Functionalism or Spiritual Atmosphere —— On the Aesthetic Standard of New Architecture

Functionalism or Spiritual Atmosphere —— On New Architectural Aesthetic Standards

The rise of functionalism is an important event that marks the whole process of modern art. With this as the end point, all kinds of unheard-of technical forces began to expand rapidly and then got out of hand. Artists become "experimentalists" who abandon history, while engineers jointly brew an "international style" that sweeps the world. This trend comes from the west, which devours the aesthetic concepts carefully cultivated by westerners in the eighteenth century, and at the same time rushes to those non-western cultures like a raging tsunami. In a sense, we can understand this modernism characterized by technical worship and free competition as a long-suppressed cry, but the question is, when can these harsh voices be turned into a harmonious movement?

Obviously, doubts about functional buildings will lead to other words. The physical comfort pursued by functional buildings is not the ultimate goal of a building. What kind of architecture will bring us pleasure and comfort is difficult to have a fixed answer. Moreover, it is impossible for a building not to consider the visual atmosphere and cultural atmosphere required by the architecture of the whole city. One building is a building, and two buildings form a landscape. What a building needs is not only a "purely functional solution of technical and biological nature", but also a question of how to achieve harmony among existing building groups: "In the field of architecture, the main achievements of modern movement have made architectural design and their service purposes interrelated, but in the design of a building, there are still many aspects that cannot be determined by function, which depends on the designer's interest, or his working tradition, and the aesthetic characteristics of the building. In the twentieth century, functionalism has become an orthodox creed and one of the basic aesthetic reasons of all practical and utilitarian arts. But it is no longer empty touted as the absolute and unique principle of beauty. "

British critic Herbert. Herbert Read expressed a cautious and conservative view. He said, "Can you admit that the utility of this function is usually consistent with beauty? But it is wrong to regard the utility of function as the reason of beauty; Because it is practical, it is beautiful. This is not the true logic of facts "[art and industry].

With the rise of post-modernism architecture in Europe, China scholars began to deeply reflect on their own architectural traditions and cultural traditions, and the diversification, pluralism and nationalization of architecture began to arouse people's extensive interest. In the west, this problem is often manifested in the decline of modernist architectural style and internationalist style, in the nostalgia for European cultural traditions, and in the profound criticism of the capitalist world on its own industrialization history after its rapid development. In China, this problem is not only a response to western popular culture, but also an adjustment of national cultural psychology, and it is also a reflection on the history of modern architecture and urbanization.

The modernization movement in China has stimulated a number of new modern cities and provided natural experimental factories for the development of modern architecture. These cities often have some similar characteristics: no history, no control, no center, no theme and no visual rhythm. New modern architecture is more like a coat that can be changed at any time, always pursuing fashionable patterns. Today, this trend is spreading to inland areas. We have a diversified economic structure, but our cultural concept is still rigid and inflexible, lacking real taste, appreciation and critical spirit. Fashion in architecture spreads everywhere like an epidemic, with waves of turmoil. Banks and trade buildings have become landmark buildings in many cities, but under the impulse of unrestrained commercial adventure, those historical buildings are leaving us at an alarming rate. People are more and more aware that the landscape of a city is interwoven by multi-layer three-dimensional factors, and the unique creativity of cultural relics, natural environment and design is indispensable. Cities without gardens and green spaces look more like deserts, and so do cities without historical buildings-cultural deserts. The lack and destruction of historical memory can only make a city more shallow and pale, and perhaps any kind of whimsy of modern architecture can't make up for this regret.

In fact, just as science and technology are two completely different concepts, architects and engineers also have different responsibilities. Scientific exploration contains infinite possibilities in technology, but the proliferation of technology does not necessarily mean the prosperity of science. The functionalist ideas of engineers who are eager to do things well often annihilate the inspiration of architects. However, in this special era of the 20th century, in the wave of building socialization and functionalization, engineers rushed to the front desk. When people try to prove a specific architectural style with the spirit of the times, we also lose the taste of appreciation and the opportunity to feel the culture. Pevsner hit the nail on the head in his The Source of Modern Architecture and Design:

/kloc-the most creative people in the 0/9th century did not choose the profession of architect. This explains, to some extent, the collapse of aesthetic value over the years in this century, and also explains why the most advanced works are so frequently completed by outsiders. The reason why it comes from engineers lies in this century.

This is a century of materialism and science and technology. The progress in these areas is unprecedented. This progress is at the expense of the aesthetic feelings of sensitive people who readily accept impressionism and post-impressionism. The Crystal Palace was successful, and the failure of decorative arts was also successful. Architects' architecture and salon or academic art take the same road, while engineers' and explorers' architecture and explorers' art take different roads. 19 14, Muthesius said at a famous conference in Cologne: "The activities of the architectural and manufacturing alliance in the whole architectural field tend to be standardized.

(Typisierung)？ Only standardization can? Thirdly, introduce a universally effective and confident interest. "All of them. De. Wilder replied, "As long as there are artists in the manufacturing alliance? They will oppose any suggestion of standardized standards. The artist is a paranoid individualist in essence and a free and unrestrained creator. He will never voluntarily obey any principle, type or standard imposed on him. "This is really the tragedy of the Art Nouveau movement. When artists devoted themselves to the creative activities of Art Nouveau, they were eliminated unconsciously.

What we are going to talk about now is that the role of modern artists in the whole history of modern art and modern architecture is somewhat embarrassing, and their absence or dereliction of duty may be an important factor in the crisis of modern architecture. Looking back on the history of western modern architecture, we can see that the success of modernism does not necessarily mean great achievements. When engineers and designers define function as beauty, artists are doomed to have nowhere to live. As early as the beginning of this century, this crack has already appeared, and it is expanding day by day, and finally it is irreversible. This problem continues to this day.

From today's perspective, artists are a group of special professionals, who have their own "specialties" like architects and arts and crafts artists. They are still carrying on the dreams left over from the Romantic Movement and complaining about the reality. In the eyes of powerful people, they are just a group of frustrated individualists and outsiders who never know how to cooperate. In the eyes of businessmen, they are a group of gullible "money-making machines". In the eyes of photographers and fashion designers, they may be harmless partners. In the eyes of ordinary people, they have become a group of weirdos or charlatans? . Are artists really such a group of spiritual vagrants who are divorced from society? Is art really that important? Why are the buildings around us always difficult to touch the brilliance of art?

This kind of question is really touching. Michelangelo was a painter and sculptor, but he was also an excellent architect. Similarly, Shi Tao of A Qing Dynasty not only "searched all over the strange peaks for manuscripts", but also conceived exquisite and wonderful gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. ? If we trace back to the ancient meaning of the word art, we will find that the word art covers almost all human skills and all creative activities. Today, the discussion about "public art" has become a fashionable topic again. Should our architects and artists have some insights? Following this line of thought, we leave one last question: Architect, why don't you want to be an artist? Or: Artists, why aren't you architects?

China Construction Engineering Network

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To facilitate the use of this document, the following tips are provided.

Encyclopedia of common editing skills in Word

1. Q: How can I set different headers for each page in WORD? How to make different chapters display different titles?

A: It is divided into several parts, and each part can have a different title. File-page setup-layout-header and footer-home page is different.

2. Q: How to make each chapter in word use a different header? Why can I only use one header now and change them all at once?

Answer: In the Insert Delimiter, select Insert section break, and you can select continuous. Then, before changing the header of the next page, click the "Same as before" button, and any other changes will not affect the previous page. In short, section break made them independent. The "Same as before" button on the toolbar is displayed on the toolbar, but it appears as an icon. Move the cursor over it and the word "same as before" will be displayed.

3. Q: How do I merge two WORD documents? You need to write two files for different headers and then merge them. How to do it?

A: In the header settings, select the option that the parity page is different/different from before.

4. Q: How does WORD edit the header settings to realize the difference between odd pages and even pages? For example: a one-page dissertation of Zhejiang University, which is well set; Two pages: (title of each chapter), what's the skill of this?

Answer: Insert the section separator, remove the same settings as the previous section, and then set different parity pages.

5. Q: How to make a WORD document have only the first page and no header or footer?

Answer: Page Setup-Header and Footer, select a different homepage, then select the small arrow in the header of the homepage, format-border and shading, and select None. As long as you don't want the whole document to be in the view-header and footer in the page setup, you can see a "as before" sign. If you don't choose, the settings before and after will be different.

6. Q: How to set the header from the third page?

A: Insert section break at the end of the second page and delete the same section in the header format of the third page. If the first and second pages have headers, set them as text.

In the new document, menu-View-Footer-Insert Page Number-Page Number Format-Start Page Number is 0, and OK; Menu-File-Page Setup-Layout-Different Homepages, OK; Place the cursor at the end of the first page, and confirm after menu-File-Page Setup-Layout-Different Homepages-is applied to the insertion point. The difference between step 2 and step 3 is that step 2 is applied to the whole document, while step 3 is applied after the insertion point. In this way, after the first page is different twice, the page number starts from the third page and starts from 1, which is complete.

7. Q: A straight line automatically appears in the WORD header. What should I do?

Answer: The format is changed from "Header" to "Clear Format", which is on the far left side of the format shortcut toolbar. Select the title text and arrow, and the format-border and shading-is set to select None.

8. Q: The header is generally-A: Follow the following steps:

● Select the text of the header, including the arrow at the back ● Format-border and shading ● Select the line with double lines ● In the preview, click the small box at the lower left, and double lines will appear in the preview graphic ● Make sure that you can set up and down. Click the four small boxes around the preview, and the title line will be in different positions.

9. Q: How to delete footnotes in Word? Delete the corresponding symbols in the text, the content can be deleted, but the final format is still there. What should I do?

Answer: The steps are as follows: 1. Switch to normal view and select View-Footnote from the menu. At this point, the edit field of the endnote appears at the bottom. 2. Select "endnote separator" in the endnote drop-down menu, and a dash appears. Select and delete it. 3. Select "Endnote Continuation Delimiter" from the drop-down menu. This is a long horizontal line. Select and delete it. 4. Switch back to page view. Endnotes and footnotes should be the same.

10. Q: Is there an automatic hyphenation function in Word? There are often words that are too long. It would be nice if you could set automatic hyphenation.

Answer: word is still very powerful in tools-language-hyphenation-automatic hyphenation and tick.

1 1. Q: How can I change traditional Chinese characters into simplified Chinese characters in a word document?

A: Tool-language-Chinese simple and complex conversion.

12. Q: How to fine-tune the WORD table line? The vertical lines of the WORD table cannot be aligned. Drag one of the lines with the mouse, and it will run far. What should I do if I want to fine-tune the vertical line of the table to align it up and down?

A: Select the upper and lower cells, and then specify their widths to align them. You can press Alt at will to open the drawing with an adjustment coordinate line. Click to minimize the horizontal and vertical spacing. Open the drawing and set it in the drawing grid in the lower left corner to minimize the horizontal and vertical spacing.

13. Q: How to fine-tune the word table line? The vertical lines in my word table can't be aligned. Drag one of the lines with the mouse, and it will run far. I want to fine-tune the vertical lines of the table so that they are aligned up and down. What should I do?

Answer: You can do this: ● Hold down the ctl key or shift and try ● Double-click the line and try:) ● Open the drawing and set the grid (lower left corner). Minimize both horizontally and vertically, try it! ? ● press "Alt"

14. Q: How to eliminate the existing page breaks in word documents?

Answer: the tool first-> Options-> View-> Format Label, select all, then you can see the page break, and just delete it.

15. Q: Can I change the size of my bid in Word?

A: Format-Font

16. Q: How to automatically generate a table of contents in Word?

A: use "format >"; > style and format "to edit the subtitle in the article, and then insert->; Indexes and directories

17. Q: Can the document structure diagram of Word be copied as a whole? The paper is going to write a table of contents, and I don't want to enter it according to the document structure diagram. Is there any way to copy and paste?

Answer: If it can be generated automatically, insert the index directory.

18. Q: Is there any way to align the page numbers on the right when making the catalogue? For example: 1. 1 Title .......... 1 1.2 Title ............... 2.

Answer: Draw a table, then put all the page numbers in a grid on the right or in the middle, and then make the lines of the table disappear. It will be printed neatly.

19. Q: How do I convert all uppercase letters into lowercase letters in word? For example, a sentence that changes from all uppercase to all lowercase: format->; Change case-> lowercase letter

20. Q: There was a problem saving the disk. Symptoms include: the disk is full or there are too many open files to save, and it is useless to open a new window to save. How to solve it? Answer: Select all word documents, then copy them, and then close word. The computer prompts you that there is something on the sticker. Do you want to use it in other programs? Select Yes, then reopen word, paste and save it.

2 1. q: the form in WORD will be scattered as soon as it is copied and pasted into PPT. How to paste the table in WORD into PPT as it is?

Answer: 1) A better way is to save the form as a WORD file, then insert the-> object, create it by selecting the file, and then select the WORD file above, OK; 2) It is also a better way to copy the form into excel first and then into PPT; 3) You can make a text box first and then paste it; 4) Copy and paste, but not in the text box in PPT; 5) copy the screen, make a picture, and then take it to PPT.

22. Q: Is there any way to copy PPT text into WORD?

A: Just keep it as it is. Put it in. Rtf format.

23. Q: How to handle the columns of pictures in word? If there is such a structure: 1 2 Figure 3 4, I want to realize: 1 3 Figure (which should span two columns) 2 4 But I have been trying for a long time, always: 1 2 Figure 3 4 What should I do? Help!

Answer: Set the picture format-layout-advanced-text wrapping-wrapping mode is up and down-picture position-alignment mode is center-select pages according to size. You must change the text wrapping before changing the picture position.

24. Q: When writing in word, the spacing always changes, sometimes it automatically becomes very wide, and sometimes when entering the next line, the spacing on the previous line automatically becomes larger. Why? How to correct it?

Answer: because of the function and format of automatic alignment->; You can choose paragraph-> alignment. There is also the function of allowing hyphenation. If it is an inspection, the situation you mentioned will not appear.

25. Q: After using WORD styles, such as title 1 and title 2, there is always a black square in front of these styles. Although you can't see it when you print it, it always looks uncomfortable. Is there any way to stop it from being displayed?

Answer: "View"-> "Show paragraph marks", and remove the check mark in front. In fact, this is very useful and can help you know which is the title paragraph.

26. Q: On the first page of the article, the author's contact information is necessary. The usual format is dash, and the following are contact information, financial support, etc. How to do this format? Is it to represent the footer?

A: insert-footnotes and endnotes

27. Q: There are two columns of text, and one picture is particularly large. What should I do if I want to show it in the column?

A: The contents that can be selected are arranged in double columns. Select other content and arrange it in a column.

28. Q: Why don't carriage return newlines appear in Word?

A: Put the viewpoint-> Show checkmarks or tools for paragraph marks-> Options-> View-> paragraph marks

29. Q: Is there any way to replace the soft carriage return in WORD at one time? All the recognized words are soft input. Can I delete them all at once?

Answer: find+replace, press ctrl+h; Soft carriage return seems to be L, with special characters.

30. Q: How to tick in WORD?

Answer: draw a text box, write a tick in the text box, and then drag it over; Or insert the symbol "√" in WORD, then select "√" and select "□" in-"Format-"Chinese Format-"Encircled Characters-"

3 1. Q: Still no good. The font of the copied frame is windings, and the original font is Songti, which is very different.

Answer: according to the template, create a new professional fax with a box inside. Double-click the box and copy it.

32. Q: How to check an English letter in Word?

Answer: Insert the picture object transparently, and the content is a √.

33. Q: How can I display the status of the revised document in WORD? After the document is modified, there are many marks after the modification, but there is no "Show the final modification status" in the menu. How to adjust it? A: Tools-> Customize-> Command-> Category (Tools)-> Order (Revision)-> Drag Revision to the toolbar.

34. Q: How can I merge multiple independent word documents into one document? My thesis is written according to chapters, but now the library has to submit the electronic version of the thesis, not the document. I found many options, but I can't seem to merge them. I can add content by selecting the Insert File function, but I can't insert the title in the document. Who has any suggestions? A: acrobat6 can directly print multiple documents into a pdf document. You can submit papers in pdf format. First, convert a word document into pdf format. Then, in the file menu of the pdf document menu, select it to open in pdf format and attach it.

35. Q: What should I do if I want to write an equation in Word?

Answer: Insert-Object-Formula Editor equation. If there is no formula editor equation, you should install it from the CD, or install Mathtype formula editor. Right-click and drag it out-insert-command-customize-the tool should be the other way around.

36. Q: If you want to represent a matrix in WORD, how do you draw the brackets of that large matrix?

Answer: just install the formula editor mathtype ~:)

37. Q: How to install the formula editor of Word?

A: Tools-Customize-Insert-Formula Editor, just drag it to the toolbar. Or after installing OFFICE, reinstall it and select Add Function. You will be prompted.

38. Q: What are the shortcut keys to call the formula editor in Word2000?

A: Click Tools->; [Customize], click [Keyboard] at the bottom of the dialog box, select [Insert] in [Category], and select [Insert Equal] in the command to specify your shortcut key.

39. Q: Lines with formulas in WORD are often wider than lines with only words. How to change these lines to be as wide as those with only words?

A: Paragraph spacing can be set to a fixed value. There will be a problem, such as setting it to 18 points, and some formula symbols (especially those with underlying labels) cannot be displayed completely. How to solve this problem? How to solve this problem needs to be considered.

40. Q: My document is full of formulas. What should I do?

A: When there are many formulas, the best way to eliminate this problem is to save one every few formulas. This problem will occur if you type too many formulas in succession. When there is a problem: ● Select all contents, CTRL+C ● Close all documents in WORD.

● Crucial: When a message appears, be sure to select "Yes" ● Reopen the WORD editor, ● CTRL+V, paste ● CTRL+S, and save.

4 1. Q: How to enter spaces in the formula editor of word?

A: ctrl+shift+ space.

42. Q: How to make all the formulas in word smaller? It's really troublesome to choose one by one

A: In Mathtype Formula Editor: First, select define from the menu Size in Mathtype to define the required font size; Third, save it in Mathtype's menu preference to the equation preference file to store the defined font size file; Back to word: Select Format Equality: 1 from Mathtype menu) In MathType preference file, select the file just defined; 2) In the range, select the whole document. Finally, choose OK, that is, OK.

43. Q: How to pull out the formula editor in WORD?

A: Tools-Customize-Command-Insert-Find the formula editor on the right and remove it.

44. Q: How can I get rid of the formula in word or the gray bar that always appears at the top of the picture? I didn't have it before. I don't know how to get out. You look dizzy. . . . . A: Tools-> Options-> View-> Field shading, choose not to display, or display when selected, that's all.

45. Q: The whole paper uses a WORD document, which is too large to edit. If there are additions and deletions in one place, the layout of such a long document will become messy, especially for things like charts. I hope that the page of each chapter will automatically display its own chapter number and title. Can this be realized automatically in WORD?

Answer: don't put a WORD document in the whole paper, chapter by chapter, and then each chapter can be treated separately even and odd.

46. Q: The papers are written by chapters. I want to combine them into one file and keep the original file format. Section break was inserted at the end of the file, but the format of some files changed after insertion. How to solve this problem?

Answer: It is best to master the document, which is set in outline mode; By inserting the file, the format has changed a little.

47. Q: How to display line numbers in WORD?

A: In the page setup, there is a line number option at the bottom of the panel options.

48. Q: How to insert a half space in Word?

A: First of all, on the toolbar of word, click the button with double arrows to see the space that you couldn't see before, and then edit the size of this space, such as small five or small four.

49. Q: As long as you press Enter, or any operation that changes the cursor position, the previous line will become =. Has anyone encountered this problem?

Answer: Is the automatic replacement set up? Let's look at automatic substitution in symbols!

50. Q: Can WORD be sorted by the first letter of the word? Is to start from A-Z

Answer: The contents in the table can be sorted by Pinyin, put into excel, and sorted and returned.

5 1. Q: How to type r 2 in word?

Answer: Dial R2 first, then select 2 with the mouse, and press Ctrl, shift and+at the same time.

52. Q: What happened when I found that all the spaces in Word were dots? Every time you enter a space, a dot will appear. How can I get rid of it? Will this space be printed?

Answer: No printing. If you don't want to display it, just remove the front tick in the Tools-Options-View Format tab.

53. Q: How does word make two tables side by side? Every table I make is relatively small, but there are many tables. I want to arrange these two forms. What should I do? A: The Presidium will try a table for each column.

54. Q: Why does the typesetting of the WORD document change when changing machines? WORD documents arranged on one machine will change when opened on another machine? The page numbers are all wrong That's weird.

A: The default page settings are different, or the version is different.

55. Q: The problem with inserting a table in Word is that the two lines before and after the same table are on different pages. How do they do this on the same page?

A: It may be easier to typeset by converting it into a frame or adding a text box.

56. Q: How to draw a coordinate map in word? What should I do if there is a coordinate map in word, but no text is added?

Answer: Add text directly when drawing; In the drawing toolbar of word, the text looks for a suitable scheme around it, and the picture is placed at the bottom of the text.

57. Q: What if the WORD file has a password?

A: Look for cracking software, such as advanced _ office _ 2000 _ password _ recovery _ pro _ v1.03, but it may not be easy to use.

58. Q: How to encrypt a word document?

Answer: Open the document, save as-Tools-General Options-Open, change the password and save.

59. Q: How to convert a Word file into a postscript file?

Answer: first convert it into pdf, then print it into a file, and generate ps through distiller.

60. Q: What if Word can't recognize the Chinese characters in origin? There are Chinese characters in the graphics made with origin, and copying them into word becomes a question mark. I have to use export to turn the graphics into jpg files to solve this problem. Is there a convenient solution?

A: The font in ORIGIN was changed to Song Style or Imitation Song Style.