/kloc-What celebrity events happened in Europe from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century?

Maybe it's less than 100 ~ ~ ~ ~ but that's all I can find!

1796, vaccination.

Smallpox is a disease that can leave scars and lead to blindness. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, the spread of this disease reached its peak, resulting in the death of 60 million Europeans. Ante edward jenner is a general practitioner from the English countryside. 1796, 14 In May, he extracted lymph infected with vaccinia from a pustule of a milkmaid in Gloucestershire and injected it into an 8-year-old boy. Seven weeks later, Jenna injected the boy with smallpox vaccine. The boy's immune system withstood the attack of smallpox virus, and immunology was finally established. The vaccination of hepatitis, diphtheria, polio and measles has completely changed the public health situation.

18 12, canned.

The first batch of cans appeared in 18 12 and the first can opener appeared in 1885. Although it was troublesome to open cans at first, it became a long-term food storage vessel in the kitchen, bringing summer dishes to the table in lifeless winter. Legend has it that Napoleon once offered a reward for talent, and whoever can provide the army with food that can be stored for a long time will be rewarded. 1795, Nicolas Abel, a French brewer, used high-temperature sterilization and sealed storage to store food in cans, but he didn't know the principle of disinfection. By 1809, his factory began to supply canned food to ports all over France. Jintang Hall and Gambao Company in London applied his method to tin cans, which was our preferred food storage method later.

1826, taking photos

1826, a window opened slowly, which was more spacious than any previous window, showing a brand-new way of "seeing" to mankind. This window is located in the attic of the first house in Burgundy. Joseph Nicephore Nieupes took the first photo in human history from the vantage point of this small rural building-a vague photo with a courtyard, barns on both sides, a pigeon house and a chimney for baking bread. This Neo-Pace, who is about to join hands with the clever reformer Louis Jacques Mond Daguerre, is the first person with a fixed image. From these humble starting points, photography has changed the way we observe the world. Most importantly, Nieupus's invention enables us to leave our own figure in distant places or celebrities familiar with people, so as to share it with friends, strangers and future generations.

1830, steam train

1On September 5th, 830,100000 British people gathered between Liverpool and Manchester to watch the launching ceremony of the world's first steam-powered train.

At that time, there were other railway lines, but all of them used horse-drawn carts, and none of them could withstand the high speed of 30 miles per hour from Liverpool to Manchester. Those advanced machines and rails were designed by george stephenson and his son Robert, who graduated from college.

Although a member of parliament was killed on the opening day, the train from Liverpool to Manchester set off a worldwide railway paving fever. Railways heated up the industrial revolution and stimulated trade.

1834, refrigerator

For thousands of years, human beings have been trying to keep themselves and food cool. As early as BC 1000, people in China put ice in the cellar. But it was not until 1834 that Jacob Perkins, a 68-year-old inventor from Massachusetts who lived in London, applied for a patent for the invention of the compressor, and people didn't know how to make artificial ice cubes. Perkins's machine works on the same principle as today's household refrigerator: evaporate a compressed fluid-he used ether, and later we used ammonia and freon-to achieve the cooling effect, and then condense it again.

After 17, the first batch of commercial refrigerators were put into use in an Australian brewery. /kloc-By the end of 0/9, refrigerators have been widely used: transporting steaks all over the world, freezing wine in restaurants in Paris, and even making skating rinks. 1902, Willis Carroll installed the world's first air conditioner in a printing factory in Brooklyn-it can not only cool down, but also control the temperature. Soon, his machines appeared in major shops and theaters. The first batch of household refrigerators appeared in the early 1920s.

1839, rubber

Including electrical housings, tennis balls, condoms, erasers, and most importantly, tires-essential things in our modern life. Its raw material is natural rubber, a kind of gum that originated from the virgin forests of South America. This substance has existed at least in Columbus' time, but it is as hard as stone in winter and as soft as a pile of mud at high temperature.

Goody, a Connecticut native, is not famous for his bold investment. He decided to make rubber to meet business needs. When he was imprisoned by his creditors, he began to mix raw rubber with anything he could find, whether it was hazelnuts or cheese. 1839, he accidentally spilled a drop of rubber and sulfur into the burning stove, thus inventing the method of making rubber by vulcanization, which laid the foundation for the emergence of automobiles and the prosperity that automobiles will bring to business in the future.

1844, telegram

No invention can make the world so small at once like telegraph, because telegraph can cross land and sea at the speed of 16 thousand miles per second. So on May 24th, 1844, when Samuel F? b？ When Morse started his first telegraph line from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore, he quoted a sentence from the Bible: "Look what God created."

Telegraph stimulated the development of multinational corporations and intercontinental railways, and also helped to change the speed and scale of wars, which greatly prospered journalism. 1848, six newspapers formed the predecessor of the Associated Press, collecting and publishing reports by telegraph. Soon, people all over the world will be able to see the important events that happened in every corner of the world that day.

185 1 year, sewing machine

1830, when Bartholomew Le Monier, a French tailor, applied for a patent for the first sewing machine, his colleagues felt that they would become obsolete. This new machine can sew 200 stitches per minute, while manual sewing can only sew 30 stitches per minute. 184 1 year, they looted Timoni's shop in Paris. Therefore, the honor of leading the garment industry automation falls on the son of a German-American immigrant, Isaac Mei Lite Singh, who improved elias howe's early design in 185 1. 1856, Singh was the first to put forward the method of installment payment, so that people could afford sewing machines.

1854, oxygen blowing method

Since13rd century, Swedes have been melting iron in crucibles to make small-scale steel. However, it was not until 1864, when the British inventor Henry Bismarck set out to build a more powerful cannon for Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, that someone found a way to make high-strength steel, which can withstand the explosion of shells or support bridges. Bismarck's method is to burn off excess carbon in molten iron with oxygen flow. Since then, mankind has entered the Iron Age.

Soon, steel built a tall building and outlined the outline of the building in the air. It propped up bridges on the river, paved the rails all over the world, and made America a car kingdom. /kloc-at the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, the annual output of steel in American factories reached 8.5 million tons.

1854, elevator

A 40-year-old unsuccessful mechanic, with a neat moustache and a top hat, stood on a platform. This platform is hung high by a cable wound around a drive shaft and above the audience attending the new york Expo 1854. Suddenly, Eliza Graves Oddis ordered the cable to be cut. The audience held their breath. The platform dropped a few feet and then stopped. Oddis took off his hat and cheered, "completely safe, gentlemen, completely safe." The elevator was born in this city.

The elevator had already appeared before this. But Oddis designed a kind of spring, and put two Kouga in the V-shaped cut of the slide to prevent the cable from breaking, so he built the world's first safety elevator.

1867, explosives

If alfred nobel hadn't invented explosives in 1867, it might have taken centuries to dig this 92-mile canal leading to Los Angeles, but now it only takes seven years. With explosives, dams, railways, highways, Panama Canal, soil and rich mineral resources were built. Nobel's invention is to mix sand as absorbent with nitroglycerin to make a stick. The invention can safely transport explosives to any battlefield and construction site. For a time, human beings can re-plan their own environment and then destroy what they have done with their own hands.

1876, telephone

March 1876, 10 A simple message was sent by telephone for the first time in the world: "Mr. Watson, I need you here", but the invention of Alexander Graham Bell changed the way people communicate forever. For 20 years, Bell has always dreamed of transmitting sound by wire. When he tried to invent an improved telegraph, he found a phenomenon that made the telephone possible: the sound absorbed into the drum-shaped film must first be converted into electromagnetic waves.

With the help of technical assistant thomas watson, Bell found a way to send these electromagnetic waves to the receiver and restore them to sound. The company he helped to establish later became "AT&T Company", one of the largest companies in the world.

Today, there are about 750 million telephone users in the world. Computers including 6.5438+007 million Internet users share this network. Writing letters has entered a surprising recovery stage-but this time it was done by phone and email.

1876, light bulb

1876, Thomas Alva Edison built a two-story square building in Manle Park, which was the first factory in the world to invent rather than produce. 1879, the research team of Manle Park experimented with a cardboard filament, which may glow for several days after carbonization. After more than 1000 experiments, Edison finally succeeded. He invented the incandescent light bulb with a wide range of uses. His goal is not to invent the electric light-someone invented the electric light several years ago. He wants to invent a durable and cheap light bulb and a complete set of power system from power plant to socket, so that electric lights can be widely used. Before Edison, people could only live in dazzling, flashing, short-lived and dangerous artificial light.

1895, movie

1889, george eastman invented the film. Thomas Edison used the film and his movable projector to show the film, but only one person could watch it at a time. In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumiere devoted themselves to making movies for a group of people. 1895 65438+On February 28th, they showed 10 movies. During the broadcast of "great train robbery", the stunned audience fled because of the train coming in the film.

After the film production technology was put in place, the film production technology began to develop rapidly. Edison used puppets instead of real people to simulate the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, while George Meyer, the founder of science fiction, filmed a trip to the moon at 1902.

1895, x-ray

With more and more scientific breakthroughs, X-ray was discovered by accident by German physicist wilhelm rontgen while studying the characteristics of electricity. 1895,165438+1October 8th, he got this unexpected harvest. He put a vacuum test tube with a wire at one end into a cassette, and then turned off the light in the laboratory.

When he electrified the test tube, a magical fluorescence began to glow. He put his hand in front of the screen and became the first person to see the shadow of his bones.

Two months later, Roentgen announced his discovery, which immediately caused a sensation. Magazines published poems about X-rays, and Victorian shops in London were plastered with advertisements for X-ray-proof clothing. A few months later, doctors began to use this new technology to look at the broken bones and bullets in the wounded. Later, this technology was improved, reducing the side effects such as burns and hair loss. In 1970s, X-ray photography shortened the exposure time, thus reducing the risk of cancer. The following related technologies, from CAT scanning to MRI, open a window for exploring the structure of things and conducting human research.

190 1 year radio

In the early 20th century, few people could imagine that electromagnetic waves could travel any meaningful distance without any metal wires or cables as conductors. So how do radio signals travel along the surface of the earth? Of course, it can shoot straight off the horizon. But Guillermo Marconi believes that radio waves can travel along the surface of the earth if some conditions are provided. 1895, in his birthplace of Italy, he sent out a radio signal, which passed 1? 5 miles; Six years later, that is, 190 1 year 12 February 12 year, Marconi, who was only 27 years old, created a miracle. He tied the radio antenna firmly to a flying kite and sent a Morse code "S". It flew about 2000 miles across the Atlantic. This signal was sent from Huzhen, Polder, Cornwall, England, and reached St. John's in Newfoundland in less than 1 second. Marconi heard three faint ticks. This is the voice of the birth of the communication industry and the first shock wave of the arrival of the electronic age. This era includes radio broadcasting, television and mobile phones-so this is a discovery that will open our imagination.

1903 aircraft

Orville Wright and wilbur wright were able to fly their plane made of wood, wires and cloth for 59 seconds before sunset. However, few newspapers are willing to comment on this matter, because the idea that humans fly into the sky to become contemporary Daedalus and Icarus is considered absurd by most sober people. But once successful, the development of this undertaking is extremely rapid. In fact, it was only after 15 years that various parts of modern aircraft were manufactured, if not all, then at least ideas about them had been born.

1907 plastics

After learning about the invention of plastic, the happiest thing in the world is the elephant. For hundreds of years, everything from the handle to billiards has been made of ivory. 19 In the 1980s, the supply of ivory gradually decreased and billiards rose, which once triggered a crisis. Phelan and Cowland, the largest billiards producers in the United States, can't wait to offer a gold prize worth $65,438+0,000 pounds-a considerable prize-to recruit any "invention genius" who can provide synthetic products instead of ivory.

Until 1907, the Belgian inventor Leo Baekeland, who had made huge profits by inventing photographic paper for taking fast-moving photos, accidentally invented the compound of phenol and formaldehyde. This innovative pure synthetic plastic-phenolic plastic has the functions of heat protection, electricity protection and corrosion protection. Not only is it good for billiards, but one of the great benefits of plastic is its versatility. Everything from telephones to toilets, ashtrays to airplane parts is made of plastic. By 1968, if young graduates want to find a job in a promising and successful industry, they must listen to one word-plastic.

1928 penicillin

People call penicillin the most contribution medicine in this century, and its inventor is British bacteriologist alexander fleming. 1928, in a bacterial culture experiment, the inventor happened to find that a mold later called penicillin was devouring the bacteria he cultivated in a Petri dish. According to Fleming's research results, after ten years' efforts, researchers at Oxford University in England finally found a way to refine this mold and put it into medical experiments. 1943, in order to treat soldiers injured in World War II, the Allies began to put penicillin into industrial production. For more than half a century, penicillin has saved countless lives, prompting people to pay attention to the research and development of antibiotic family.

1923 TV set

The inventor of TV set is john baird, a British electronic engineer. In 1923, he applied for a patent for a device that can generate 8 lines of images. The first TV set was sold at the end of 1930. 1932, BBC broadcast the first standardized TV program in the world. Since then, mankind has begun to step into the television era. Today, people use satellites and other channels to spread TV signals to every corner of the earth.

1942 nuclear weapons

The atomic age began at 1942. In order to defeat the Axis fascism, the highest authorities in the United States decided to launch the Manhattan Project aimed at developing atomic weapons. At the end of the year, as part of the Manhattan Project, the first nuclear reactor was built and put into operation under a sports facility of the University of Chicago. 1On July 6th, 945, a mushroom cloud rose from the Atomic Energy Research Center in Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, and the world's first atomic bomb exploded successfully. On August 6th and 9th of that year, the United States dropped two atomic bombs named "Fat Man" and "Little Boy" in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The Japanese emperor then announced his unconditional surrender. The atomic bomb seems to have made great contributions to the victory of World War II, but mankind has lived in the shadow of terrible atomic weapons ever since.

1943 computer

Computer is the foundation of human society entering the information age, but it was born because of war. 1943, in order to decipher the German code, the British mathematician alan turing designed the first electromechanical computer named "Giant". Although it is only an imaginary computer for decoding, it initiated the development of computer technology, which is changing with each passing day. 1947, the transistor computer came out; 1959, the integrated circuit computer was born; 1970, computer produced large-scale integrated circuits; Since 1980s, a new generation of microcomputers have mushroomed. On this basis, mankind has ushered in a new network era.

1953DNA

1953 On February 28th, the famous British geneticist francis crick announced that he had "discovered the secret of life". Crick and his American colleague james watson devoted themselves to the research of life science for many years, and finally found the molecular structure of DNA double helix which determines the inheritance of life from the nucleus, and deciphered the genetic codes of human beings, plants and animals. This discovery initially revealed the secret of life, promoted the research and treatment of various diseases, and also promoted human research on improving food structure. In the first 20 years of the next century, it is possible for human beings to eliminate gene defects through gene therapy, and then overcome fatal sexual dysfunction such as cancer, heart disease, hemophilia and diabetes. Undoubtedly, the research results of DNA molecular structure have played a great role in studying life and treating diseases, but it also makes people face the moral crisis caused by it. For example, the development of cloning technology has given mankind a difficult problem.

1954, Contraceptives:

1954, American doctor gregory pincus invented the contraceptive pill, which is a mixture of two hormones that inhibit ovulation in women. Contraceptive pill is listed as one of the greatest scientific achievements in the 20th century because it liberates women from passive childbearing. From then on, women can control their own fertility, decide whether to have children according to their own wishes, and decide when to get pregnant according to their own situation. More importantly, it breaks the shackles that imprison women's sexual freedom, gives women the right to go out of the family and participate in social work, and finally expands women's influence in social politics, economy and culture.

1957 artificial satellite

1957 10 10 On 4 October, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite in human history to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution, marking the beginning of the space age. 1961April 2, Soviet astronaut Gagarin went into space in a spaceship and became the first person to go into space. 1969 On July 20th, two American astronauts landed on the moon in a spaceship. Satellites can transmit TV and radio program signals, and also provide services for aviation, Hainan Airlines, weather forecast and scientific and technological information, thus greatly "shrinking" the earth. In order to further explore the mysteries of the universe, human beings have placed many detectors on the main planets of the solar system, and grand plans to build an international space station are also in the pipeline.

1967 organ transplantation

From 65438 to 0967, South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard successfully performed the first heart transplant. Since then, with the development of medicine and medical equipment, medical scientists have gradually solved the problems of organ infection and successfully transplanted limbs, liver, skin, retina and even testicles. The medical community believes that the next frontier technology of organ transplantation is brain cell transplantation, which can cure medical ills such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In the next century, medical scientists will devote themselves to solving the problem of xenotransplantation and transplanting organs from other animals into human bodies.

1978 IVF:

Louise Joy Brown, a British girl, is the first test-tube baby in the world. Now she is 2 1 year old. At that time, her mother's egg and her father's sperm successfully mated in a test tube and gave birth to her. Since then, in vitro pregnancy technology has been continuously developed and perfected, and 1984 embryo freezing technology has been successfully tested; From 65438 to 0990, the experiment of embryo transfer technology was successful. The successful cultivation of IVF has given great hope to infertile couples, but it has also aroused people's concern about a moral issue. For example, if a woman gives birth to a child through a test-tube baby in her fifties or sixties, the old man may die while the child is still underage. So who will raise the orphan? (Part of the information in this article is taken from "Human 1000, Shanghai Sanlian")