revolutionary era. As an artist, some people think that he is not inferior to David, but he is still superior to David in some strict images and dynamic handling of his works. David's student Angel soon became the most original artist at that time and was regarded as the leader of the classical painting school. Neoclassicism is a turning point, from David to angel, from depicting events related to the times to myth and pure art divorced from reality, from strict classical style to classicism with gorgeous oriental color in form. Angel's artistic activities were extremely active all his life, and his female body and portrait were the highest achievements. French neoclassical painting has also had an impact on some European countries, the first of which is the British painting of the same period. At that time, a large number of outstanding painters were active in the painting world, including landscape painters Wilson, Sandeby and animal painter stubbs. Fuselli is an English Swiss painter with a unique style. Other painters obviously influenced by neoclassicism are Barry and West. At the same time, German painters have hope.