Manuscript on honesty and integrity

Christopher Columbus [1] (about 145 1 ~ 1506), Christopher Columbus (cristó bal coló n).

He cast all his eyes on the sea. When it became possible to be a sailor, Columbus left the land and began his career at sea. Young Columbus was a sailor in Genoa's merchant ship and had been to Spain, Portugal, England, France and Iceland. During this period, Columbus accumulated quite valuable sailing experience. Before formal navigation education, these interests and experiences support future navigators.

1476, Columbus fell into the water in the fierce battle during the voyage and swam to Portugal with a broken boat board, from which he learned navigation knowledge. At this time, wisdom and diligence helped Columbus. Yes, here, he learned Portuguese and Latin, and used these languages to study cosmology and mathematics, which are essential for navigation, and learned to draw maps and use various navigation tools. More importantly, in Portugal, a maritime power, Columbus was psychologically prepared for sailing: he read the Travels of Marco Polo, and he had infinite reverie about the richness of the East, and he had the idea of going to the East; He contacted Toscanelli, a scholar, accepted the "Earth Circle Theory" and strengthened his belief of reaching the East from the sea. At this point, the voyage to the west is only due to the "material" east wind.

Columbus came to Spain when his application for funding from the Portuguese King's Office was rejected. Out of the same pursuit of gold, Columbus reached an agreement with the Spanish royal family (signing the Santa Fe Agreement). He has his own fleet and crew, and set sail with God's blessing and mission.

On August 3rd, 1492, the first westbound route departed. On the way, the sailors almost made trouble because they drifted for a long time and didn't see land. However, he insisted on going west and found "land" in the waters of the Bahamas at 2 am on June 12. He named the island "San Salvador". In this way, the new continent was discovered.

1493 On March 4th, Columbus returned to Lisbon and Barcelona at the end of April, and was awarded the grand prize. At this point, the first voyage was successfully completed.

Subsequently, Columbus made three voyages to the Western Ocean at 1493~ 1496, 1498~ 1500, 1502~ 1504, which were continuously discovered and "perfected".

A devout Christian

In his will, Columbus wrote, "With the help of the Holy Spirit, I gained and thoroughly understood an idea ... I visited the Indian mainland at 1492 ..." On his deathbed, Columbus still remembered his "Lord", which is evident in his piety. Columbus set sail again under the banner of the Crusader, which showed that he took it as his duty to preach for God and was loyal to the "Lord". One of the purposes of Columbus's Western Expedition is to preach, which is not only "the king's will", but also his bounden duty as a Christian. In fact, Christians in western Europe believe that pagans who don't believe in God should be killed and eliminated, which is not difficult to explain the killing of Indians after Columbus arrived in America. Columbus showed his devotion to God by killing Indians.

A pioneer in the era of change

Columbus's discovery became a new era of new continent development and colonization, which was a major turning point in history. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, the population of Europe expanded rapidly, and the discovery of the new continent provided Europeans with places to emigrate, as well as minerals and raw materials that could change the European economy. But at the same time, this discovery led to the destruction of American Indian civilization. The successful opening of the new airline has further promoted cultural exchanges around the world. American rubber, corn, tobacco leaves, sweet potatoes, cocoa and potatoes were all brought back to Europe by the Spanish and spread all over the world. European immigrants brought plants such as barley, rye, oats and rice and livestock such as horses, cows and mules to America and took root, which greatly enriched the cultural exchanges between the eastern and western hemispheres. On the other hand, in the long run, this discovery has also led to the emergence of some new countries (the United States) in the western hemisphere that are completely different from the Indian tribes that once settled in this area, which has brought great influence to the countries in the old continent. It can be said that Columbus' discovery of the New World was objectively progressive on the basis of injustice.

However, it should be noted that the large amount of gold and silver that caused the primitive accumulation of capital and price revolution in Europe was not brought back by Columbus alone, but was the result of plunder by him and many subsequent maritime colonists. It is far-fetched to attribute the contribution to the embryonic development of European capitalism entirely to Columbus.

It's not accidental.

Columbus, like other great explorers, even without Columbus, his discovery will be discovered by others, which is a historical necessity. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, European trade extended in all directions and the economy developed at a high speed, which inevitably produced and stimulated exploration activities. It seems certain that Europeans will discover the new continent sooner or later, and it won't be long before Columbus discovers it. However, if Columbus did not discover the new continent in the expedition of 1492, but the French or the British discovered it in the following year of 15 10, then the subsequent development will be completely different from today's history.

[Edit this paragraph] Discover the mystery of America.

Christopher Columbus, a famous maritime explorer, once claimed that he was the first person to "discover" the American continent, but in fact he may not be the first person to land in America. Before Columbus, many people arrived in America and even settled here. Before Columbus, Native Americans had lived here for hundreds of years. In addition, there is some evidence that other civilizations have also reached the American continent, and coins and pottery of ancient Greece and Rome have been found in the United States and Mexico. Statues of Isis and the gods of the underworld were found in Mexico, and ancient Egyptian artifacts were found in the Grand Canyon of the United States. These ancient objects predate Columbus' landing in America.

Respondents: 220. 164.2 19. * 20 10-9-25 13: 12.

The topic is: breeze, a big lotus. Lotus petals should be painted from shallow to deep, and can be painted with tender pink (referring to colored pens, comrades who will gradually change color are better). The tips of petals can be painted with another kind of deep purple. In fact, there is no skill in painting. Follow your feelings. Remember to draw some lotus leaves after painting the lotus. Next to them, you can write with a black pen: Mud comes out without touching. (writing small is self-defeating. Then you can draw a scale and say you can draw with black lead (colored pencil). Both sides must be balanced to show fairness and justice. You can also draw some aquatic plants and pebbles below. You can use blisters as a layout, spend a few big blisters and write some honest stories in it. LZ, design your own layout, just be beautiful. LZ, I'm so detailed, if you don't understand, I'll be angry with you for vomiting blood.

Responder: Baby Fat Cat-Level 1 2010-10-5 20:17

First, the basic connotation of clean government

To study and carry out the construction of a clean government, we must first define the basic connotation of a clean government scientifically and accurately. From the perspective of text hermeneutics, "honesty" means incorruptibility, "politics" means state organs and their official activities, and incorruptibility means "incorruptible politics". However, due to the subjectivity and development of the criteria for judging honesty, and the fact that politics is a concept of the times that needs to be concretized, honesty presents multi-level meanings in different contexts and specific ranges. According to the characteristics and essence of clean government in modern society, some scholars in our country believe that clean government includes four elements: first, "honesty", that is, the government and its officials are clean and honest in the process of performing official duties and dealing with problems, and they are honest and honest, do not take bribes and do not bending the law; Second, "simplicity" means that the government and its officials take less from the people and use more for the people; Third, "honesty" means that the government and its officials are in this country.

Some scholars, starting from the content of clean government, believe that clean government has four basic meanings: first, as far as "political situation" is concerned, it is necessary to create a fair and clear political situation and political atmosphere; Second, as far as the "political system" is concerned, it is necessary to establish a clean and efficient political system and legal system; Third, as far as "policy" is concerned, it is necessary to formulate and strictly implement policies and measures to ensure political clarity in order to win the trust of the people; Fourth.

In short, the so-called "clean government" is the benign combination and dialectical unity of fair and honest political situation, political system, policy and morality. Contrary to corruption, a clean government must have at least three elements: the main body is state staff and other people appointed by the state to engage in state official duties, and there is no subjective motive for seeking personal gain, and objectively there is no abuse of power or taking advantage of his position to commit acts that violate recognized norms.

In recent years, the construction of a clean government has become one of the hot topics in applied writing of national civil servants, and it is also one of the important topics in applied writing research.

Second, the characteristics of building a clean government in the new period

1. Institutionalization of building a clean government

After the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party put forward the requirements of treating both the symptoms and root causes, comprehensively managing them, gradually intensifying the efforts to cure the root cause, and preventing and controlling corruption from the source through deepening reform. The Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee clearly stated that it is necessary to "establish and improve a system of punishing and preventing corruption that pays equal attention to education, system and supervision, which is compatible with the socialist market economic system". The Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee further put forward the 16-character policy of "treating both the symptoms and root causes, comprehensively managing, punishing and preventing simultaneously, and paying attention to prevention", which is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee in building a clean and honest party style under the new situation. It also reflects the macro-strategy and clear thinking of the party and the government to establish a comprehensive system of treating both the symptoms and the root causes from the aspects of education, system and supervision, which is comprehensive and focused, and has got rid of the local governance situation of treating the symptoms rather than the root causes. This system's policy of building a clean government is prominently embodied in the "Implementation Outline of Establishing and Perfecting a System of Punishing and Preventing Corruption with Equal Attention to Education, System and Supervision" (referred to as "Implementation Outline") promulgated and implemented by the Central Committee in June 2005. The outline clearly puts forward the guiding ideology, basic principles, main contents and working objectives of punishing and preventing corruption. A planned system of building a clean government is not only a system that focuses on the overall situation, but also a system that follows the law, pays attention to prevention, and relies on democracy, the rule of law and the rule of virtue to prevent corruption.

2. Institutionalization of building a clean government

Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the pace of building a clean and honest legal system in the Party and the country has been significantly accelerated. The national conference on discipline inspection and supervision laws and regulations held in June 2003 +2003 10 clearly put forward the plan to establish and improve the party's work style and clean government building and anti-corruption laws and regulations system; At the end of 2003, "Regulations on Inner-Party Supervision of China * * * Production Party (Trial)" and "Regulations on Disciplinary Actions of China * * * Production Party" were promulgated and implemented; In 2004, the Regulations on the Protection of the Rights of China * * * Production Party party member, the Regulations on the Implementation of the Administrative Supervision Law of the People's Republic of China and Several Provisions on the Integrity of Leaders of State-owned Enterprises (for Trial Implementation) were promulgated and implemented; In 2005, the Civil Service Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Implementation Outline of Establishing and Perfecting a System of Punishing and Preventing Corruption with Equal Attention to Education, System and Supervision, and the Provisions of the Commission for Discipline Inspection on Assisting Party Committees in Organizing and Coordinating Anti-corruption Work (for Trial Implementation) were promulgated and implemented one after another. At the same time, there are a series of laws and systems related to the construction of a clean government. For example, since July, 20001,the Law Office of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Law Department of the Ministry of Supervision have organized expert argumentation meetings for many times to draft the Law on Clean Government in People's Republic of China (PRC), and the Law on Clean Government is being formulated. In a word, in just a few years since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the substantial step taken in the institutionalization of clean government is unprecedented since the founding of the Party. During this period, a series of laws and systems were promulgated and implemented, which filled the gaps in the system of building a clean government and laid a solid foundation for strengthening the building of a clean government.

3. The interests of the masses have become the basic starting point of building a clean government.

The Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixteenth CPC Central Committee put forward a major decision to build a harmonious socialist society, emphasizing people-oriented, taking the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the fundamental starting point and end result of all work, and seriously solving the most concerned, direct and realistic interests of the people. This idea is embodied in the whole practice of building a clean government. Discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels and relevant departments resolutely correct unhealthy practices that harm the interests of the masses in accordance with the requirements of the central authorities; Seriously investigate and punish the school's arbitrary charges, misappropriation and interception of education funds; Seriously clean up and correct the phenomenon of arbitrary price increases and arbitrary charges in the purchase and sale of medicines and medical services; Continue to correct acts that harm the interests of the masses in the process of expropriation and requisition of land, demolition of urban houses and reorganization, restructuring and bankruptcy of enterprises; Efforts should be made to solve the problems of wage arrears for migrant workers and arbitrary charges, fines and apportionment to farmers; Strengthen the supervision and inspection of production safety and resolutely investigate and deal with corruption behind major accidents; Earnestly carry out special work to control commercial bribery and resolutely correct unfair trading behavior. These measures truly represent the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, and also reflect the concretization and microcosmic construction of a clean government.

4. Efforts to build a clean government have been further intensified.

Institutionalization and institutionalization are important manifestations of increasing efforts to build a clean government. From the objective reality, the strengthening of clean government construction is reflected in two aspects: First, the strengthening of punishment according to law. Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the high-pressure situation of discipline inspection and supervision organs and procuratorial organs at all levels to punish corruption has been continuously enhanced. The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Ministry of Supervision and the Supreme People's Procuratorate seriously investigated and dealt with a large number of provincial and ministerial cadres with corruption problems. Second, the intensity of clean government education has increased. China * * * Production Party has a fine tradition and rich experience of attaching importance to ideological and political education, paying attention to solving problems and preventing problems by solving internal causes. Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party has constantly put forward new requirements and introduced new measures to strengthen the education of clean government. For example, it is stipulated that new leading cadres must receive talks and training on clean government, and leading cadres at all levels should be honest in politics when reporting their duties every year.

5. Promote the construction of a clean government through deep-seated system reform.

The Sixth Plenary Session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection emphasized that we should conscientiously implement the spirit of deepening reform, adapt to the process of improving the socialist market economic system, actively promote institutional reform and innovation, strive to make breakthroughs in key areas and important links, and thoroughly solve the bottleneck problem of building a clean government. At present, all localities have carried out in-depth reforms in the fields of cadre and personnel system, justice and administrative examination and approval. In terms of system reform, all localities have conscientiously implemented the Regulations on Inner-Party Supervision and the spirit of the Seventh Plenary Session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, made efforts to solve the problem of perfecting the power restriction mechanism, strengthened supervision and restriction on leading organs and leading cadres, straightened out the power relationship, and ensured the healthy operation of power between departments and superiors and subordinates.

6. Pay attention to the social environment construction of clean government.

Only in a good social environment can the construction of a clean government achieve good results, otherwise the whole society will be insensitive to corruption and it will be difficult to achieve results. At the beginning of 2005, one of the main purposes of the "Implementation Outline" issued by the central government was to form a situation in which the whole party and society attached great importance to and actively participated in anti-corruption. From 2006 to 2007, the central government further strengthened the construction of a clean government culture, strengthened the education of leading cadres' views on power and achievements, urged party member cadres to be pragmatic, honest and clean for the people, and set up moral concepts of being proud of honesty and ashamed of greed. This educational activity went deep into schools, enterprises, factories and other fields, and vigorously created a good social atmosphere to promote healthy trends and resist evil. At present, the broad masses of the people have really awakened and are fighting against all kinds of corruption with practical actions, and a good social environment for building a clean government has initially taken shape.

Third, the path of building a clean government in the new period.

At this stage, according to the requirements of the system of punishing and preventing corruption established by the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, which is based on education, law and supervision, we should conscientiously implement the 16-character policy of treating both the symptoms and root causes, comprehensively managing, giving equal attention to punishment and prevention, and focus on strengthening the building of a clean government from the following five aspects.

1. System construction is the premise: further improve the legal system of building a clean government.

The construction of a clean government must be carried out on the track of legal system and must be based on a scientific and reasonable system. Strengthening system construction contains three meanings: first, we should establish system consciousness. We should be aware of the important position of the system in building a clean government, establish the authority of the system, and regard the system as the basic carrier to restrict power and build a clean government. Under the new historical conditions, it is even more necessary to rely on system reform to build a clean and honest party style. Second, we should formulate a scientific and reasonable system of clean government. At present, it is necessary to further establish and improve the declaration system of civil servants' property income, improve the open system of government affairs, improve the supervision system of public opinion, and improve the responsibility system of civil servants and the accountability system of leaders. Third, we must strictly implement the system. If the system is not implemented, the effectiveness will become empty. At present, we should pay special attention to strengthening the supervision and inspection of the implementation of laws and systems, and insist that everyone is equal before the laws and systems.

2. Promote the building of a clean government in the course of reform and development.

Development is the fundamental requirement of social progress, and reform is the driving force of development. The purpose of building a clean government is to seek development, and many problems of building a clean government can only be solved in the process of development. Some deep-seated problems in building a clean government are mostly

For a long time, the system and mechanism are not perfect. To solve these problems, we must first solve the problems of the system itself through reform and innovation. At the same time, the system is dynamic, open and developing, which also requires attention to the revision and improvement of the system and the reform and development of the system itself. The "Implementation Outline" clearly put forward the idea of development and reform to solve the problem of corruption, and the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee put forward the idea of development to solve the problem. These are not only the fundamental summary of China's anti-corruption historical experience, but also the fundamental ideas and methods to further promote the construction of a clean government at present and in the future. In short, we should pay attention to institutional innovation to adapt to the perfection of the socialist market economic system; Make the system scientific, effective, feasible and feasible; We should pay attention to learning from foreign experience and solve the institutional and source problems of building a clean government in reform and development.

3. Power supervision is the key: perfect the mechanism of power allocation, restriction and supervision.

The direct and realistic goal of clean government is to curb corruption. "The core problem of corruption is undoubtedly the foundation and operation of a political power." The construction of a clean government must grasp the key of correctly exercising power, and the premise of correctly exercising power is the rational allocation of power. China's constitution stipulates the basic system of the country and the general principles and procedures of power allocation. Accordingly, in practice, we should further straighten out the relationship between specific powers according to the objective reality and the law of power operation. At the same time, we should straighten out the relationship between decision-making power, execution power and supervision power, and combine the scientific allocation of power with the effective supervision of leading cadres. In the process of power operation, we should attach great importance to both top-down organizational supervision and bottom-up democratic supervision; We should attach importance to both inner-party supervision and non-party supervision, organically combine the internal supervision of the party and government with the external supervision of the NPC, CPPCC, judicial organs, news media and the people, and form an all-round, multi-level, three-dimensional, complete and effective power operation supervision and restriction system. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen supervision before and during the event and highlight the supervision of key cadres. Of course, the supervision and restriction of these powers is based on the system.

4. Interest coordination is the key point: establish a reasonable mechanism for interest distribution and acquisition.

For a long time, interests have been excluded from the category of clean government. In fact, interest has always been the core of social life, and the allocation of power is actually forming the basic pattern of interest distribution, and the source of power abuse is that power can bring economic or political benefits to its owners. The fundamental reason why many institutional corruption problems have become the key issues in building a clean government is the issue of interests. If punishment and supervision alone cannot solve the deep-seated interest problem, the effect of punishment and supervision will be greatly reduced. If we can fundamentally coordinate the interests and solve the deep-seated system problems in the construction of a clean government, we will greatly reduce the possibility of abuse of power and solve the bottleneck problem of the construction of a clean government, so that the construction of a clean government can be carried out in depth. Therefore, the construction of a clean government must improve the benefit distribution and guidance mechanism, especially give play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation and reduce the space for abuse of power; It is necessary to prevent the failure of the code of conduct for clean government due to unfair distribution of interests and put an end to commercial bribery caused by distribution of interests.

5. Social environment is the foundation: to cultivate a clean government culture and provide social support for the construction of a clean government.

The construction of a clean government needs the support of the whole society, and it needs to cultivate a clean government culture atmosphere that is proud of corruption and ashamed of corruption. At present, the mainstream culture of our country has recognized the universal standard of clean government in law or morality in many aspects, but this standard has not been completely transformed into the universal standard of the people. There is still a gap between mainstream culture and popular culture. The mainstream value of clean government has been distorted and dissolved to a certain extent, and social "hidden rules" are prevalent. Therefore, one of the important tasks of cultivating a clean government culture is to enhance people's sense of identity with clean government. In addition, we should also pay attention to eliminating the phenomenon of double standards in dealing with the issue of clean government. In real life, some people hate corruption and practice it. When others are corrupt and they don't get benefits, they are indignant, but once they master the power resources or are related to their own interests, it is another matter.

This phenomenon is very harmful and has a great negative effect on the cultivation of a clean government culture, which must be eliminated by strengthening the ideological and moral education of cadres.

It's still the same pair of old socks for three years.

1932, when the Red Army attacked Zhangzhou, I went to Zhangzhou from Xiamen in the White Area and lived with Chairman Mao. I saw at a glance that the black socks on his feet had been washed into thin gray socks. I stared at his socks. The chairman stretched out his foot and said to me, "You bought these socks for me after I went to Jinggangshan on 1929, and the soles have been changed twice. You see, they are still good. However, socks can't be changed. They are too thin to be washed. " The chairman said reluctantly. Chairman Mao's only blanket to keep out the cold during his March was used for many years. From the beginning of marching together, we saw this blanket, and the hair on it basically fell out, almost a sack. The blanket confiscated by the army was not completely gone, but he didn't want it.

The food in downtown Zhangzhou is still the same.

After the Red Army captured Zhangzhou, the soldiers' food improved. I eat in the 12th Division Command, the East Road Army Command and the Gongsijun Political Department. Besides pork, there are two or three dishes. The chairman's place is still the same dish, not bean sprouts, but vegetables. There is a big barrel on the terrace, and three sea eggplants more than a foot long are soaked in the water, but the cook can't cook them. Until I left the chairman's place, the eggplant was still soaked in the bucket.