Is there really a mirage in the desert?

A mirage in the desert is an optical illusion, which is a virtual image formed by the refraction of light reflected by objects on the earth through the atmosphere. Phantom is a mirage for short. According to the principle of physics, a mirage is because different air layers have different densities, and the refractive index of light in air with different densities is different. That is to say, because the density between warm air on the ground and cold air in the sky is different, the speed of light passing through the hot air layer (low density) is faster than that passing through the cold air layer (high density), so the light emitted by distant objects, after refraction between the air layers and reflection from the bottom, does not enter our eyes in a straight line, but a curve as shown in the figure, which makes us think that it is emitted from the reflection under the road. That is, because the density between warm air on the sea surface and cold air in the high air is different, it refracts light. Mirages are closely related to the geographical location, geophysical conditions and meteorological characteristics of those places at a specific time. The abnormal distribution of temperature is the meteorological condition for the formation of most mirage. This paper introduces the interpretation of a mirage (H m: H m: I sh ü sh è n ló u): Hacha, the legendary mirage can exhale into the shape of a balcony. In fact, it is a natural phenomenon in the atmosphere because of the refraction of light. Metaphor is illusory and actually does not exist. Sima Qian's Book of Records of the Historian Tianguan in the Western Han Dynasty says: "The seaside meteorological tower is full of air." Comprehensive application of law; As subject, object and attribute; The derogatory example is Ba Jin's Spring 28th: "She knows they won't cheat her with ~". A synonym for a castle in the air, an illusory two-part allegorical saying: the big Gobi makes faces and riddles; A mirage in the Pacific Ocean; In a calm sea, river, lake, snowfield, desert or Gobi, occasionally towering towers, city walls and trees appear in the air or underground, which is called a mirage. This illusion often appears on the sea surface of Penglai, China. The ancients attributed it to the dragon, and exhaled to form a balcony wall, hence the name. Mirage is the result of light refraction in vertical gas layers with different densities. It is often divided into upward, downward and sideways mirage. Let's do an experiment: take a cup, pour half a glass of water, put it in the sun, and then insert a chopstick into the cup. This is when you see that the chopsticks in the water are broken from those on the water. This is caused by light refraction; When light propagates in air with the same density, the speed of light is constant and always goes straight; However, when light obliquely enters water from the air, the density of water changes, the speed of light changes, and the direction of progress twists and turns. A mirage in the desert is the refraction of sunlight when it meets air with different densities. In the desert, the sand is baked by the sun during the day, and the temperature on the surface of the sand layer rises rapidly. Due to the poor heat transfer performance of air, when there is no wind, the vertical temperature difference over the desert is very significant, with high air density in the upper layer and low air density in the lower layer. When sunlight enters the low-density air layer from the high-density air layer, the speed of light changes, and after the refraction of light, the oasis in the distance appears in front of people. On the sea or river, this kind of "mirage" phenomenon happens from time to time. Mirage-Mirage at sea is an optical illusion, which is a virtual image formed by the refraction of reflected light from objects on the earth. Phantom is a mirage for short. According to the principle of physics, a mirage is because different air layers have different densities, and the refractive index of light in air with different densities is different. That is, because the density between warm air on the sea surface and cold air in the high air is different, it refracts light. Mirages are closely related to the geographical location, geophysical conditions and meteorological characteristics of those places at a specific time. The abnormal distribution of temperature is the meteorological condition for the formation of most mirage. Historical records. Historical records? 6? 1 Zen book: "Zi Wei, Zhang Yang and Zhao Yan sent people to the sea to seek Penglai, the abbot and Yingzhou. These three sacred mountains are scattered in the vast sea, not far from people. If they suffer, they will be taken away by the wind Those who cover the taste are the best, the fairy medicine is in the clouds, the animals are all white, and the gold and silver are the palaces. If you don't reach it, it will be like a cloud; As far as I know, Sanshen Mountain lives underwater; When you are near, the wind will lead you, and you will never get there. "

In Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo wrote in "Talk about Meng Xi": "When you are in the sea, there are clouds, such as palaces, terraces, city walls, figures, chariots and horses, and crowns, which are vivid in your mind, so it is called" Haicheng ". Or "jiaozi Qi Fei", I doubt it. Ouyang Wenzhong once sent messengers to Heshuo, crossing Gaotang County, and ghosts and gods passed through the air in the middle of the night. The sounds of horses, cars, people and animals can be distinguished one by one, which is very detailed. This is disorganization. I asked my elders, and the cloud said,' Twenty years ago, I tried the county in Japan, and I saw people vivid.' The locals are also called "Haicheng", which is similar to what they saw in Dengzhou. "

Lin Jingxi, a adherent of the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote The Story of a Mirage, with a full text of 100 words, which is the best prose to describe a mirage.

Lu Rong's Garden Miscellaneous Notes in the Ming Dynasty: "The theory of evil towers lies in official books. Or take the stork as a big clam, and make the so-called pheasant into the sea as a stork every month. Or thought it was a snake. There are many such things in the sea. However, there is no balcony by the sea. But when I arrived in Zhouhai, I publicized it and suspected that it was caused by suffocation. The preface of Su Chang's Poems on the High Seas says that he tasted it in spring and summer and will never see it again at the end of the year. He's praying in temple of poseidon. See you tomorrow. If you think you can pray, it's not suffocating. "

Yang Guang Miscellaneous Notes by Liu Xianting in the Qing Dynasty: "Laiyang East Qiao Yun: Boasting in Haicheng, not only in the shape of a magic tower, but also with more than 100 warships a day, the situation is solemn and the drums are loud. After a while, dehydrate. Another cloud, in the third year of Chongzhen, Joe went to Dengzhou, the magistrate tried fish, and the officials reported to Haicheng. Cover its customs, when you meet Haicheng, you must beat the drums and report to the official. Xiao Ling took a look at the guys and saw the mountains and holes of the foreign minister in the north gate, like the city gate. Water came out of it and boiled over a hectare, splitting the mountain in two. From morning till noon, I recovered. There are clouds, those involved in the sea are clouds, and those who look at the shore from the sea, as seen on the shore. " Pu Songling Mountain City: Volume 14 of Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is also a mirage. The Formation of Mirages-Mirages in big cities often occur along the coast and can occasionally be seen in the desert. People can see houses, people, mountains, forests and other scenery, which can be moved and lifelike. Some people think it is a fairyland on earth. Now people say that a mirage is the result of atmospheric refraction, which refracts distant scenery to the nearby. In fact, this is a self-defense that modern science cannot explain. Within the three realms, there are also many layers of material space. The nine-story heaven and eighteen-story hell mentioned in religion, such as heaven and man, ghosts and gods, are all in different spaces. We human eyes can't see them. The light that people in our space can see is in the visible range (400-700 nm). We see matter because our eyes can receive visible light reflected by matter. At night, we can't receive the infrared rays emitted by substances. Even in the visible range, if the light is too strong or too weak, we can't see it. The human eye is composed of the largest particles composed of the substances in our space and the largest molecules, and it is only suitable for seeing light within a certain energy range. If it is a layer of space particles composed of molecules slightly smaller than the largest layer of particles, it is invisible to the human eye, let alone the space of smaller particles composed of molecules. For people, the light reflected by these substances is invisible light. However, the life in this space can receive the light reflected by the matter in this space and can see the matter in this space, because the molecular particles that make up their eyes are different from those of human eyes. A mirage is the true embodiment of another space. Under the movement of matter, it is reflected in our space. A mirage happened at sea. The air humidity here is high, and the air humidity in a certain range is relatively high and the thickness is relatively large, which makes a large area of water vapor mistakenly form a huge lens system under the movement. Just like a huge magnifying glass and microscope, it reflects the scene of another space in the microscopic world to our space. The human eye can observe it. In addition, the mirage people see is sometimes moving, and so are the substances in space. In the desert or other places, if the material can form a huge microscopic observation system under the movement, people can observe another space, which is what people call a mirage.

In addition, mirage often happens after rain, and when the air humidity is high, it is easy to form a lens system. In a calm sea, river, lake, snowfield, desert or Gobi, there are occasional illusion scenes such as towering towers, city walls, trees in the air or underground, which are called mirage. The ancients attributed it to the dragon genus and exhaled to form a balcony wall, hence the name.

Mirages have two characteristics: first, they appear repeatedly in the same place, for example, mirages often appear over Alaska in the United States; Second, there must be a certain time. For example, the mirage in Penglai, China often appears in May and June every year, the mirage near Zimlensk, Russia often appears in spring, and the mirage in Alaska, USA generally appears within 20 days after June 20th. Mirages have been concerned by the world since ancient times. In western mythology, a mirage is depicted as the incarnation of the devil, a harbinger of death and misfortune. In ancient China, a mirage was regarded as a fairyland. Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wudi and others led people to visit Penglai Wonderland, and also sent people to Penglai for a panacea many times. Modern science has correctly explained most mirage, which is considered as a virtual image formed by the refraction of light reflected by objects on the earth through the atmosphere. The so-called mirage is an optical illusion. Mirages are closely related to the geographical location, geophysical conditions and meteorological characteristics of those places at a specific time. The abnormal distribution of temperature is the meteorological condition for the formation of most mirage.

Let's write down the structure of the bullet. In summer, when the sun burns in the desert, the sand is burnt. Because of the small specific heat of sand, the temperature of low-level air near sand rises rapidly, while the temperature of high-level air is still very low, thus forming an abnormal distribution of temperature. Due to thermal expansion and contraction, the density of hot air in the lower layer near the sand is small, and the density of cold air in the upper layer is large, so that the refractive index of air is small and the air in the upper layer is large. When the light reflected by a distant higher object enters the sparse air in the lower layer from the dense air in the upper layer, it is constantly refracted, and its incident angle gradually increases, which is equal to the critical angle, and total reflection occurs. At this time, if people look against the reflected light, they will see the cockroaches below. Because of the dark color of asphalt pavement, it has strong absorption ability in the hot summer sun, and it will also form the distribution characteristics of cold and dense upper air and hot and dense lower air, so it will also form underflow.

When the temperature near the ground changes sharply, it will cause a huge difference in atmospheric density, and the distant scenery will undergo abnormal refraction and total reflection when the light propagates, thus causing a mirage. Penglai County, Shandong Province, China often sees miaodao islands's mirage in Bohai Sea, which is called "mirage". Mirage is the result that the temperature near the surface layer changes greatly, the air density changes strongly with the height, and the light is refracted to the observer's eyes in the vertical gas layer with different densities. It is often divided into upward, downward and sideways mirage. In fact, what astronauts see in space travel is an enlarged view of the earth, which is sometimes called a mirage! Related examples Mirage 1853 and British missionary Ai systematically introduced western optical knowledge to Zhang Fu in his book China and Zhejiang, described the mirage in detail, and analyzed its causes with optical principles. 1876, the British missionary Jin Kaili also introduced the cause of mirage to Zhao in Jiangsu.

Mirage is an optical phenomenon in which light is constantly refracted and totally reflected in air with uneven refractive index under sunny, windless or breezy conditions. Due to the uneven change of air refractive index, the image of the object is distorted, and the disturbance of the breeze makes the fairyland disappear, which is even more mysterious.

The air near the sea surface has a high refractive index due to the low temperature of seawater and humid water vapor, while the air above it has a high temperature due to sunlight. That is to say, the refractive index of the air layer above the sea surface gradually decreases from bottom to top with the height. When light passes through the air layer, it bends downward through constant refraction.

The distant scenery on the sea is hidden below the horizon, so people can't see it directly. When the light emitted into the air from these scenes continuously bends to the ground and reaches the human eye, people will look against the light and see a strange sight that they have never seen before, just like the fairy pavilion flying in the air.

1865438+On the morning of June, 200518, British and Prussian troops fought Napoleon's army at Waterloo. 105 kilometers away, the citizens of a Belgian town actually saw a strange illusion of unconstrained style, silent firing of guns and intensive team fighting.

1920 In the summer, residents of Baghdad Station, New Mexico, USA saw a dry lake in the sky, surrounded by towns, and the signs on the street and the clothing styles of pedestrians were clearly distinguishable. This is the real scene of San Jose, a small town 800 kilometers away from here.

On February 7th 16: 20: 47, a tall building and a big column taller than the building overlapped on the sea surface of the west bathing beach in Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City. 16: 20: 56, the column is separated from the tall building by a certain distance, and then at 16: 265438+. Not far from the sea, three large mirage frames appeared in Qinhuangdao, which immediately attracted everyone. Several photographers who took pictures at the seaside took pictures of this rare natural landscape. Yesterday afternoon, the reporter interviewed Zhang Baogui, a meteorological engineer of Qinhuangdao Meteorological Bureau. According to him, this phenomenon is probably a mirage.

Mirages are mostly formed in sunny weather after rain and snow, and their meteorological conditions are extremely harsh: the weather visibility must be very high, there can be no strong wind, the air humidity is relatively high, and the atmosphere contains a large number of water particles, which can create conditions for repeated refraction of sunlight, and many conditions are indispensable. On February 7, the port city just experienced a heavy snow, and the weather suddenly cleared up in the afternoon. Moreover, at that time, the winds on the sea and land were between 2 and 3, there was no wind and waves at sea, and the air humidity was about 60%, which just met the conditions for the formation of a mirage landscape. According to Zhang Baogui, in 2004, a photographer accidentally photographed a similar mirage in Qinhuangdao. However, due to the digital image processing of meteorologists, a mirage appeared in Qinhuangdao in the 1960s, but due to the backward technical conditions at that time, no video record was left.

Mirage in Weihai

165438+1October16 in the morning of 2005 1 1 point, in the southeast of Liu Gongdao, a "mountain peak" stretching for several kilometers can be clearly seen, just like the foggy Liu Gongdao on weekdays. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, this continuous mountain peak has not completely subsided. On June 6, 2005, 165438+20051October 6, 2005, two "Liu Gongdao" were discovered in the East China Sea of China. Weihai Evening News reported, "Look, there is another Liu Gongdao at sea!" At 1 1 yesterday morning, in the southeast of Liu Gongdao, a "mountain peak" stretching for several kilometers was clearly visible, and its shape was very similar to that of Liu Gongdao, just like the foggy Liu Gongdao on weekdays. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, this continuous mountain peak has not completely subsided. Shandong-A mirage, photographed on May 7th at the seaside of Penglai, Shandong. On the same day 1 1: 40 to 16: 00, an extremely rare mirage occurred in the waters east of Penglai Beach, Penglai Pavilion and Baxiandu Scenic Area in Shandong Province, accompanied by Haizi phenomenon. Many citizens and tourists were lucky enough to witness this spectacle. According to experts, mirage and Haizi are both optical phenomena. Between spring and summer, between summer and autumn, there is no cloud in Wan Li, and the temperature difference between sea water and surface air layer is large. When the water temperature is lower than the air, the density of the air layer on the water surface is quite different from that in the air, and the light will be refracted or totally reflected when passing through the air layers with different densities, thus forming a mirage and a wonder of Haizi.

The difference between mirage and Haizi is that mirage and Haizi are both optical phenomena. At the turn of spring and summer, in summer and autumn, there are no clouds in Wan Li, and the temperature difference between the sea water and the surface air layer is large, so the density difference between the surface air layer and the air layer in the air is large, and the light will be refracted or totally reflected when passing through the air layers with different densities, thus forming a mirage and Haizi wonders. According to experts, the difference between a mirage and Haizi is that one is far and one is near, and the other is virtual and real. The city scenery thousands of miles away appears over the desert or the East China Sea, which is a mirage. It is Haizi who reproduces the scenery on the island. Mirages are numerous but fleeting, but Haizi landscape has long existed.