Knowledge summary of unit 3 of the eighth grade volume of the Chinese People's Education Edition

Words:

馦(lì)道元 well-proportioned(chèn) 佥(qiān) lifelike(xiào) majestic, majestic, damaged, simple, admirable, ingenious, unrivaled, chastity(chà) that stay( zhù) A slight deviation makes a difference of a thousand miles. The beauty of the epic is Xuan (xuān) Pavilion (xiè). There are hills and valleys in the chest (hè). 嚙(lín)峋(xún). Guangqi (qī). The failure is hollowed out (lōu). The rose is adapted to local conditions. There are many mountains and mountains (zhàng). ) Dou Gong

Forehead Fang (fāng) Caojing Yu (yù) Dao Chime (qìng) Gilt (liú) Jin Yong (yōng) Zhengchuan (zǎn) Turtle (biē) Head Glazed Pan (pán) Longzhong The axis of the Jinluan Hall patio (cāng) is vulgar and decent, the screen is cool, the curtain is a buffer, the shape is divided into elegance and vulgarity

Attachment: Class contact

Chinese Stone Arch Bridge

1. Accumulation and Application

1. Give phonetic notation to the dotted words below.

①Praise ( ) ② Zhang ( ) ③ Harmony ( ) ④ Lifelike ( )

2. Complete the words according to phonetic notation.

①bridge dūn( ) ②xiáo( ) river ③ Drink jiàn( ) ④ɡǒnɡ( ) bridge

3. Fill in the blanks according to the text content.

①The author of "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" is a bridge expert. This is an article that introduces readers to the knowledge about stone arch bridges.

②The three major characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are , , .

③The design and construction of stone arch bridges in my country has a fine tradition. The materials, structure and strength of the built bridges are excellent.

④The design of the bridge is completely in line with scientific principles, and the construction technology is even more advanced. (Exquisite ingenuity and ingenuity)

⑤ At that time, an Italian Marco Polo came to China. In his travel notes, he admired (admired, admired) this bridge very much.

⑥The rapid development of my country’s bridge industry has proved the incomparable superiority of my country’s socialist system.

4. The following four sentences are not strictly explained and the inaccurate sentence is

A. There are two small arches on the shoulders of the big arch.

B. Stone arch bridges can be found almost everywhere in our country.

C. Stone arch bridges appeared relatively early in the history of world bridges.

D. The structure of the whole bridge is well-proportioned and harmoniously matches the scenery on all sides.

5. The meanings of the following words are arranged in descending order

A. Arch bridge - stone arch bridge - bridge - Chinese stone arch bridge

B .Bridge—Stone Arch Bridge—Arch Bridge—Chinese Stone Arch Bridge

C. Chinese Stone Arch Bridge—Bridge—Arch Bridge—Stone Arch Bridge

D. Bridge—Arch Bridge— —Stone Arch Bridge—Chinese Stone Arch Bridge

2. Reading

Read the following passage and answer the questions at the end.

(1)

The Zhaozhou Bridge is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, and a slightly narrower middle section of 9 meters wide. The design of the bridge is completely in line with scientific principles, and the construction technology is even more ingenious. Zhang Jiazhen of the Tang Dynasty said that it was "strangely made, and people don't know why." The characteristics of this bridge are: (1) The whole bridge has only one large arch, which is 37.4 meters long. It was the longest stone arch in the world at the time. The bridge opening is not an ordinary semicircle, but resembles a bow. Therefore, there is no steep slope on the road above the large arch, making it easier for horses and cars to get on and off. (2) There are two small arches on each shoulder of the big arch. This creative design not only saves stone materials and reduces the weight of the bridge body, but also increases the water flow in the bridge hole and reduces the impact of floods on the bridge body when the river water surges. At the same time, adding arches to the arches makes the bridge more beautiful. (3) The large arch is made up of 28 arch circles, just like so many bows of the same shape put together to form an arc-shaped bridge. Each arch ring can independently support the weight above it. If one arch is broken, the other arches will not be affected. (4) The structure of the whole bridge is well-proportioned and harmonious with the surrounding scenery; the stone railings on the bridge are also carved in a simple and beautiful way. Zhang

of the Tang Dynasty said that looking at the bridge from a distance is like "the clouds are rising in the early moon, and the rainbow is drinking from the stream." The high technical level and immortal artistic value of Zhaozhou Bridge fully demonstrate the wisdom and strength of our country's working people. Li Chun, the main designer of the bridge, was an outstanding craftsman, and his name is still engraved on the inscription at the head of the bridge.

6. Use "‖" to divide this text into three layers and indicate the meaning of the layers.

①

②

③

7. What is the description of this text? 8. The sentence that reveals the center of this passage is .

9. The order of description of this paragraph is .

10. What does “this creative design” in the article refer to?

11. Zhang’s words are quoted in the article to illustrate.

Reference answers:

1. 1. ①chónɡ ②zhuó ③xié ④xiào

2. ①pier ②樨③stream ④arch

3 .①Mao Yisheng's expository text②Beautiful form, solid structure and long history③Easy and clever ④Ingenious ⑤Praise ⑥Explanation

4.A 5.D

II. (1) 6 .......People don’t know why they do it.‖......Changhong drinks from the stream. ‖... ①Generally introduce the length and width of the Zhaozhou Bridge, explaining its majesty and the extraordinary bridge-building technology. ②Introduce the characteristics of Zhaozhou Bridge respectively. ③Summary and speak highly of Zhaozhou Bridge.

7. The structural characteristics of Zhaozhou Bridge.

8. The high technical level and immortal artistic value of Zhaozhou Bridge fully demonstrate the wisdom and strength of our country's working people.

9. Logical sequence

10. There are two small arches on each shoulder of the big arch.

11. Zhaozhou Bridge has a beautiful form.

The Beauty of Bridges

1. Accumulation and Application

1. Add punctuation to the following.

①Tone ( ) ②Media ( ) ③Shame the scenery ( ) ④Yi ( ) and the garden

⑤Embellishing ( ) ⑥ Photography ( ) ⑦ Pregnancy ( ) ⑧ Foresight ( ) Looking Back

2. Explain the following words.

①Aesthetic feeling: ②Epic:

③Stop: ④A slight miss makes a huge difference:

3. Fill in the blanks according to the content of the text.

①Although the green water still surrounds the house, it completely destroys the structural beauty in the eyes of the painter.

② Whenever a stone bridge appears in the middle, it seems that the stuffy reeds took a deep breath and breathed out a comfortable breath.

③Whether it is a wooden bridge or a stone bridge, the vertical and horizontal movements of the body and the water waves under the bridge coordinate (play, sing and compose) music in form and color.

④Although there are many weeping willows along the riverside and peach blossoms blooming all over the mountain, the beauty of the structure cannot be matched by the color of the powder!

4. Fill in the appropriate related words.

① "Little Bridge and Flowing Water and Houses" has the beauty of poetry, but in fact it focuses more on the formal beauty of painting.

② In order to paint the Qiantang River Bridge, I climbed to the hillside behind the Liuhe Pagoda twice, but I could never handle the relationship between the huge Liuhe Pagoda and the long bridge, and the composition of the picture failed.

③The bridge formed by magpies has good meaning, free form, and lively.

④ The image that plays a key role in composition and connection has the beauty of a bridge!

5. In the author’s opinion, what is the beauty of “bridge”?

2. Reading

Read the following passage and answer the questions at the end.

(1)

The structure of the stone arch bridge itself is very beautiful: round bridge holes, square stones, and curved bridge backs. The square and round coexist harmoniously and appropriately. The laws of mechanics often coincide with the laws of beauty. However, my love for bridges does not focus on appreciating bridges as large handicrafts, nor does it focus on the development of bridges since Li Chun’s Zhaozhou Bridge, but on the various forms of bridges in different environments. effect.

Both sides of the river in Wuzhen, Mao Dun’s hometown, are covered with dense reeds, which are really airtight. Whenever a stone bridge appears in the middle, it seems that the stuffy reeds took a deep breath and let out a comfortable breath. gas. The strong arc of the arch bridge or the simple straight lines of the square bridge are in sharp contrast to the reeds. In the early spring weather, the thin willow threads fluttering at the head of the stone bridge in the Jiangnan countryside. The slender hairsprings are blowing against the hard stones of the bridge. Even if the dawn wind and the waning moon cannot be seen, the artist is ecstatic! The lake is vast, and the water and sky are the same color. In front of a pure and bright background, a long bridge suddenly appears, like a crouching dragon. It is alive and often hundreds or thousands of years old. People cherish the beauty of the Long Bridge. The imitated Marco Polo Bridge in the Summer Palace only has 17 holes, while the Baodai Bridge in Suzhou has 53 holes. If you take a boat and watch it slowly along the bridge, you will feel as satisfied as reading an epic poem. Wind and rain bridges are often encountered in mountainous areas in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other provinces. The bridges are covered with corridors and pavilions to protect them from the rain. They are ideal locations for embellishment of figures in ancient landscape paintings. Because there are mostly rapids under the bridge, people always stop to admire the waterfalls and springs, and painters and photographers must have a battle here.

6. The sentence that can show the reason why the author loves the bridge is .

7. The above two paragraphs are structurally related.

8. Use "‖" to mark the level of the second paragraph and summarize the meaning of the level: ① layer

② layer

③ layer

< p>9. The explanation methods used in the second paragraph include, , .

10. Briefly summarize the language characteristics of this article.

(2)

There are many famous bridges in the world, some are famous for their long history, and some are famous in history for their superb architectural art. . ( ), all are to facilitate transportation and turn the "natural chasm" into a thoroughfare. So, are there any bridges in the world that are not only convenient for transportation, but also suitable for people to rest and have fun? Yes; the unique Dong "Wind and Rain Bridge" is such a bridge.

The Dong people are good at architecture, especially bridge construction.

(a) Wherever the Dong people live, there are bridges on the main traffic roads in front of and behind the village. (b) There are stone arch bridges, stone slab bridges, bamboo raft bridges, etc. (c) One of the promenade-style "Wind and Rain Bridges" has long been famous for its unique plastic art and superb architectural skills. (d)

The Wind and Rain Bridge not only connects traffic, but also provides shelter from wind and rain, hence its name. It is a bridge with a wood and stone structure. The famous Chengyang Fengyu Bridge in Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, Guangxi is a cultural relic under national protection. The bridge is 165 meters long, 10 meters wide, and 15 to 20 meters high. The bridge piers are made of bluestone, and the bridge deck is paved with rows of fir trees. There is a corridor on it, covered with tile roofs, and five pavilions. The pavilion is square in shape with polygonal double eaves. There are five eaves at the end, which go up layer by layer. It looks like a pagoda and is magnificent. There are railings on both sides of the bridge passage. There are benches on both sides of the corridor, which is like a verandah for pedestrians to watch and rest. The tile eaves and capitals of the corridor and pavilions are all carved with flowers and plants, dragons and phoenixes, which are beautiful and spectacular.

Fengyu Bridge is more unique in its architectural structure. When building the bridge, no iron nails were used. Countless holes of different sizes were drilled into the pillars, connected with tenons, and straight sleeves were inserted diagonally. They were criss-crossed and the structure was extremely precise. Its strength is no less than that of iron or stone bridges, and it can last for two to three hundred years without damage. This is the characteristic of the Dong architectural art and the crystallization of the labor wisdom of the Dong people.

11. Select one of the following phonetic notations that has an error

A.呑qiàn 侗dònɡ 用ɡōnɡ emptied qì

B. Good at shàn assemble qì pave pū cedar shān

C. eaves yán wan wǎnlong lónɡ 伟wèi

D. chisel zuó mortise jí title xián carving diāo

12. The first paragraph ( ) The phrases that should be filled in are

A. In terms of their functions B. In terms of their structures

C. In terms of their functions D. In terms of their effects Let’s take a look

13. What is the unique expression of the Dong family’s “Wind and Rain Bridge”?

14. "They have a unique structure and a unique national style" is selected from the second natural paragraph. When put back to the appropriate position, it should be

A. (a) B. (b) at C. (c) at D. (d) at

15. The explanation method used in the third natural paragraph is.

16. The sentence that can rule the third and fourth natural paragraphs is .

17. The title of this article should be

A. Wind and Rain Bridge B. Dong Family Wind and Rain Bridge

C. Dong architectural art D. Interesting bridge

(Reference answer:

1. 1. ①wěn ②méi ③shā ④yí ⑤zhuì ⑥shè ⑦yùn ⑧zhān

2. ① Feeling or experience of beauty ② Narrating heroic legends or major events A long narrative poem of historical events ③Stop ④The meaning is that although the difference is small, the error or error caused is huge. Millimeter, centimeter, a small unit of measurement

3. ① Destroy ② Reveal ③ Spectrum ④ Left and right

4. ① Of course ② but therefore ③ not only but also ④ in fact

5. Formal beauty, any image that plays a key role in composition and connection actually has The beauty of bridges

II. (1) 6. Due to the various forms and functions of bridges in different environments

7. Total score

8 .......The painter is in ecstasy! ‖...Epic satisfaction‖... ①The beauty of the bridge in the Jiangnan water town ②The beauty of the long bridge ③The beauty of the wind and rain bridge

9. List the numbers by analogy. Example

10. The language is vivid and vivid.

(2) 11.D 12.C

13. It is convenient for transportation and provides people with leisure and entertainment.

14.C

15. Give examples, list numbers, and make analogies

16. Long-standing reputation for its unique plastic arts and superb architectural skills

17.B

Suzhou Gardens

1. Accumulation and Application

1. Give the phonetic notation for the following highlighted words.

①Xuan（ >

2. Complete the words according to phonetic pronunciation

① Repeat zhànɡ ( ) ② Self-centered cái ( )

③ Turn over fān ( ) ④ pour. zhuó( )

3. Analyze the synonyms and choose the appropriate ones to fill in the brackets.

①I think Suzhou gardens are the symbol of gardens across my country.

② If you want to appreciate Chinese gardens, Suzhou gardens should not be missed.

③ No matter where you stand, there is always a picture in front of you (complete, beautiful and perfect).

④The stacking of rockery can be said to be one thing and not just one (technical art method)

⑤Four fans, eight fans, twelve fans, taken together. , everyone wants it (praise praise praise) this is a high degree of pattern beauty

4. Point out the expressions of the following sentences.

① Photographers like these doors and windows very much. They consider light and shadow to take satisfying photos. ( )

②Beams, columns, and door and window railings are mostly painted with Guangqi paint, which is a color that is not eye-catching. ( )

③There are ancient vines in several gardens, and their winding branches are a beautiful painting. ( )

④This way you won’t feel lonely all year round. ( )

5. Point out the explanation method used in the following sentences.

① Suzhou gardens are different from Beijing gardens in that they rarely use colored paintings. ( )

②A few clusters of books and grass are planted next to the steps. The woody scent of creeper or rosewood spreads on the walls. ( )

③Some gardens have wide ponds, so the pond is regarded as the center of the country, and other scenery is arranged accordingly. ( )

④ To use a picture as an analogy, a symmetrical building is a pattern painting, not an art painting. ( )

2. Reading

Read the following passage and answer the questions at the end.

(1)

There are rockeries and ponds in Suzhou gardens. The stacking of rockeries can be said to be an art rather than just a technique. Either there are many mountains, or there are several hills with bamboos and flowers. It all depends on the designers and craftsmen’s many experiences in life and having hills and valleys in mind. Only then can visitors forget about the city of Suzhou and only feel like they are in the mountains when climbing. As for ponds and swamps, most of them use running water. In some gardens, the pond is wide and the pond is regarded as the center of the whole garden, and other scenery is arranged accordingly. If the water surface looks like a river, bridges are often placed. If more than two bridges are arranged, they should be one of a kind and never the same. The edges of ponds or rivers are rarely neatly built with stone banks, and are always left to their own devices. Also arrange a few exquisite stones or plant some flowers and plants there: this is also to achieve the effect of a painting from all angles. There are goldfish or carp of various colors in the pond, and lotus flowers or water lilies bloom in summer and autumn. Visitors can see "fish playing among the lotus leaves", which is another picturesque scene.

6. The structural characteristics of this text are.

7. The main explanation method used in this passage is

8. What does this passage explain about the characteristics of rockery stacking in Suzhou gardens?

9. What are the characteristics of the pond arrangement in Suzhou gardens?

10. The dotted "this" in the article refers to the content

11. The correct meaning of "the stacking of rockery can be said to be an art, not just a technology" is What?

Reference answers:

1. 1. ①xuān ②lín ③lòu ④wēi ⑤chèn ⑥jiàn ⑦yōnɡ ⑧hè

2. ①嶂②arbitrary ③fan④ discretion

3. ① Specimen ② Appreciation ③ Perfection ④ Artistic technique ⑤ Admiration

4. ① Narration ② Explanation ③ Description ④ Discussion

5. ① Compare ② Copy appearance ③ Give an example ④ Use an analogy

II. (1) 6. Total score

7. Divide into categories

8. Pay attention to artistry and give people the feeling of being in the mountains Real feeling.

9. Pay attention to the interest of nature and achieve the effect of a painting from all angles.

10. Also arrange a few exquisite stones or plant some flowers and plants there.

11. The stacking of rockery is not only a technology, but also an art.

The Palace Museum

1. Accumulation and application

1. Among the following pinyin with braille, each group has an error. Please find it and put it in the Corrections in brackets.

①Standing (chù) azure (zhàn) vigorous (qiáo) ( )

②Caisson (zào) Panlong (pán) Sandalwood (tán) ( )

③ Beat the chime (qìnɡ) Reward (sì) Imperial Garden (yù) ( )

④ Forehead Fang (fānɡ) Concubine (bīn) Jinluan Palace (luán) ( )

2. Find the typos in each group of words and correct them.

①The carved gold screens complement each other ( ) ② The smoke surrounds the pavilion and the waterside pavilion ( )

③ The elegance and tranquility are different ( ) ④ The solemn and solemn dragon wind is auspicious ( ) < /p>

3. Carefully analyze the pronunciation of the following multi-phonetic characters and then form words.

4. Distinguish the following glyphs that resemble characters, and then form words.

5. When explaining this article, what characteristics of the Palace Museum did it capture? In what order are they explained?

2. Reading

Read the following passage and answer the questions at the end.

(1)

①The Hall of Supreme Harmony, commonly known as the Jinluan Hall, is 28 meters high and covers an area of ??more than 2,380 square meters. It is the largest hall in the Forbidden City. Under the blue sky, the golden glazed tile roof with double eaves looks particularly brilliant. The eaves, arches, beams and pillars of the palace are decorated with blue and blue dotted gold and gold-pasted paintings. On the front are 12 large red columns, gold windows and vermilion lacquer doors, which contrast with each other on the same platform base. The colors are bright and majestic.

② In the middle of the main hall is a red lacquer square platform about two meters high, with a gold lacquer carved dragon throne placed on it, and a carved dragon screen behind it. There are six tall golden dragon pillars on both sides of the square platform, with a vigorous golden dragon coiled around each pillar.

Looking up at the top of the hall, there is a huge golden dragon in the central caisson. A large silver-white round bead hangs from the dragon's mouth, surrounded by six small beads. The dragon's head and orb are facing the throne below. The colorful paintings in Liang Fangjian are gorgeous, including double dragons playing with pearls, single dragons dancing, walking dragons, ascending dragons, and descending dragons, all of which are colorful. The dragon body is also surrounded by flowing clouds and flames.

6. In paragraph 1, it is written that the Hall of Supreme Harmony is "28 meters high and covers an area of ??more than 2,380 square meters." What explanation method is used? What is the expressive effect of writing this way?

7. Paragraph (2) explains that the interior scenes of the Hall of Supreme Harmony are written in spatial order. When explaining in spatial order, it is necessary to establish the observation point of spatial orientation. The observation point established in this paragraph is.

8. Explanations in spatial order often use locative words. What are the locative words used in paragraph 2?

9. The ① and ② paragraphs all highlight the main characteristics of the description object. Please specify what features are highlighted and for what purpose?

10. Judging from the above two paragraphs, is the selection a plain explanation or a vivid explanation?

②Explain in spatial order.

Reference answers:

1. 1. ①jiǎo ②zǎo ③cì ④pín

2. ①ying②liao③奥④风

3 .This question is an open question.

Examples of answers: ① Harmony and harmony ② The world is dry ③ Dynasty and rising sun

4. Examples of answers: ① Unbridled study ② Hard work and profound knowledge ③ Imperial garden connection

5. The scale is grand and magnificent , exquisite architecture, unified spatial order