My art homework. Help me.

First, it turns painting from objective natural reproduction to subjective spiritual expression, reflecting the impressionism's aesthetic concept of painting independence. Impressionism is opposed to western classical traditional painting in artistic spirit, emphasizing the creation of artistic forms in a new era; They don't think much of the thematic representation of reality, and suggest that life and objective images should be naturally and casually expressed; They are divorced from the social function and educational function that traditional art pays attention to, leaving the plot and dramatic structure of artistic expression of reality, excluding narrative literary content, paying attention to the painter's self-feeling and conscious expression of the real situation, being good at intuitively and objectively reproducing and describing the life state and existence form of the real situation, and changing the painting from objective natural reproduction to subjective spiritual expression, so as to cater to the aesthetic needs of the emerging citizens and strive to reflect the aesthetic concept of the independence of impressionist painting. Impressionism is not opposed to taking nature as a teacher, but only emphasizes "don't lose the first impression you feel". Impressionists believe that "memory" and "imagination" can be "liberated from the bondage of nature". Cezanne also reminded painters to "avoid leaning towards literature" and exclude narrative literary content from paintings. The simplicity and frankness of pissarro's Peasant Girl and the agility and vividness of Shepherd Girl reflect "taking nature as a teacher" and describe "the first impression I feel". The devotion and emotion of degas's Horse Racing, the leisure and chic of Riding and Walking, and the cheerfulness and ecstasy of Ballerina on the Stage are superimposed with "memory" and "imagination" in an attempt to "liberate from the bondage of nature". Cezanne's "The Curved Tree" is open-minded and wild, the "Bridge over the Mana River" is quiet and pure, and the "Giant Pine in the Suburb of Aix" is concise and open-minded, which follows the "color logic". Impressionist painters walked out of the traditional artistic tendency with "sociological function" and entered the social life at that time with "independence of painting". Manet's outstanding genre paintings, such as The Coffee Concert Singer, In the Cafe, and Foley Becer Tavern, are just representative works in this respect. Lautrec, despite his aristocratic background, expresses the reality with irony. The nightlife of the upper class in Paris written by him has no elegant and noble life interest, but it is a degenerate, filthy and deceitful world. The carnival in the hustle and bustle in his Ball at Moulin Rouge and the meditation and helplessness of the characters in The Clown Sayoko are really painful moans. Here, we can also understand that it is impossible for Impressionists to truly reverse the "sociological function" in traditional art. Impressionists live in a society with various contradictions, and even if they repeatedly emphasize the aesthetic concept of painting independence, they can't really step into the "independence" that is divorced from the "sociological function".

The second is to pay attention to the integration of light, color, shape, meaning and beauty in painting, which embodies the main characteristics of the combination of art and optics of Impressionism. Impressionist painting has made a breakthrough in the expression of light and color, seeking form in light and color, eulogizing meaning and beauty in light and color, understanding the dialectical relationship between light, color, shape, meaning and beauty in painting language, introducing flashing sunshine and subtle shadows into the picture, and painting has become fresh, bright and full of vitality. In impressionist paintings, light and color are the basic painting language, artistic elements, fast-moving musical melody and slowly flowing cultural symbols. Light and color are the artistic starting points of form, meaning and beauty, and form, meaning and beauty are shaped, expressed and shown in light and color. The most basic painting technique of impressionist painters is to explore an effective method to break through the single and seemingly unchangeable "inherent" color of objects; They try to capture the instantaneous color that objects naturally present in a specific time, which is influenced by certain environmental conditions, spatial distance and other objects around them. They began with painting water and described the colorful reflected by water waves vividly. They further expanded to the expression of light and color from buildings to the sky. Impressionists' exploration of light and color benefited from scientists' new discovery of the nature of light in the early 19th century, which gave birth to a cultural transition resulting from the combination of art and science. Monet has repeatedly painted Rouen Cathedral and haystacks at different times, precisely to capture the instant light and color. In this rare exhibition, "Rouen Cathedral, the door seen from the front, brown harmony" and "Rouen Cathedral, the effect of sunshine, in the evening" are two of more than 3 oil paintings painted by Monet for the church. When painting these paintings, he wrote in a letter to his wife that he would make some new discoveries every day that he had never seen before, so he quickly made up for them, but at the same time he would lose something.

Thirdly, a new painting language of Impressionism is formed by juxtaposition, overlapping and complementary colors of primary colors. In order to express the dynamic changes of objects and the colorful and bizarre light colors, impressionist painters adopted the method of small strokes and tone juxtaposition. Some colors were no longer allocated on the palette, but the three primary colors of red, yellow and blue were juxtaposed and overlapped from time to time, and the red and green, yellow and purple, blue and orange were complemented and contrasted, which made the colors produce new harmony in the strong visual impact. Impressionism's new "light and color" technique has formed a new painting language, which is refreshing.

fourthly, "moving the easel outdoors" has become an important painting method of impressionism. It is not a simple displacement of painting place, but a change of painting method, which changes the traditional western painting method, in order to sketch the scene in the sun and capture and describe the subtle effect of the color of objects under the sunshine. Renoir likes to sketch models in the outdoor forest, so as to carefully study the green reflection and brilliant spot effect on the model's body and face. Renoir revealed the mystery of color blooming and flowing from the fresh natural scenery, and realized the beauty and harmony of color, the joy and change of sunshine, the rhythm and frankness of nature, and the clarity and warmth of life. Therefore, with the shadow under the umbrella in Lisi with a parasol, the glittering and translucent visual color and the sincere charm of non-visual color in Lisi's eyes, the spring in Xiadu is bright and beautiful, and the spring colors are surging. "Painting in the sun" laid the foundation for the rise and development of impressionist painting in the way of painting.

the fifth is to change the traditional western painting and learn from various painting schools, leaving the cultural track of impressionism knocking on the door of modern art in the 2th century. Impressionist artistic thoughts came into being with impressionist painting, and impressionist painting flourished in the surge of impressionist artistic thoughts. The rise of impressionism lies in the transformation of western traditional painting and the reference to various painting schools in the first half of the 19th century, including the reference to classicism, romanticism and realism. The rebellion of impressionist painting is manifested in many aspects. Impressionism quickly formed its own artistic style, painting characteristics and cultural style. While it was unique in the second half of the 19th century, it also showed the limitations of its own artistic choice and cultural orientation, which led to confusion and division. In this process, Impressionism, neo-impressionism and Post-Impressionism came into being one after another. After the decline of Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Cubism and all kinds of rational abstract art in the 2th century drew impetus from it. Impressionism, neo-impressionism and Post-Impressionism opened the door of modern art in the 2th century.

Cultural Portrait of Impressionist Painters

In the evolution of Impressionism, neo-impressionism and Post-Impressionism, some influential painters appeared, who consciously or unconsciously walked under the banner of Impressionism; Although some people don't have the "team consciousness" of Impressionism, their works reveal the artistic style of Impressionism. Although some participated in the artistic activities in the early impressionism, their overall artistic tendency was closer to post-impressionism, or they became the representatives of post-impressionism. This "French Impressionist Painting Exhibition" has selected 51 works, among which there are more than 4 works by Manet, Monet, pissarro, Sisley, Renoir, Degas and Cezanne. Manet is the founder of Impressionism. He pioneered the drawing of materials from daily life and natural scenery, emphasizing that the color block operation of painting is higher than the description function. Monet is the initiator, leader and unswerving practitioner of impressionist painting movement, and the eulogist of "light and color". Pissarro is the leader of stippling. Sisley's painting style is relatively steady among impressionists. Renoir is a pioneer of French impressionism, and his early works are a true portrayal of typical impressionism, full of flashing colors and light. Degas is known as a master painter who expresses dynamic figures. Cezanne is one of the outstanding post-impressionist painters and the father of modern painting art. His works and thoughts have a great influence on the development of aesthetic concepts of many artists and art movements (especially cubism) in the 2th century.

Impressionist painters have their own styles and personalities, and at the same time, they are bright and distinctive.

first, the criticism of artistic thought. Impressionist painting is critical and "rebellious" in nature, rejected by orthodox salons, and strengthened its "rebellion" because of rejection, and embarked on the road of exploration more tenaciously. In 1874, a group of young painters held their first exhibition under the guise of Nadal, a famous photographer in Paris, which was the product of being rejected by orthodox salons. By 1886, Impressionism held eight exhibitions. In the meantime, impressionist painting developed in twists and turns, and impressionist painters gathered and dispersed. However, on the whole, the criticism of Impressionist artistic thought is determined.

the second is the originality of the artistic system. Although the representative figures of Impressionism still maintained the classical form and general aesthetic concept of painting, they shook the traditional way of painting, loosened the artistic chain with strong inheritance, and created a new artistic system in terms of aesthetic concept, light and color treatment, visual construction and aesthetic taste.

thirdly, the exploration of artistic spirit. Impressionist painters are always in the process of exploration, starting from exploration, developing in exploration, coming together in exploration, developing new artistic tracks in exploration, colliding and breaking up in exploration, coming from Impressionism, neo-impressionism and Post-Impressionism in exploration, and heading for modern art in the 2th century.

the fourth is the gradual dominance of art treasures. Impressionist painting has a process of being accepted by the world. When the works of impressionist painters were rejected by orthodox salons, their works were left out in the cold, and even the bought works were asked to be returned. In July, 1933, when Renoir's Little Artist was sold in Paris for 17, francs, Mr. Chang Shuhong wrote Renoir's Victory in Paris with emotion: "Renoir and Monet can be said to be the two most unique pure artists in the impressionist vanguard, who have worked hard to challenge the times ... Some people say that Renoir has won! However, please don't forget his struggle in hatred and ridicule. He kept pursuing it, and the reward for this victory was 14 years after his death in 1933. " Here, the gradual process of artistic treasures has gone through 14 spring and autumn periods!

the fifth is the reference of artistic techniques. Impressionist painters borrowed the techniques and aesthetic concepts of Barbizon painters and British painters. Sisley once said to critic Dolf Davini, "Who is my favorite painter? If only contemporaries are mentioned, they are Delacroix, Connor, Miller, Rousseau and Courbet, all of whom are our teachers. They love nature and feel it strongly. " The influence of Barbizon landscape painters on impressionist painters is obvious. Pissarro admitted: "Our road began with Turner, a great British painter ..." Impressionist painters also absorbed nutrition from China, Japanese and other oriental arts. Van Gogh pointed out: "I dare to predict that other painters will like a color in strong sunlight and the crystal clear color in Japanese painting." "Japanese art ... has taken root among French impressionist artists." In 187, Monet became interested in Japanese ukiyo-e, and began to collect ukiyo-e prints in 1871.

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Post-impressionism is an art phenomenon that existed in the 198s and 199s after impressionism, and it has no style significance. These artists are not only different from the impressionists' fanatical pursuit of external light and color, but also different from the new impressionists' analysis of light and color and the use of logical thinking for artistic creation. They advocate re-emphasizing the concept of form in art, attaching importance to the author's subjective personality, paying attention to expressing the author's subjective feelings and emotions in his works, and paying attention to the expressive force of form. The painters who are usually called post-impressionism are Cezanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin.

The exploration process and achievements of post-impressionist painters had a great influence on the western modern art schools in the 2th century. Cezanne advocated that painting should get rid of literariness and plot, and give full play to the expressive force of painting language, which promoted the popularity of pure painting concept in Europe and the development of formalism painting, and was known as the "father of modern painting" in the West. His works pay attention to concept, structure and architectural beauty of the picture. His in-depth study and great attention to decency are pregnant with cubism. Van Gogh's works contain profound tragic consciousness. He boldly explored and freely expressed his inner feelings, pursued strong personality and unique form, and was far ahead of the times. Later brutalism, German expressionism, and even the lyrical abstraction that appeared at the beginning of the 2th century all benefited from Van Gogh's art.. Gauguin was influenced by the aesthetic concept of symbolism. His works are full of abstract, mysterious and symbolic factors of primitive art, and combined with his exquisite artistic interest, flat painting form and rich decorative effect, he formed distinctive artistic characteristics. He promoted the development of modern symbolic art and had a far-reaching influence on later surrealism.

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a movement and school in the history of modern western art. Also translated as Cubism, it started in France in 198. The appearance of this name is accidental. In 198, G

Braque exhibited his works in Carnivelle Gallery, and critic L. Pistons commented in Jill Brass magazine: "Mr. Braque reduced everything

... into a cube", hence the name of this painting style. The masters of cubism are P. Picasso and Braque. Picasso's oil painting "The Girl Playing Mandolin" (191) is regarded by < P > as a work containing cubism.

Cubism painting method has gone through a brewing process. At the beginning of the 2th century, Paris painting was very active. After post-impressionism and symbolism, young artists are generally concerned about how to innovate forms to express people's inner emotions and psychology in the rapidly changing industrial society. New schools have appeared in France, Germany, Italy, Italy and Russia. In France, following the rise of Beastism, another group of writers and artists often get together in the "mobile laundry room" in Monmarte. Participants included Picasso, Braque, M. Laurent Sen, G. Apollinaire, A. Salmon, M. Renard, J. Grice, F. Laige, etc. They were supported by an art dealer, D.-H. Carnweiler, who opened a gallery in Paris in 197 < P >, which was known as a cubist society. Delaune and Glades also participated in cubism activities. In 191, a new cubist society was established with J. Veron as the center. Because of its frequent activities in Pito, France, it was called Pito Group. Dutch painter P. mondriaan and Mexican J.de Rivera are also connected with Pitot Group. They endowed the analytical cubism with order and rules, thus promoting the cubism to develop in a more abstract and subjective direction. Since the opening of < P > in 1912, Picasso and others have conducted comprehensive cubist experiments. The broken and transparent structure of cubism in analysis