Japanese War Directory!

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Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

Sino-Japanese war situation map

The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, also known as the First Sino-Japanese War, was a war between China and Japan for control of the Korean Peninsula during the Qing Dynasty. Because it happened in 1894, that is, in the 20th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, the main branch was the Sino-Japanese War, which was called the Sino-Japanese War.

catalogue

1 reason

2 process

3 Results and effects

Four major battles

cause

China and Japan compete for control of the Korean Peninsula.

process

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 began with the battle of Akio Toyoda on July 25th, 894, and ended with the signing of treaty of shimonoseki between China and China on August 60th, 895, when the Qing government of declared war on Japan and Emperor Meiji of Japan declared war. The whole war lasted for nearly nine months, and it was roughly divided into three stages according to the changes in the battlefield and the fighting situation between the two sides.

Results and effects

The Sino-Japanese War had a far-reaching impact on the strategic pattern of the Far East. China's troops withdrew from the Korean peninsula, and China ceded Taiwan Province Province, Penghu and its affiliated islands to Japan, and opened a number of inland port cities in China to Japan. Japan also received 230 million taels of war reparations, and its economy developed rapidly, further expanding its preparations and becoming the main source of the Far East war. At the same time, the rise of Japan has changed the original pattern of confrontation and hegemony between Britain and Russia in the Far East. China's failure in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 marked the failure of the Westernization Movement, which made the reformers in China have a deeper understanding of their own weaknesses and are ready to actively carry out further reforms.

Major battle

Toyoshima naval battle

Yellow sea naval battle

Pyongyang war

Lushun massacre

Ahava naval battle

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression City, Taiwan Province Province

Toyoshima naval battle

The battle of Toshima took place in the early morning of1July 25th, 894. It was the first battle provoked by Japan, so the Qing Dynasty officially declared war on Japan.

pass by

After escorting the Qing army to land in Asan, China, two Japanese warships "Jiyuan" and "Guangyi" returned from Asan, North Korea, and met with three Japanese warships "Yoshino", "Su Lang" and "Qiu jinzhou area", the first guerrilla of the Japanese joint fleet, which were characterized by high speed and high firing rate. (These three warships hit beiyang fleet hard in the later Yellow Sea naval battle and made great contributions. )

At 7: 20, the first guerrilla saw the two ships "Jiyuan" and "Guangyi" and immediately issued a battle order. At 7: 45, the first guerrilla flagship "Yoshino" fired first: this was the beginning of Japan's undeclared war in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. China warships then returned fire, and the two armies launched a fierce artillery battle. Japanese warships have greater advantages than China warships in tonnage, artillery and speed. The gunboat "Guangyi" made by Fujian Shipping Bureau was seriously injured, unable to launch torpedoes, and its hull tilted, so it quit the battle and ran aground near the 18 islands of North Korea and set itself on fire. The Jiyuan ship fought bravely and suffered heavy casualties.

At 8: 30, the "Jiyuan" ship retreated westward at full speed. The Japanese ship followed closely, and the "Jiyuan" ship hung a white flag. The Japanese ship approached, and the "Jiyuan" ship was flagged by the Japanese navy. The "wave speed" ship sent a signal to order the "Jiyuan" ship to stop immediately.

At this time, the merchant ship "Goldman Sachs" and the ship "Cao Jiang" carrying the second wave of aid to the Korean Qing army and flying the British flag came. When the third Japanese ship saw Goldman Sachs and Jiang Cao, it immediately intercepted Goldman Sachs with Su Lang and Jiang Cao with Qiu jinzhou area. The Jiyuan ship took the opportunity to retreat to the west, and the Japanese ship pursued the Jiyuan ship at a speed of 22.5 knots. "Jiyuan" left Goldman Sachs and attacked Yoshino with a tail gun.

"Jiyuan" arrived in Weihai, and fabricated the results in the "log book": "I killed the Japanese magistrate and killed dozens of officials, but I knew it was hard to resist, so I hung up the dragon flag of our country and ran away." Then Ding lied that the Jiyuan ship sank the Yoshino. In fact, Yoshino's fur was not damaged, and he came back safely. The real tragedy is the "Goldman Sachs" troop carrier! "Goldman Sachs" was sunk by "Wave Speed", with more than 700 victims. The Cao Jiang was also captured.

On the night of July 28, the Japanese army launched an attack on the Qing army in Yashan, and there was a fierce battle. The Qing army was exhausted and retreated to Pyongyang. On August 1 day, China and Japan officially declared war!

then

The Japanese attack on China without declaring war violated international law by leasing foreign ships. The British envoy to Tougou Heihachirou protested, but the captain of the Su Lang insisted that the Goldman Sachs was illegally occupied by the Japanese army, and the Japanese ship conducted an "on-site inspection" and the ship did not obey orders. However, the British government's self-interest policy also led to various public opinions to prove Japan's innocence, and this incident ended hastily.

Battle of the Yellow Sea (1894)

The naval battle in the Yellow Sea was a battle-scale naval battle between the two navies in the northern part of the Yellow Sea during the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-895 (1895). Also known as the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Dadonggou naval battle. Beiyang Navy lost this battle and retreated to Ahava, which made the control of the Yellow Sea fall into the hands of the Japanese joint fleet and had a decisive impact on the war situation in the late Sino-Japanese War.

catalogue

1 Chinese and Japanese navies on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

2 background

3 after the war

4 naval battle results

5 Battle sequence of both sides in the Yellow Sea naval battle

O 5. 1 joint fleet ship

O 5.2 Beiyang Navy Ship

6 influence

7 Debate on Fang Boqian

Chinese and Japanese navies on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

From 65438 to 0894, the Qing navy was divided into four naval fleets: Beiyang, Nanyang, Fujian and Guangdong. Among them, Beiyang Navy is the most powerful. Except for three small cruisers of Guangdong Navy stranded in Beiyang to participate in the naval battle, other naval divisions did nothing in wartime because of their weak strength, and sat idly by while Beiyang Navy collapsed.

On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Japanese naval fleets were reorganized into a joint fleet, with Lieutenant General Ito Sukehiro as the commander of the joint fleet. The formation of the joint fleet is divided into the following teams: the first team, the second team, the first guerrilla and the second guerrilla.

background

1On July 25th, 894, the First Guerrilla of Japan's United Fleet suddenly attacked two cruisers, the Beiyang Navy "Jiyuan" and "Guang Jia", namely the Battle of Toyota, and the Sino-Japanese War broke out. The Beiyang navy and the joint fleet are faced with the same task: escorting reinforcements and competing for the sea control right in the waters near the Korean peninsula.

Beiyang Navy mainly cruised from Weihai to the mouth of Datong River. On August 10, the Japanese joint fleet approached Weihai. Emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty accused Ding, the prefect of Beiyang Navy, of being "timid", and Li Hongzhang, the minister of Beiyang, had to order Ding to cruise in the Yellow Sea to calm the emperor's anger and relieve the pressure of public opinion. On September 12, the capital ship of Beiyang Navy 12 set off from Weihai and went to Dadonggou at the mouth of Yalu River to escort troops to land.

Different from the Beiyang Navy's strategy of "protecting ships against the enemy", the Japanese Navy made a clear plan to seize the sea power by fleet decisive battle before the war. When the Japanese joint fleet escorted reinforcements to Incheon, on September 13, the joint fleet and the team of the First Guerrilla went to the Yalu River mouth to search for a decisive battle with the main force of Beiyang Navy.

After the naval battle

1894 September 15

The main force of Beiyang Navy, led by Ding, escorted four thousand people from five troop carriers to Dalian Bay.

September 16

Beiyang Navy arrived at Dadonggou at the mouth of Yalu River. Some ships are on alert, and the rest 10 capital ships are moored at the southeast of Dalu Island outside the port 12 nautical miles.

September 65438, 2007

At 8 o'clock, the troop transport ship was unloaded. At 9 o'clock, the Beiyang Navy fleet began to be punctual.

10: 23, the first guerrilla of the joint fleet discovered the Beiyang Navy. Signal that "more than three enemy ships are found in the northeast".

10: 30, the sentry on the mast of Zhenyuan ship of Beiyang Navy discovered the Japanese fleet.

12: 05, the first guerrilla of the joint fleet was first, and our team was behind, in a single vertical array, close to Beiyang Navy.

12: 20, Beiyang navy changed from a double longitudinal array to a horizontal array, with the flagship Dingyuan as the center, and other ships deployed on the left and right in turn, and the fleet was in a wedge echelon. At the same time, Ding also issued an order: "All teams must act in unison; Always face the enemy with the bow; These ships are within the possible scope and move with the flagship. "

Almost all the main ships of the two countries are concentrated in the waters near the mouth of the Yalu River and Dalu Island.

12: 50, the two fleets are 5300 meters apart, and the flagship of Beiyang Navy will fire first. The first guerrilla of the joint fleet turned left 5000 meters away from Beiyang Navy and headed for the right wing of Beiyang Navy. The joint fleet sailed to the right wing of Beiyang Navy, risking the fleet being exposed to Beiyang Navy.

12: 53, the flagship of the joint fleet, Matsushima, began to fight back. Dingyuan main mast was shot and signal rigging was destroyed by gunfire. Ding, who was directing the battle on the flying bridge, was seriously injured.

Since then, Beiyang Navy ships have lost their command except for advancing and retreating with Dingyuan.

13 or so, the First Guerrilla shelled the right-wing tidal ship and the foreign-tailed ship of Beiyang Navy.

13: 20, Beiyang navy caught fire. Bi Rui, Fusang and Chicheng, where the speed of the joint fleet was slow, became the targets of Beiyang Navy. Bi Rui and Chi Cheng were seriously injured. The first guerrilla turned left and rescued two ships. Our team turned right to form a flank formation.

14: 20, the Japanese ship Xijing Maru was shot and withdrew from the battlefield. The Beiyang Navy was super brave and sank. Yang Wei was seriously injured and left the battlefield and ran aground (it was recorded that he was sunk by Jiyuan in the shallow sea).

14: 30, the Beiyang navy collided with the Japanese ship Matsushima and was also injured by it, causing a fire and temporarily retreating.

15: 04, Beiyang navy flagship Dingyuan was shot and caught fire.

15: 20, the first guerrilla group concentrated on attacking Beiyang navy Zhiyuan. Zhiyuan sank. Jiyuan and Guang Jia sailed straight back to Lushun after Zhiyuan sank (Guang Jia ran aground on the way and was destroyed by Japanese ships two days later). Beiyang navy has been unable to maintain the battle formation.

15: 30, the flagship of the joint fleet, Matsushima, was hit, causing the ammunition piled up on the deck to explode.

16:08 10, Jingyuan and Laiyuan, officers of Beiyang Navy, were injured and retreated to Dalu Island. The flagship of the joint fleet, Matsushima, issued a signal of "all ships move voluntarily".

/kloc-around 0/7: 00, Beiyang navy divisions Jingyuan and Laiyuan recovered their combat effectiveness after emergency repairs. Jingyuan raised the team flag instead of the flagship and assembled the ships.

17: 30, Beiyang Navy sank from Jingyuan. The joint fleet signaled "stop fighting" and left the battle. (end of naval battle)

The result of naval battle

The naval battle in the Yellow Sea lasted more than five hours. Beiyang Navy lost five warships, Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia, and was seriously injured in Laiyuan, killing more than a thousand officers and men. Four ships of the Japanese fleet, Matsushima, Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru, were seriously injured and more than 600 officers and men were killed.

After the Yellow Sea naval battle, Beiyang Navy returned to Lushun and Weihai, and "avoiding the war and protecting the ship" no longer went out. The Japanese navy has mastered the sea power of the Yellow Sea.

Battle sequence of both sides in the Yellow Sea naval battle

Joint fleet ship

The first guerrilla group

Cruisers: Yoshino (the flagship of Major General Hirai Hangsan, commander of the First Guerrilla, and the original captain of Dazu River), Su Lang (the captain of Dazu Tougou Heihachirou), Takahashi (the captain of Dazu Nomura), and jinzhou area (the captain of the city of Yamanaka Uemura).

Our team

Cruisers: Matsushima (vice admiral's flagship, commander of the joint fleet, known by Captain Jing Daole Sakuramoto), Iwashima (Captain Jing Daole Yokoo), Hashimoto (Captain Jing Daole Rilong), Birui (Captain Akio Shaosakurai) and Chiyoda (Captain Masami Jing Daole Uchida).

Old-fashioned armored ship: Fusang (mastered by Captain Nobui)

Gunboat: Chicheng

Armored merchant ship (instead of cruiser): Xijing Maru (the ship of Japan's naval minister Uji Huashan)

Beiyang navy ship

Armored ships: Dingyuan (the flagship of Beiyang Navy's prefect Ding and the right-wing prefect Liu) and Zhenyuan (the left-wing prefect Lin Taizeng).

Cruisers: Laiyuan (Assistant Commander Qiu Baoren), Jingyuan (Assistant Commander), Zhiyuan (Assistant Commander Deng Shichang), Jingyuan (Assistant Commander), Jiyuan (Assistant Commander), Chaoyong (Assistant Commander Lin) and Yangwei (Assistant Commander Lin).

Gunboats: south of town, middle of town.

Torpedo boats: Long Fu, left team 1, right team 2 and right team 3.

affect

The naval battle in the Yellow Sea is a large-scale naval fleet decisive battle after the navy developed to the era of armored ships, which has been highly valued by naval personnel all over the world.

The two armored ships of Beiyang Navy showed the superiority of defense capability, and none of the heavy armor was penetrated. Warships are still the irreplaceable main ships in the navy. Relatively speaking, small warships equipped with heavy guns are not effective in naval battles.

Beiyang navy has an advantage in large caliber artillery, but its firing rate is low. All the main ships of the joint fleet are equipped with medium-caliber rapid-fire guns, which make up for the shortage of large-caliber guns through the intensive firepower of rapid-fire guns. It has a great impact on the development of naval equipment at the end of 19. After this campaign, the warships designed by the navies of various countries attach importance to improving the firing rate of large-caliber guns and strengthening the firepower of medium-caliber rapid-fire guns.

The two sides chose different formations in the naval battle. The joint fleet adopts a single longitudinal array and cooperates well. The ships of Beiyang Navy are all aimed at the enemy, because they are aimed at different warships, and the chaotic formation leads to the situation of fighting in isolation. The conclusion drawn by navies of various countries is that the most important thing in naval warfare is the neatness and coordination of formation; Vertical arrangement is more suitable for developing firepower than horizontal arrangement.

The joint fleet has the advantage of maneuverability in naval battle. The speed of the first guerrilla formation reached 15 nautical miles, and it advanced and retreated freely in the naval battle, and always held the initiative in choosing the attack target and opportunity.

The debate about Fang Boqian.

After the Yellow Sea naval battle, on August 24th, Fang Boqian, the management belt of Jiyuan Ship, was beheaded on the charge of "getting cold feet and leading the ship into an insurrection".

There is still controversy about Fang Boqian's evaluation. Since 1990s, Fujian, Fang Boqian's hometown, has set off an upsurge of reversing Fang Boqian's conviction. It is worth noting that scholars who study Beiyang Navy and the history of the Sino-Japanese War outside Fujian Province show cautious silence. Many famous scholars believe that the existing historical materials are not enough to reverse the case.

Lushun massacre

1894165438+10. During the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Japanese captured Lushun and slaughtered the residents in the city for four consecutive days. None survived. After the massacre, only 36 people in the city buried the bodies of their compatriots, and it is estimated that more than 20,000 people were killed. The deceased was buried in the cemetery at the eastern foot of White, which is now called "Wanzhong Cemetery".

event

1894165438+1October 2 1 day, after the Japanese captured Lushunkou, the first fortress in the East, they carried out a four-day and three-night massacre, killing 20,000 people in the city in just four days, and only 36 people survived the burial.

record

At that time, many witnesses from the west described the truth of the tragedy. An English sailor wrote in his memoir "shipwreck in Lushun": "... the decapitated, waist-cut, chest-pierced and belly-broken are all mixed up, and the pool is red. ..... Gunfire kept on all the way, and there were different cries. There is blood on the ground, stumps are broken and roads are covered. "

Allen, an Englishman, wrote in his book "Under the Rolling Dragon Flag": "The Japanese army pierced women's chests with bayonets and hung children under two years old, deliberately raising them to the sky for people to watch."

Pyongyang war

1At the beginning of September, 894, the Japanese army began to advance to Pyongyang, with more than 20,000 troops participating in the war and defending the Qing army12,000 people. The Japanese army completed its deployment in 15 and immediately launched an attack. After a day of fierce fighting, the Japanese army conquered Pyongyang, and the Qing army abandoned the trench and retreated in panic. On the way back, I was repeatedly ambushed by the Japanese army. After the retreat, there was no defensive support point to rely on, resulting in heavy casualties, resulting in a total rout of the Qing army stationed in North Korea. By September 24th, all the Qing troops had returned to China.

The battle of Pyongyang in September 15, together with the naval battle of the Yellow Sea in September 16, became the turning point of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. From then on, the Japanese army completely grasped the initiative in the battlefield and began to advance rapidly in China.

Northern navy

Beiyang Navy was the first modern naval fleet established in China in the late Qing Dynasty. Beiyang Navy was formally established in February 1888 17 in Ahava, Liu Gongdao, and was completely annihilated in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

catalogue

1 create

2 weaving

3 preparation

O 3. 1 official system

O 3.2 Naval ranks and ranks

O 3.3 personnel

Participated in four major battles.

5 See also

build

1874, the Japanese army landed in Taiwan Province province in an attempt to occupy the province, and the Qing army took its only warship to Taiwan Province to expel it. The incident aroused the vigilance of the ruling and opposition parties, so the Qing government decided to allocate 4 million yuan and 2 million yuan as funds every year (only/kloc-0.0 million yuan and 2 million yuan were actually used to buy warships every year) to speed up the construction of the navy. The Qing navy is divided into Sanyo: Beiyang is responsible for Shandong and the Yellow Sea to the north, Nanyang is responsible for the East China Sea to the south of Shandong and beyond the Yangtze River, and Guangdong and Guangxi are responsible for Fujian and the South China Sea. Later, Shen Baozhen, then Minister of Nanyang, spent 4 million yuan every year to build the South and North Ocean Fleet, but the funds were insufficient. Beiyang fleet is responsible for guarding the capital and giving priority to construction. 1875, Li Hongzhang, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, was ordered to establish Beiyang Navy. 1875, Li Hongzhang ordered four gunboats in Britain through Hurd, the State Administration of Taxation, and began the history of the Qing navy buying warships from abroad. 1879 Cruiser ordered from England, extremely mighty and super brave. Dissatisfied with the warships ordered by Britain, 1880, after repeated comparison, we ordered armored ships from German shipyards to Dingyuan and Zhenyuan. 188 1 year, decided to build naval bases in Lushun and Weihai. 1885, the naval yamen was established, and Li Hongzhang sent envoys abroad to order cruisers Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan and Laiyuan from Yingde respectively. 1888 12 17 Beiyang navy was formally announced, and the regulations of Beiyang navy was promulgated and implemented on the same day. From then on, modern China officially owned a naval fleet that ranked sixth in the world and first in Asia at that time. After 1888, the fleet funds were greatly reduced, and most of them were moved to other places by the government, such as the construction of the Yihe Circle project. Sometimes, naval technology advances by leaps and bounds. By the time the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, beiyang fleet had not bought a new ship for many years, and some renewal projects that should be carried out, such as replacing new guns, could not be carried out. The original warships have begun to fall behind, both in speed and firing rate.

weave

Zhiyuan ship

Armored ship:

Armored boats: Dingyuan and Zhenyuan

Scissors:

Armored Cruiser: Journey and Journey

Protection cruisers: Jiyuan, Zhiyuan and Jingyuan

Collision Cruiser: Yang Wei, Chaoyong

Mosquito gun ship:

Gunboats: town edge, town center, town east, town west, town south and town north.

Torpedo:

Left one, left two, left three, right one, right two, right three, Long Fu,

Ding Yi, Ding Er, Yi Zhen, Zhen Er

Ship training:

Practice ships: Ji Kang, Weiyuan and Agile.

Auxiliary warships: (omitted)

organize personnel

bureaucratic apparatus

Prefect, company commander (left and right), lieutenant, general, guerrilla, commander, garrison, commander, commander.

The captain called it duct tape

Naval rank and rank

Zhengdutong, Deputy Dutong, Jiedutong, Zhengguan, Vice-Guan, Jieguan, Zheng Jun Military Academy, Deputy Military Academy, Xie Jun Military Academy,

personnel department

Almost all the captains and senior officers of beiyang fleet's major warships graduated from Fuzhou Ship Administration School, and many of them also went to the British Naval Academy for internships. Most middle-ranking officers are young children studying in the United States. After being recalled to the country, they went to Fujian Naval Academy to study the navy and then served. Foreigners have been serving as officers, technical experts and guidance in the fleet. Many officers in beiyang fleet can speak English, and internal command orders are also given in English.

The main generals of Beiyang Navy are:

Ding-navy prefect (suicide)

Liu-right-wing company commander, Dingyuan duct tape (suicide)

Lin Taizeng-left-wing company commander, Zhenyuan pipeline (suicide)

Deng Shichang-Lieutenant General of China Army, Zhiyuan Pipeline (killed)

Ye Zugui —— Right Lieutenant of China Army, Jingyuan Pipeline (killed).

Fang Boqian-Left Lieutenant of Chinese Army, Jiyuan Pipeline (executed)

Lin Yongsheng, the lieutenant of the Left Wing and the Left Battalion, crossed the distant pipeline (died in battle).

Qiu Baoren, assistant commander of the right-wing Zuo Ying, came to the remote control zone (dissolved).

Huang Jianxun —— Assistant to the left and right battalion commanders, ultra-remote duct tape (killed).

Lin Luzhong-the captain of the right-wing right battalion, Yang Wei's duct tape (killed)

Yang Yonglin, a left-wing guerrilla, was originally in Zhenyuan gang, and Lin Tai took over the pipeline after committing suicide.

Major battles you have participated in.

Toyoshima naval battle

Yellow sea naval battle

Ahava naval battle

Li Hongzhang

Li Hongzhang

Born in Hefei, Anhui, China,1February, 82315th.

Died 190 1 year165438+1October 7th, China.

Li Hongzhang (1823 February15-1901165438+October 7th) was born in Hefei, Anhui. China was an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, the founder and commander-in-chief of Huai Army, and one of the main advocates of Westernization Movement.

catalogue

Brief introduction to the life of 1

O 1. 1 juvenile imperial examination

O 1.2 middle-aged soldiers.

O 1.3 in prime of life

O 1.4 westernization movement in his later years

O 1.5 signing unequal treaties

O 1.6 bereavement and glory

2 Poetry

3 evaluation

biography

Juvenile imperial examination

In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), he was a scholar and was elected as Jishi Shu in imperial academy. At the same time, Zeng Guofan emphasized the study of the world when he was a student. Three years later, the Hanlin Academy was dissolved and retained for editing.

Middle-aged soldiers

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), he was ordered to go back to his hometown for training, and led the troops to fight with Taiping Army many times. /kloc-in the winter of 0/858, he joined Zeng Guofan's shogunate to do business. 1860, Huaiyang navy was unified. After the Xiang army occupied Anqing, Zeng Guofan recommended that "talents can be put to great use" and ordered him to return to Hefei to raise his courage. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), it was incorporated into Huaiyong 5th Battalion. Zeng Guofan regarded Shanghai as "fertile ground for raising wages" and ordered Huaiyong to arrive in Shanghai by English ship, forming a self-contained army called Huai Army. Zeng Guofan recommended him as the governor of Jiangsu. After mastering local real power, he vigorously expanded his army in Jiangsu and adopted western new guns, so that the Huai army increased from more than 6,000 to 670,000 in two years, becoming a well-equipped and highly effective local armed force in the Qing army (the later Huai warlord group was gradually formed on this basis). After Li Hongzhang arrived in Shanghai, he and foreign mercenaries (later established as Chang) committed crimes against the Taiping Army. 1863, 1864, led the Huai army to capture Suzhou, Changzhou and other places, and jointly suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with the Xiang army. Saved the Qing dynasty that was about to collapse. Known as "a famous minister of Zhongxing".

Block the border in the prime of life

Later, Li Hongzhang was appointed Governor of Liangjiang, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang Trade. Received a bachelor's degree from Wenhua Hall, with a first-class Su Yibo. Holding the military power, he became an important minister who was "sitting in Beiyang and holding state affairs far away", under one person and above ten thousand people. Vigorously develop westernization.

Westernization movement in his later years

He was in charge of Beiyang Navy, founded Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Bureau, beiyang fleet, China Merchants Bureau, Telegraph Bureau and Kaiping Mining Bureau, and sent the first batch of foreign students from China to study in the United States. After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated. Li Hongzhang said: "I have been doing things and training all my life. The navy is a paper tiger. How can we really let go? " However, almost no painting, very superficial. Can be perfunctory for a while, without showing emotion. "

Sign an unequal treaty

Beiyang Navy was defeated by the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War. Li was ordered to make peace in Chunfanlou, Japan, and was assassinated and injured during the negotiation. Finally, it was decided to conclude the treaty of shimonoseki, cede Taiwan Province Province, and pay 22,000 yuan in compensation for silver, so it was prosecuted for treason and closed the door. However, some people think that the negotiations under the strong leadership of Japanese Prime Minister Ito Bowen at that time were the least loss. After Eight-Nation Alliance was demoted as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, he was ordered to go north to clean up the mess and sign a humiliating treaty. He died shortly after signing the contract. It is said that before his death, the Russian minister forced him to sign a treaty betraying Northeast China. He was speechless and had to cry silently.

Xie Shishi left a huge wealth of 42 million taels of silver, and there is a saying among the people that "Prime Minister Hefei is thinner than the world". But when he died, the family property was divided and it was impossible to determine the specific amount.

Postmortem honor

The two palaces "burst into tears", and Empress Xiao Qinxian praised him as a man who "recreated Huang Xuan". Give it to a teacher, a first-class Sue, and a literary loyal. There are shrines in the ancestral home and meritorious province. Local officials regularly offer sacrifices to Shi Jing Temple. In the Qing Dynasty, Han officials were the only ones who built temples in Shi Jing.

poetic sentiment

There are complete works of Li Wenzhong.

evaluate

As a signatory to the unequal treaties, Li Hongzhang has always been regarded as a "traitor". Recently, with the emergence of more and more historical materials, the controversial position of this old minister in the late Qing Dynasty has gradually gained some positive comments.

Zeng Guofan once said, "Li Shaoquan tried his best to be an official, and Yu (Yu Yue) tried his best to write a book". Li Hongzhang's enthusiasm for officialdom and his position as an extremely important official lasted for decades, which obviously benefited from his official skills.

Liang Qichao, Li Hongzhang's political opponent, commented on him like this: I respect Li Hongzhang's talent, I cherish Li Hongzhang's knowledge, and I feel sad for Li Hongzhang's experience.

Zuo Tang Zong commented on him: "For China, ten French generals are not as good as one Li Hongzhang"; "Li Hongzhang's mistakes in his life will lead to eternal infamy."

Li Hongzhang has the following comments on his actions: "I have been doing things and training all my life, and the navy is a paper tiger. How to really put it down, but barely draw it, is very superficial, especially not exposed. For example, a dilapidated house was patched up by a paperhanger and turned into a clean room. I know it is made of paper, but I am not sure what material is inside. Even if there is a little wind and rain, you can make a few holes at any time, or you can prevaricate. Tearing by hand is inevitable, and no repair materials and transformation methods have been prepared. The natural truth is out of control, but how can the paperhanger take responsibility? "

Ding Changru

Ding (1836165438+1October18-65438+February12,0895), formerly known as Xianda, also known as Yuting, with chapter 2. Born in Lujiang County, Anhui Province. The prefect of Beiyang navy in Qing dynasty.

Because of his poor family, Ding only attended a private school for three years and dropped out of school at the age of ten. 1854, the Taiping Army conquered Lujiang, Ding joined the Taiping Army, and Anqing was besieged 186 1. After Ding surrendered to Xiang Army, he made meritorious service in conquering Anqing and rose to Ganzong. 1862, the Huai Army under the command of Li Hongzhang fought against the Taiping Army. Because of his bravery, he was elected to Ziming camp by Liu Mingchuan. 1864, when the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was defeated, Ding went north with Liu Mingchuan to fight against the Nian Army. 1868, Dongnian army failed, and Ding granted the title of company commander, prefect and Batulu. 1874, the Qing government decided to disarm, and Ding sent a letter to Liu Mingchuan to protest the plan of the superior to lay off his subordinates. Liu Mingchuan was furious and wanted to kill him. When Ding learned the news, he returned to his hometown to avoid being killed.

1875 Li Hongzhang was responsible for the formation of the navy, and Ding went to take refuge. Li Hongzhang decided to let Ding participate in the formation of the navy, considering that there was a gap between Ding and Liu Mingchuan, and it was not appropriate to return. 1880, Ding led Lin Taizeng, Deng Shichang and other officers and men to Britain to receive the cruisers "Chaoyong" and "Yangwei" and returned home. 1882, North Korea mutinied at noon. Ding led the Beiyang navy ship to North Korea, captured the Korean emperor, frustrated Japan's plan to interfere in North Korea, and prevented the situation from deteriorating. 1888, Beiyang navy was formally established as the prefect.

1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out. Emperor Guangxu was so emotional that the government ordered him to fight and keep his mouth shut. Government officials who don't understand naval affairs keep attacking Ding to avoid war passively, thus achieving the goal of attacking Li Hongzhang. In September, he was ordered to lead the Beiyang Navy to escort Ding troops to reinforce the North Korean garrison. On June 5438+08, when he returned, he encountered a Japanese fleet in the waters near Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River, and the two sides launched a naval battle in the Yellow Sea. In the naval battle, Ding commanded the flagship "Dingyuan" ship on the flying bridge and was injured by gunfire. However, he neglected to specify which ship to succeed in advance after the flagship command failed, which made Beiyang Navy go its own way. After five hours of fighting, both sides suffered losses.

Later, Ding was ordered by Li Hongzhang to stay in Ahava. He expressed concern about the strength of the army and suggested that preparations should be made to blow up land and coastal forts. As a result, it became evidence of "collaborating with the enemy and committing crimes against the country", and the Qing court ordered it to be handed over to the Ministry of Punishment for punishment. In the telegram sent by Liu and other generals, Li Hongzhang strongly pleaded, and the Qing court ordered that the affairs at hand be handled and sent to the Ministry of Punishment for handling.

1895 65438+1On October 20th, the Japanese army landed in Rongcheng Ding, Shandong Peninsula, and refused to be persuaded by Ito Sukehiro, commander of the Japanese joint fleet. Subsequently, the Japanese army captured the Weihai Fort by land and surrounded the Beiyang Navy by land and sea. Blow up the flagship "Dingyuan", 1 1 committed suicide by taking opium in February, at the age of 59. The rest of the Beiyang navy surrendered and the whole army was wiped out. Guangxu issued a decree that "there is no family property" and no burial is allowed. Until two years (19 10), with the efforts of Zaixun and Zazhenbing, the Qing court rehabilitated Ding. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), plum blossoms in Xiaoji Mountain in Xixiang, Wuwei County, Anhui Province began to be buried.

Page classification: Qing dynasty strategist | 1836 born | 1895 dead | Beiyang navy

Liu mingchuan

Liu Mingchuan (born in the 16th year of Daoguang-1September 7th, 836,1October, 896 12, died in the 22nd year of Guangxu) was a native of Dabanshan. A native of Xixiang (now Feixi County), Hefei City, Anhui Province, he was a general and minister of China in the late Qing Dynasty, an important general of Huai Army and the first governor of Taiwan Province Province.

Liu Mingchuan was born in poverty, lost his father at the age of1/kloc-0, and his life was extremely difficult. 18 years old, gave up studying and fell into the rivers and lakes. He once went up the mountain to be a robber. 1856 His mother committed suicide because she was implicated. Liu Mingchuan returned to his hometown to be Yong Ying. He once wanted to join the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but he didn't. At the same time, he also opposed the Qing government's active confrontation with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom from the beginning. 1857, Liu Mingchuan was arrested for refusing to ask the then Hefei magistrate for help, and was released soon after. From then on, the Huai army, which took refuge in Li Hongzhang, began to join the war against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. 1864, Liu Mingchuan led the troops to conquer Changzhou and captured Chen Kunshu, so he was promoted to the governor of Zhili. 1867, Liu Mingchuan made meritorious service in the battle against the Nian Army and was made a first-class baron.

Liu Mingchuan didn't get along well with other bureaucrats when he was an official in Beijing, so he resigned or was dismissed and returned to his hometown. He carried out some construction projects in his hometown (such as the establishment of Feixi Academy). ) and repair the ancestral temple.