Some literary problems, please help! I believe it is not difficult for a master.

1 the source of realism and romanticism in China (characters and works);

Romanticism is: Qu Yuan's Li Sao.

Realism is: The Book of Songs.

2 Typical representatives of slave social art:

Si Muwu Ding, Book of Songs, Colosseum, Egyptian Pyramid, code of hammurabi, Hanging Garden Peace Altar, Augustus.

3. Several stages of the development of Chinese character form structure:

The evolution of Chinese characters has gone through several stages: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscription, Dazhuan, Xiaozhuan and Lishu.

4 "Six Meanings" in The Book of Songs

Three components of The Book of Songs:

The Book of Songs is divided into three categories according to style, elegance and ode. Poetry was originally a musical song, but due to the loss of ancient music, future generations have been unable to understand the musical characteristics of style, elegance and praise. The wind is a musical tune, and the national wind is a musical tune in various regions. Countries refer to regions and territories. The 15-nation Wind 160 articles include Nan Zhou, Zhao Nan, Qifeng, Zhu Feng, Feng Wei, Feng Wang, Zheng Feng, Qifeng, Wei Feng, tang style, Qin Feng, Martin, Qifeng, Cao Feng and Zhuifeng. Money is a place name, Wang refers to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the rest are the names of princes. The Fifteen Kingdoms is the local folk music in these areas. In the national style, Qi's works are all works of the Western Zhou Dynasty, except for a few works originating from the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of them are works of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. "Elegance" means that the imperial court is happy, and the music tune of Wang Ji in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Elegance is divided into elegance and indecency. Daya 3 1 is a work of the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of which were written in the early Western Zhou Dynasty and a few in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Xiaoya ***74. Except for a few articles that may be works of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the rest are works of the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The author of "Elegance" is mainly an upper-class aristocrat; The author of Xiaoya is not only an upper-class aristocrat, but also a lower-class aristocrat and a person with low status. Ode is the joy of ancestral temple sacrifice, many of which are dance music, and the music may be more soothing. Zhou Song (3 1) is a poem in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Different from other poems, Zhou Song is not composed of several chapters, and each chapter has only one chapter. Lu Xigong's Four Truffles, which originated in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, are all works praising the beauty of Lu Xigong. Pan Shui and Lv Gong are almost elegant poems, while Lu You and Lv Lu are close to the national style. It can be seen that Fu has evolved. There are five Odes to Shang Dynasty, which are about the works in the middle and late Yin Dynasty. From the content, it can be divided into two categories: Na, Ancestors and Xuanniao are obviously sacrificial songs, mainly writing songs and dances to entertain gods and praise ancestors. "Long Hair" and "Yanwu" have no strong sense of sacrifice, which may be a kind of mourning poems, mainly writing historical legends and myths of Shang tribes. The first three chapters are divided into chapters, and the last two chapters are divided into chapters. The style is close to "elegance", and the publication time may be later than the first three books.

Three expressions:

Fu, Bi and Xing

The main expression method of The Book of Songs is also the main expression method of ancient Chinese poetry. This statement was first put forward by Zhou Li Chun Guan. Later, Preface to Mao Poetry inherited this statement. They all confuse three content styles (style, elegance and praise) with three expression techniques (fu, bi and xing), which are collectively called six poems or six meanings, and the concept is rather vague. Until the Tang Dynasty, Confucius' Mao Shi Zheng Yi said: "Style, elegance and praise are variants of poetry; Fu, Bi and Xing are different words in poetry. Those with different sizes get six meanings, and fu, comparison and xing are the uses of poetry, while style, elegance and praise are the achievements of poetry. Using the other three things to achieve these three things is the same as righteousness, and another volume is needed to distinguish the three-body and three-methods more accurately. This view is still used now.

There are two explanations about Fu, Bi and Xing. One explanation is that Fu, Bi and Xing are closely related to political education and satirical suggestions. It was Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty who first made this explanation. The positive significance of this explanation lies in its direct inspiration to the theory of "Beauty is better than pleasure" advocated by Chen Ziang and Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. The negative influence is that many poets wander away from the artistic image and unilaterally pursue the so-called trivial meaning of poetry. Another explanation is to understand Fu, Bi and Xing as simple artistic thinking and expression. Zheng Zhongxian of Han Dynasty made this explanation, and regarded comparison as a figure of speech and xing as a means to help plants, birds and animals understand their meaning. This explanation was inherited by many later scholars, such as Zhiyu in Jin Dynasty, Li and Zhu in Song Dynasty. Their exposition accurately summarizes the basic characteristics of Fu, Bi and Xing as means of expression.

The induction and study of Fu, Bi and Xing is of great significance in the development of China's ancient poetry theory and poetry creation. It not only deepens and perfects the theoretical understanding of the artistic thinking and expression methods of poetry, but also promotes the enrichment and perfection of poetry creation, which has played a positive role in promoting the development of ancient poetry.

5 "Six Arts" content:

Six lessons of slave social education and teaching in China. That is, ceremony, music, shooting, restraint, writing and counting. The content includes five rites, six music, five shots, five royal, six books and nine numbers. These five gifts are:, Meng Li, military commander Li,,; Six music: Yunmen, Daxian, Shaoshao, Daxie, Daxie? Ancient music such as Dawu; The five shots are: white arrow, joint, injection, ruler and well instrument; The five emperors are: including love songs, chasing water songs, crossing the king's table, dancing with Qu, chasing birds left; Liushu is the material for ancient school children to practice writing, which summarizes six laws for the ancients to analyze and create Chinese characters, namely pictographic, fingering, knowing, pictophonetic, transliteration and borrowing; Nine numbers is the multiplication table, which is the mathematics textbook of ancient schools. The implementation of six arts education is carried out according to the age of students and the depth of courses, including small arts and big arts. Books and numbers are small arts and primary courses; Ritual, music, archery and defense are advanced courses. There is another explanation for the Six Arts, namely The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Yijing and Chunqiu. The mixed name of six arts and six classics began in Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records: "Confucius said: Six arts are used to cure one, rituals are used to save people, music is used to make peace, books are used to express things, poems are used to express ideas, easy to use is deified, and spring and autumn are used to express meanings." The Six Arts of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties are basically military skills, while the Six Classics of Confucianism are mainly theoretical knowledge.

6 China's largest asynchronous year-round history:

Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

China's ancient historical works. Written by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are 294 volumes in the book, 30 volumes in the catalogue and 30 volumes in textual research. "Mirror Mirror" records the history of * * * 1362 years from the 23rd year of Wei Liewang's Zhou Dynasty (403 BC) to the 6th year of Xiande (959 BC).

Sima Guang once suffered from a large number of historical books, and it was difficult for scholars to browse them all. Because he wanted to extract their essence, he wrote a chronicle. Tongzhi, published in eight volumes, appeared in North Korea from the Warring States to Qin Ershi, which attracted the attention of Song Yingzong. After three years of Zhiping (1066), he ordered the publishing house to be located in Chongwen Academy to continue compiling. Song Shenzong acceded to the throne and was given the title of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", which was awarded in turn. This book was written in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084).

Mirror Mirror was composed by Sima Guang and co-edited by Liu Shu, Liu Ban and Fan Zuyu. Liu Shu learned from others and had a deep memory. He tried his best to compile Tong Jian Yi, from Xiashi in Historical Records to Private Miscellaneous Notes. Liu Ban in Hanshu and Fan Zuyu in Tang Shi both have deep research. They worked together and made important contributions to each other. Finally, it was revised, polished and finalized by Sima Guang. Among them, right and wrong were taken away, and light was extinguished.

There are abundant historical materials in Tongjian, besides Seventeen History, there are hundreds of miscellaneous history books. The narratives in books are often written in several materials. In those years, when there are differences in deeds, all of them are added to the textual research, and the reasons for choosing are indicated, which is considered as "textual research". Tongjian has high historical value, especially in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian is a chronicle general history. Historical events are described in chronological order, and the cause and effect of historical events are often explained by tracing back and concluding remarks, which is easy to make people get a systematic and clear impression.

7 The first climax of China's Yuefu poetry and its representative works:

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Book of Rites and Music in Han Dynasty said: "When Emperor Wu decided to sacrifice in the suburbs, ... this was entrusted by Zhao, Dai, Qin and Chu, aiming at setting up Yuefu, collecting poems and chanting at night. I thought the law of the association was the captain, and I gave more examples. "

Li Yannian: "Day after day"

Sima Xiangru: Monk Xu Fu.

8 Han Fu representatives and their masterpieces:

The representative works of Sao Style Fu are Jia Yi's Fu of Hanging Qu Yuan and Fu of Catching Birds.

Seven hairs of Meicheng; Dong Zhongshu's Unfortunate Fu of Scholars; Sima Qian's "miserable men don't accept happiness"

Sima Xiangru's representative works Zi Xufu and Shang Fu Lin represent the highest achievement of the Three-body Fu in Han Dynasty.

Zhao Yi's Collection of Ci History Fu Xie.

The themes can be roughly divided into five categories: ① Mainly describing the city palaces, such as Ban Gu's "Fu of Twin Cities" and Zhang Heng's "Fu of Twin Cities". (2) Hunting mainly describes the hunting of emperors or nobles, such as Zi Xufu, Shang, Yang Changfu and Hunting Feathers. (3) Travel description, mainly about travel experiences and experiences, such as Ban Biao's Northern Expedition Fu and Cai Yong's Narrative Travel Fu. (4) The types of narrative records mainly show the feelings of personal talents, such as Jia Yi's ode to Qu Yuan, Ban Gu's ode to You Tong and Zhang Heng's ode to Si Xuan. ⑤ Ode to things, mainly describing scenery, flowers, birds, insects and insects, such as Defoe by Ma Rong and Dong Xiao Fu by Wang Bao. In the history of literary development, Mei Cheng, Sima Xiangru, Wang Bo and Yang Xiong are regarded as authentic Han Fu.

9 the historical picture of the end of feudalism:

A Dream of Red Mansions is an encyclopedic novel. It unfolded a broad social and historical picture with a noble family as the center, and all classes and strata of society were vividly depicted. The profundity of A Dream of Red Mansions is rare in the history of world literature.

10 Four Exposed Novels in Late Qing Dynasty:

Officialdom in the sky, The Scholars, Travel Notes of Lao Can, Flowers of Evil Sea. The authors of these four novels are: Li, Wu, Liu E and.

1 1 Harmony is "Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School";

Schools of modern literature in China. Originated in Shanghai in the early 20th century.

Named for writing talented people and beautiful women in pairs like mandarin ducks and butterflies. There are many writers and there is no strict organization. The content of the work is complex and emotional.

, sadness, society, shady, prostitutes, family, martial arts, genie, military, detective, funny, history, court, folk, case-solving, etc. People are often named after the most influential publication they run, Saturday School. In its heyday, between the Revolution of 1911 and the May 4th Movement, Xu Zhenya's Soul of the Jade Pear was his masterpiece. It lasted for a long time until 1949, so it was also called the old school literature of the Republic of China. It is generally believed in the literary world that this is a morbid and negative literary school. Bao, Zhou Shoujuan and Zhang Henshui also wrote works of positive significance.

12 Renaissance and its representative artists \ representative works:

The ideological and cultural movements from 14 to 16 century reflected the demands of the developing bourgeoisie in western European countries. Its main center was originally in Italy and expanded to Germany, Netherlands, Britain, France and Spain in the16th century. From 14 to16th century, Italian humanist writers and scholars have been using the concept of Renaissance. The etymology comes from Italian "Rinascita" and is usually written as French "Renaissance". At that time, people thought that literature and art had been highly prosperous in the classical era of Greece and Rome, but declined in the "dark age" of the Middle Ages, and did not "regenerate" and "revive" until after14th century. Therefore, the Renaissance emphasized that the new culture was based on classics, but it was not a simple classical Renaissance, but actually the creation of a new anti-feudal culture. The Renaissance preached humanistic ideas such as individual liberation, respect and love for others, opposed the Shinto of the feudal class with bourgeois humanism, and opposed the asceticism of the feudal class with bourgeois indulgence. Renaissance is mainly manifested in the general upsurge of science, literature and art.

The two earliest representatives of the Italian Renaissance were the Florence poet Dante (Divine Comedy). Decameron of Boccaccio. Da Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper). Michelangelo (David, Moses and the dying slave). Raphael (Notre Dame de la Garde, Notre Dame de Sistine). Moore's Utopia. Bacon advocated that "knowledge is power", and his representative works include The Theory of New Tools and The Great Rejuvenation of Science. Shakespeare is one of the great masters of Renaissance literature. He wrote 37 plays, two long poems and 154 sonnets. His masterpieces include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello and The Merchant of Venice.