Urgent for argumentative papers! ! ! Title: (preferably combined)

First, establish a good framework and win the overall situation.

Establishing the overall framework is an important means to improve the score. Because of the rush of time, I can't ponder the exam-oriented composition repeatedly. We must use the basic structural model as a crutch to quickly build a framework, so as to reach the designated position step by step, write articles that meet the requirements of the test questions, win the overall situation and get favorable comments.

The basic structure of argumentative paper consists of three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion. Generally speaking, the introduction is the beginning, this round is the theme, and the conclusion is the end. Some people call it "asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems". In practice, some people call it the "total-sub-total" framework. Although different people have different opinions, the same requirement is that a topic or argument must be put forward at the beginning, and the main part should demonstrate the argument in different levels with materials and summarize it at the end.

There are four criteria for establishing a good framework: first, the "three theories" (namely, "introduction", "theory" and "conclusion") are complete; Second, the hierarchy is clear; Third, nature; Fourth, there is an echo from beginning to end.

For example, there is an essay "Opportunity" that scored high in the college entrance examination. According to the requirement that the composition should be "big topic and small work", candidates put forward an argument in the introduction: "Only by learning from real materials can we seize the opportunity and succeed." This paper is divided into two levels to demonstrate. First, it discusses that only by learning from real materials can we take opportunities as a "stage" to fully show ourselves; Secondly, it is discussed that only with real talent and practical learning can we seize the "opportunity" and make it "inevitable". The conclusion part concludes that on the road to success, there is real talent and practical learning, and "opportunity" will send you to the other side of the ideal. Another example is: there is a composition based on materials, and Qi Xuanwang talks about the difficulties of painting with the public. A student made up a topic by himself: "Painting people" and "Painting ghosts". The overall structure adopts the framework of "total-sub-total". At the beginning, the meanings of "painting people" and "painting ghosts" were explained according to the materials, and the significance of the topic was always mentioned. The main part is divided into "painting ghosts" and "painting ghosts", which means easy before harm. The conclusion is: choose "difficult" instead of "easy" and be pragmatic.

Exercise 1, Topic: Please synthesize the following aphorisms and write an argumentative essay with your own topic.

(1) Bacon: Bad luck often leads to miracles.

(2) Gorky: The harder life is, the more I feel strong and even smart.

(3) Edison: Failure is also what I need. To me, it is as valuable as success.

Tip: The epigrams provided are not only the basis for refining the central argument of the article, but also the arguments for clarifying the central argument. Its motto has the same meaning: hardships and setbacks are a kind of wealth on the road of life, and life is a test for a successful person. If you use the topic "frustration is also a kind of wealth", you can arrange it like this: quote a proverb at the beginning, point out its meaning, and put forward a view consistent with the topic. This round is mainly based on aphorisms, which is divided into three layers. First, any major success is often achieved through twists and turns; Second, setbacks can temper a person and make a person mature gradually; Third, setbacks can teach people a lesson and help them find the right path from failures and mistakes. The end summarizes the full text, puts forward hope and inspires people.

Exercise 2. Topic: Life needs the truth.

Tip: The whole article adopts the framework of "grand total-subtotal". It can always be mentioned at the beginning that everyone is eager to live in a sincere atmosphere and needs to be sincere; In this part, we can treat achievements, shortcomings and contradictions sincerely, treat peers, elders and younger generations sincerely, treat people sincerely with trust, selflessness and tolerance, treat people sincerely, live truly and discover truth truly. We can also discuss "why" life needs truth first, and then discuss "how" talent.

Exercise 3. Topic: "knowledge" and "ignorance"

Tip: Introduce three layout methods, please compare and choose.

(1) first put forward the view that "knowledge and ignorance will transform each other". The main part is parallel and divided into two levels. First, the ignorant can admit the reality and learn with an open mind, and can be transformed into the knowledgeable; Second, a knowledgeable person may become a new "ignorant" if he is content with the status quo. The conclusion points out that we should study hard, make continuous progress and become a knowledgeable person forever.

(2) At the beginning, I put forward the view that "ignorance can be transformed into knowledge". The main part is divided into two levels by comparison. First, there is a kind of person who admits that he doesn't understand, asks for advice with an open mind, goes from ignorance to knowing more, and then knows more; Second, another kind of people are unwilling to admit that they don't understand. They rely on deception, deception and confusion, and such people will never know. The conclusion points out that we should be brave enough to admit that we don't understand and keep moving from ignorance to knowledge.

(3) At the beginning, I put forward the view that "everyone should change from ignorance to knowledge". The main part is hierarchical and divided into two levels. First, "Why" should be a knowledgeable person; The second is "how" to become a knowledgeable person. Finally, I hope everyone will become a knowledgeable person.

Second, cleverly set the beginning, fascinating

People often say, "A good beginning is half the battle." This statement is very philosophical and of great significance to the introduction of argumentative writing. Due to the tight time and limited space, the introduction part is generally easy to get to the point and get to the point, so that the examiner can feel your opinions, ideas and emotions at the beginning of reading, which will lead to the favorable impression of "preconceived" and "voice", which will lead to the examiner's strong desire to read and improve the score.

How to "get to the point" and "get to the point" is simply to open the door correctly and enter the "question" skillfully. The so-called "straight to the point" means that the topic or argument is directly touched at the beginning simply and to the point, and it cannot be "foggy" and digress from Wan Li. The so-called clever entry means that the beginning is novel, eye-catching and fascinating, which can arouse the interest of the examiner.

The beginning of an argumentative essay is rich and colorful. Here are some common methods to help you skillfully set the beginning and write the first step.

(1) Make a clear point and come straight to the point. 1988 a high-scoring composition named "Habits" in the national college entrance examination begins with the following words: "Just like a stream is used to rushing, the sea is used to roaring, I am used to meditation and daydreaming, and I am used to revealing my feelings in my diary."

(2) Metaphor is the theme. 1987 the national college entrance examination material composition "the significance of theory to practice", there is a college entrance examination composition entitled "lighthouse, road signs, theory", which begins with the following words: "sailing on rocky seas requires lighthouse guidance; At a fork in the road, you need a road sign to guide you. Otherwise, you will get lost on the rocks. On the road of life, we need the guidance of scientific theory. "

(3) Tell stories and introduce themes. 1994 There is a humorous essay "Habit" at the beginning of the national college entrance examination: "I once heard a joke: a young civil servant once met the director in the toilet, so he blurted out:' Director, do you go to the toilet by yourself?' Hearing this, others will certainly laugh, but after laughing, we found something worth pondering. It is said that on other occasions, clerks always say' Director, you personally …' and' Section Chief, you personally …'. Over time, animal conditioned reflex is formed, even though time, place and environment have changed. I said this is caused by habit. "

(4) Quote sentences and buckle the center. The famous sentences mentioned here include famous sayings, proverbs, poems and songs of famous people at home and abroad. 1995 The composition "Responsibility" in the college entrance examination got a high score, which began with the following sentence: "Prince Charles of England once said: There are many things you have to do in this world, and that is responsibility."

(5) The pendulum phenomenon reveals the topic. An essay entitled "Fathers" begins like this: "My father's generation encountered natural disasters when they were growing up. When they were studying, they went to the countryside, and when they returned to the city, they caught up with the compressed household registration. Their children just caught up with the university at their own expense ... but their eyes were still bright, their waists were still straight, and they looked practical, confident and calm."

In addition, we should pay attention to three points at the beginning of the material composition: first, the relayed materials must be concise; Second, the relay must be carried out according to the requirements and tips of the test questions; The third is to quickly turn from narrative to topic or argument.

Exercise 1, topic: innovation is the most important.

Tip: At the beginning, you can put forward an argument directly, pointing out that today's society has entered the information age, and the new technological revolution is surging. All countries put the cultivation of students' innovative spirit and creativity in an extremely prominent and important position.

You can also quote the beginning of the case to reveal the topic. For example, you can give an example: there is a competition in the American middle school students' thinking Olympics, which requires participants to design a water vehicle. A student had a novel idea. His design is like a "water spider". He doesn't want to sail on the water like a boat, but "crawls" on the water like a water spider. Although the author is not ideal in actual operation, the judges gave him the highest score and spoke highly of the student's valuable innovative spirit.

Exercise 2, Topic: Pursuit

Tip: You can directly touch the topic at the beginning, pointing out that a person always has something to pursue, and people with different outlook on life have different pursuits.

You can also start with a question: what is the pursuit? It is the thought and behavior of people trying to achieve the expected goal. What kind of pursuit is valuable? I think only the pursuit that is beneficial to society and mankind is noble and valuable.

You can also make an analogy first: a man without pursuit is like a bird without wings, which can't fly; A person without lofty aspirations is like a bird with amblyopia, which can't fly high. Young people in our new era should have lofty pursuits and lofty goals for the modernization of the motherland.

Exercise 3. Topic: An ant on the wall struggled to climb up, climbed halfway and slipped down again. This is the record of its sixth failure. After a while, it climbed up the wall step by step ... please write an argumentative paper based on the above materials and real life.

Tip: This material was mentioned in the second lecture "Argumentation", and there will be different arguments from different angles, such as "persistence", "learning to give up" and "improvisation". Let's start with the topic of "learning to give up". One way is to briefly describe the material first, and then turn to the argument: an ant on the wall has experienced six failures and doesn't want to change, so it climbs up step by step along the root of the wall. Faced with this situation, I can't help but say: poor ants, don't do this again! Think quickly about the reasons for failure, give up the current practice, find another way and move towards success. Another way to start is to refine the arguments first and then report the materials: in the face of setbacks and failures on the road of life, we should be good at thinking and learn to give up appropriately. That ant that has failed six times and is still climbing the wall is really unwise.

Third, parallel combination and order-one of the local layout methods in this paper.

This is the layout of this part. Whether the topics or arguments put forward in the introduction can be thoroughly analyzed or convincing often depends on whether the argumentation layout of this part (theme) is rigorous and orderly. Parallel combination is one of the means to make the article orderly, and it is a structural layout of parallel organization of arguments or arguments, which is called parallel for short. In the process of argumentation, the relationship between several levels is parallel, which proves the correctness of the viewpoint from several aspects. The main advantage of parallel structure is that the argument is comprehensive and orderly, so that the reviewers can see at a glance and easily grasp the composition ideas.

There are two ways to use side-by-side layout:

(1) reasons are tied. It can be the juxtaposition of several sub-arguments or several theoretical arguments. For example, learning is expensive and asking more questions can set up three sub-arguments: asking more questions can make up for the lack of learning; Asking more questions can broaden your knowledge; Asking more questions can make you more innovative and creative.

(2) juxtaposition with examples. It is to list representative cases with typical significance from different angles and demonstrate the central argument at different levels. For example, in Our Value in China, after the author puts forward the central argument at the beginning, this part lists the examples of outstanding figures in three periods, and demonstrates from different angles that all people with lofty ideals can devote themselves to the motherland as the embodiment of a rich life. Firstly, the article lists the example of Ji Hongchang, where the national disaster was at the head and the war was raging, and then the vivid deeds of Qian Xuesen and Deng Jiaxian before and after the birth of New China. Finally, the case of Chen Zhijie, a doctor studying in the United States, who resolutely returned to China to start a business under the current general trend of reform and opening up is listed. These three typical examples in different historical periods profoundly and orderly demonstrated the central argument that "our value lies in China".

According to the need, parallel type can be combined with control type and progressive type.

Example 1, topic: Be competitive.

Tip: The topic itself is an argument. Generally speaking, it should be based on the clear "why" to be competitive, and "how" can be omitted, so this part is best to be parallel. It can be considered that only with a sense of competition can we adapt to the needs of society and keep up with the development of the times. With a sense of competition, we can work hard and succeed; With a sense of competition, we can maintain our youthful vitality and keep exploring.

Example 2. Title: There is a hedgehog in the mountainous area of western Zhejiang. When it meets a tiger, it often shrinks into a ball and lies on the ground. When the tiger saw this, he swallowed it in one gulp. The hedgehog immediately returned to its original shape and stabbed the tiger to death with a steel needle-like thorn. Please write an argumentative essay based on the above materials.

Tip: If we grasp the words "desperate" and "huddled up" in the materials, we can take "striving for victory" as an argument. This part is divided into two parallel levels, one is to dare to fight, and the other is to be good at fighting. If we grasp the relationship between "weak" and "strong" between "little hedgehog" and "tiger", this part is also divided into two parallel levels. One is that the weak can be transformed into the strong under certain conditions, and the other is that the strong can be transformed into the weak under certain conditions.

Example 3, Title: Maturity Analysis

Tip: This is a topical topic, which should be a "big topic and small work", with a small entrance and deep excavation. For example, we can discuss "maturity" from the perspective of "qualities that mature people should have". This part can be divided into three levels: first, mature people should have their own persistent pursuit and correct life goals; Second, mature people should have indomitable will and perseverance; Third, mature people should be sincere and tolerant.

Fourth, contrast, clear hierarchy-the second layout.

This part needs to compare the elaboration and argumentation of some topics or arguments. This layout is called contrast. It is the relationship between positive and negative comparison or related comparison of argumentation content. The specific arrangement is to compare two things or meanings positively and negatively, or to compare one thing or meaning with another. Its advantage is that the layout is in sharp contrast, and the priorities are clear, so the layers are clear and the arguments are prominent, giving readers a distinct impression.

There are two methods in the specific operation:

(1) positive and negative contrast. It can be a comparison of positive and negative views, or it can be a comparison of positive and negative examples. For example, an essay in the college entrance examination got a high score, "Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later". In this part, the first level is that people who "worry about the world first, then enjoy the world" are the "elves" of the nation, and the second level is that people who only care about their own enjoyment regardless of the fate of the country are the "masters" of the world. Positive and negative contrast, distinct.

(2) Correlation comparison. It can be a comparison of priorities, or it can be a comparison of advantages and disadvantages. For example, there is a high-scoring composition in the college entrance examination, "Those who are close to Mexico are not black". Firstly, this part points out that the situation that people near the ink are black does exist, but it is not the mainstream, and then lists the facts that people near the ink are not black and analyzes the reasons. For this test, there are still many candidates who first demonstrate that those who are near ink are not black, pointing out that this is the mainstream of the times, and then use a small amount of space to explain that those who are near ink are black, but it is not the main aspect in real life. This structural layout not only achieves a clear vision, but also avoids one-sidedness. Generally speaking, when this part needs dialectical analysis, it often adopts the arrangement form of relevant comparison.

According to the needs of demonstration, the contrast can be combined with the parallel and progressive expressions.

Example 1, Title: Water Drops and the Sea

Tip: the topic has metaphorical meaning, so we should discuss the relationship between them. Its angle is various, which can explain the relationship between individual and collective, quantity and quality, small and big, ordinary and great. If the article is going to discuss that individuals are part of the collective, and individuals can only make a difference if they are integrated into the collective, then the structure of this part can compare the positive reasons and examples with the negative materials, so that the positive and negative contrasts are sharp and the arguments are profound and powerful.

Example 2. Title: Xu Beihong, a famous master of art, said: "People should not be arrogant, but not impetuous." Please contact the reality, draw up your own topic and write an argumentative essay.

Tip: First of all, we should understand the concepts of "pride" and "pride" and analyze the relationship between them. Through analysis, we can clearly see that as an antagonistic relationship, the key point is to draw a clear line that is contradictory but easy to confuse, so as to decide the choice. In the layout, the reasons and examples of "arrogance" will be written in contrast to the performance and disadvantages of "arrogance", so that the reasoning is sufficient and the level is clear.

Example 3. Title: A party secretary in Jiangsu Province said: "I am old and have the right not to use it. If I don't do more for the people now, I will regret it in the future! " The director of a grain bureau in Heilongjiang Province is on a business trip. His son happened to buy 150 tons of wheat to be processed from the grain depot and made a profit of more than 30,000 yuan. When the Grain Management Office came back to know, it slapped his son twice, resolutely refunded 30,000 yuan, and ordered the grain depot to be disposed of within three days. He said, "I have the right to do this now." According to the above materials, please write an argumentative essay with the title of "New Explanation of" The Right Not to Use, Expired and Invalid ".

Tip: The phrase "have the right not to use it, and it will be invalid when it expires" was originally intended to satirize those who abuse power for personal gain. The connotation of the two materials provided here is to praise the right to do things for the people and safeguard national interests. The content of the article should be a "new solution", but the "old solution" must be compared with the examples in the layout. Part of this article can be "old before new" or "new before old".

Five, progressive layers, strict logic-the third layout.

Several sub-arguments with progressive relationship solved through examination and argument are arranged from shallow to deep according to the relationship between this and that. This layout is called gradual. In the hierarchical structure, the order of each level and paragraph is closely linked and cannot be changed at will. The advantage of this layout is that it reflects the students' rigorous logical thinking ability, and allows the examiner to think deeply step by step to achieve "the prosperity of the scenery".

There are two methods in the specific operation:

(1) This and that are interlocking. When improvising, some people are too nervous and suddenly get stuck. How to deal with emergencies? An emergency measure is to face an argument or argument and answer: What is this? Why is this? How to do this? -It's standard gradualism. In practice, of course, we should use it flexibly, and we can answer one or two of them according to the "questions". Don't use pen and ink evenly, otherwise it will be self-defeating and thankless.

1998 college entrance examination composition "reading newspapers", there is a high score composition titled "Don't let the history of war repeat itself". The introduction puts forward the argument: "it has become an urgent task for China and even the world to prevent the rise of militaristic forces, strengthen its own strength construction and maintain peace." This part first discusses "why" can't let the history of war repeat itself, because this war of aggression has brought great disasters to mankind, and then discusses "how" to prevent the history of war from repeating itself. First, the people of China, who were deeply hurt by the Japanese war of aggression, should always safeguard their national righteousness and self-esteem. Second, the people of China should enhance their comprehensive national strength and prevent the rise of militaristic forces.

(2) from shallow to deep, step by step. When choosing this structural form, we must have a clear understanding of the hierarchy of the discussion content and understand whether the relationship between them is from shallow to deep, from small to large, or from the outside to the inside.

1995 there is an essay "be an honest man" in the college entrance examination. This part points out that "being honest is a great enjoyment for yourself", "being honest is a great respect for others" and "being honest is a great contribution to the whole social environment". This paper discusses from three angles: self, people and the whole society. These three aspects are in-depth and not simply juxtaposed.

According to the needs of argumentation, progressive expression can be combined with parallel expression and contrast expression.

Exercise 1, Topic: Without rules, you can't be Fiona Fang.

Tip: the title is the argument, and what layout method you use depends on your own argument. If you use a step-by-step formula, you can first write "why" in this part-everything has its own law of development; To write "How" again, we should follow "Law" and "Moment"-improve the ability to know things and master scientific methods. Among them, "why" should be the focus.

You can also use another hierarchical structure: first, write the role of "rules" in real life, then write the real "rules" and the rules that bind people's hands and feet are different, then write the "rules" is not static, and finally write the "rules" without personal will, but with its own laws.

Exercise 2. Topic: Talking about forgetting me.

Tip: "Forget me" here is of course positive. When using hierarchical layout, we can first discuss that we should devote ourselves to work and study in order to achieve results; It is not easy to achieve the state of "forgetting me". It needs persistent pursuit and quality of career. On two levels, first discuss "why" and then discuss "how".

Exercise 3. Title: Luojiashan near East Lake in Wuhan is the seat of Wuhan University. There is a famous cherry orchard on the mountain. Every year in the cherry blossom season, tourists are weaving. As a result, there are always some young people in China who wear Japanese kimonos and take photos among cherry blossoms. Once, a young Korean studying in Wuhan University was puzzled by this scene. She said to China's tutor, "Why do they wear kimonos to take pictures? We also have many cherry blossom gardens in Korea, but we have never seen Korean youth wearing kimonos and taking photos with cherry blossoms. " Her tutor gave a wry smile and was speechless.

Read the above materials, write your own topic and write an argumentative essay.

Tip: The ideological tendency of the material is obvious, and both praise and criticism are in the narrative. Ignorance and blindness make some people's psychology of "worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things" distort their own interests, and the concept of country and nation is ignored. The introduction part can simply describe the materials provided, explain the comment center and show the point of view. This part first analyzes the mentality of these people, pointing out that in China's universities, young people in China wear the "national clothes" of other countries and show off their interest in "worshipping foreign things and flattering foreign countries" in the "national flowers" of other countries, which is really a distortion of their hearts; Further discuss the essence and consequences of his thought, and clarify that this blind worship of foreign things will inevitably lead to the decline of national integrity and indifference of national concepts.

Six, wonderful ending, echo before and after

Lin Shu, an expert in modern history, said: "Writing is difficult for people who watch the party." Reviewers always pay more attention to the last part of the article, and often leave an overall impression in their minds, thus setting the grade of the article. If you want to get high marks in the exam-oriented composition, the ending must echo the beginning, so that the beginning and the end can be coordinated. For example, the national college entrance examination composition of 1990 is a material composition "Rose Garden", and the topic written by a candidate himself is "Flower+Thorn = Life". This part discusses that there are flowers and thorns in life. After everyone has to undergo the test of "thorns", the conclusion part reads: "There are successes and failures in life. Success without failure can only be luck, and roses without thorns can only be change. This ending is not only a summary of the full text, but also full of philosophy, which echoes from beginning to end and is thought-provoking.

The end of the argumentative essay is the inevitable result of the content of the article, and the argument is the summary and extension after full confirmation, so we must pay attention to the beginning, which is especially important for the exam-oriented composition.

The way to end is as colorful as the beginning. Here are some kinds:

(1) To sum up the full text, Zhang Xianzhi is dead. 1980 college entrance examination composition "feelings of reading" painting eggs ",there is a high-scoring composition at the end that says:" laying a good foundation is not only applicable to artistic practice, but also to all other aspects. If you want to achieve something in your work and study, you must start with "drawing eggs". Only in this way can we reach the other side of success. "

(2) Put forward hope and inspire people. 1994 Shanghai college entrance examination composition "Father", a candidate wrote in the form of an argumentative essay, and the ending content is as follows: "I don't think our bodies and spirits have suffered too much trauma, and we should not look for emptiness and loneliness in pop songs blankly. The spirit of our fathers shines around us, and the example of our fathers beckons ahead. Let us enrich ourselves with the sureness, self-confidence and calmness of our parents, and we can successfully support the sunrise of tomorrow. "

(3) Leave a "lingering sound" that is thought-provoking. 1983 college entrance examination photo composition "Enlightenment from Digging Wells", there is a high-scoring composition ending like this: "Friend, if you persevere, then stones can be carved; If you persevere, you can't carve a rotten wood. What do you choose in the face of' giving up' and' giving up'? "

The mistakes at the end of the argumentative paper are not only disjointed from beginning to end, but also manifested in three aspects: "not keeping your mouth shut", "anticlimactic" and "gilding the lily". Articles that are "not tight" make reviewers feel "fragmented"; The article "Snail Tail" makes people more and more boring until they are bored; The article "adding feet" is not only futile, but also self-defeating and ridiculous.

Exercise 1, topic: success and perseverance

Hint: this is a topic to explain the relationship between the two. If the argument is "success requires tenacious perseverance", then the outcome can be summarized as: in short, in the face of pressure, we must fight bravely; In the face of setbacks, we must work tirelessly; In the face of hardship, we should work hard with tenacity. Only tenacious perseverance can bring the fruits of success.

Exercise 2. Topic: Say "Satisfied"

Hint: This is a topic for discussion, and there are various arguments. If we take "learning knowledge cannot be complacent" as the argument, the conclusion part can warn people with a thought-provoking style, pointing out that the ocean of knowledge is boundless and the treasure house of science is colorful and endless. What we have learned is just a drop in the ocean. Where is the reason for complacency?

Exercise 3, topic: I think failure.

Tip: The argument of this question is also multi-angle. If the viewpoint is that "failure can be transformed into success under certain conditions", then people can be inspired by the tone of expectation at the end: friends, difficulties and failures are always frustrating, but if you get out of the trough, you will have a vast sky! Face up to all the joys and sorrows that life gives you. Here, you can find your success and value.

Exercise 4. Title: A Spartan complained to his mother, "My sword is too short." Mother replied, "Son, if you take a step forward, won't your sword grow?" Please contact the reality, draw up your own topic and write an argumentative essay.

Tip: At the end of this material composition, you must click on the provided material again, whether explicitly or implicitly. The so-called "Ming" means directly pointing out; The so-called "darkness" is an indirect manifestation. If we think about this topic from the perspective of exerting subjective initiative, the conclusion can give people hope: we should never just complain about the "dagger" like Spartans, let us take effective measures to make the "sword" in our hands "long" and rely on our own efforts to achieve success!

Whether it is a propositional composition or a material composition, the ending must echo the beginning, which must be kept in mind.