What is a picture structure?

Composition is not only an integral part of painting skills, but also a link in the creative process, and it is also a form that combines all parts of the work into a whole. The form of the composition should obey the content of the work and the author's inner feelings, and be decided according to the law of formal beauty of the composition. The concept and law of composition are closely related to aesthetic consciousness, artistic concept, theory and style. Learning to master the principles and laws of composition can help artists choose life phenomena, use, organize and handle materials, and even achieve formal perfection, thus strengthening artistic appeal. However, it is difficult to create a viable artistic work only by relying on the rules of composition. Therefore, the theory and law of composition is not a static procedure, it will be constantly denied in artistic practice and developed in change.

Second, the basic principles of composition

Whether it is creation or practice, the content is people, scenery or still life, and composition generally follows the following rules:

1. Everything in a work of art should be subordinate to the expression of the basic content of the work.

2. All formal factors in works of art should keep in touch.

3. The composition of the work should form a visual center to attract the audience's greatest attention.

4. The composition structure of a painting should be a whole with both changes and unity. It should make use of the contrast and harmonious law of modeling, light and shade, lines, colors and other factors, as well as the means of space processing, volume combination, rhythm and rhythm, so as to make the form of the work novel and vivid and have the strongest artistic expression.

5. The arrangement of screen objects and the handling of details should avoid all contingency and pay attention to the close connection with the theme performance.

6. Use the balance in composition to show stability and stillness; Use the imbalance of composition to express instability and movement.

7. The size of the work should match its content; The length-width ratio of a frame should obey the needs of composition.

The principle of balance in triple composition

Balance is the basic law of painting composition. Balance produces formal beauty through vision. Balance is different from symmetry. Symmetry is the most stable and simple balance, and symmetry is a form of beauty, which is mainly used in decoration and patterns. China's traditional buildings and monasteries all adopt symmetrical format. The physiological structure of human body and some beautiful insects is also symmetrical. The law of symmetrical composition is also applied in painting, but it is not absolutely symmetrical in form. Symmetry presents a highly neat state, which has the effect of perfection, solemnity, harmony and stillness, but it also has the disadvantages of monotony and lack of interest.

In terms of light and dark tones, a little black can be balanced with a little light gray. When black and white are combined, the weight of black will be reduced. In terms of color, a bright red can be balanced with a pink or warm yellow. Whether a work achieves a balanced effect can be divided into four parts. It is easier to distinguish the top and bottom of the image field, or the left and right width, or the width of the two halves of the diagonal of the image. Experienced viewers can still find unbalanced and unstable factors from the overall observation of the picture, and there is no need to take the above methods to check. In fact, the feeling and concept of lightness and lightness in the picture are produced by the complex combination of various factors in the picture.

Fourthly, the law of contrast and unity of composition.

Change and unity in composition can also be called contrast and harmony. Because in painting, change is always pursued in comparison, and unity is achieved in harmony. If we ignore this composition rule and lose the effect of uniform change in the picture, the theme expressed will not be vivid, and it will be impossible to obtain the most perfect formal beauty. There are many factors that change the contrast in the picture, including the change of viewpoint and visual field, the change of position repetition and change, and the contrast change of shape (such as square and round, thin and full and vigorous shape, etc.). ). Comparison between the size of characters and the size of space (the characters in the box are small, which makes the space large; Big body, small space). Contrast change between light and shade. Contrast change of color (such as hue, lightness, purity, cold and warm, etc.). ). Contrast changes of line attributes (horizontal and vertical lines, parallel lines, vertical parallel curves, diagonal lines, etc.). ). Contrast change of texture (such as rough surface and smooth surface). And the use of brush strokes, color thickness and other comparative changes in the performance methods. Most of these factors are related to composition. Contrast factors, how to achieve a unified and harmonious effect in composition processing? Taking the black-and-white print "The Fisherman" (Figure 5) by Romanian Dick Ffrench as an example, this paper makes a unified composition analysis in order to get a concrete understanding. The composition of this work is complex, full and rigorous. There are many contrast factors in the picture-black and white blocks, vertical lines and parallel lines, straight lines and curves, long lines and short lines, vertical lines and parallel lines, diagonal lines; There are square doors and windows on the river bank. The formal factor of harmony in the picture-the upper part of the picture is mainly vertical, but there are also parallel factors; In the second half, there are parallel factors and vertical factors. This cross-processing of the upper and lower contrast factors echoes and makes the contrast have a sense of harmony. The shape of a square with similar size is also an important factor to make the picture contrast harmonious. In the part with high density of dots and lines, the spatial visual effect is gray middle tone, which makes the strong contrast between black and white tend to be soft and harmonious. The main body of the painting is a group of fishermen on board, which stands out when dealing with it on the bright river bank. The irregular and changeable undulating lines and surfaces formed by characters are the contrast factors that unify the whole picture, thus highlighting the theme and forming the visual center of the picture.

Harmony is an approximate relationship, while contrast is a difference relationship. Contrast depends on the tendency and approximate relationship of various forms of factors in the picture to obtain a sense of harmony. Harmonious and unified composition must also have some factors to deal with some changes, so that the whole picture will not be monotonous, but dynamic.

Modeling factors in composition-light and shade and lines

1. Light and shade is one of the important factors in composition and layout. Light and shade refers to various levels of light and shade between the deepest dark color and the lightest bright color. The level of light and shade is not only used to express the physical structure of the object, but also used to express the light and shade in the picture composition.

The alternation of dark tones can obtain the change and balance of the picture and produce a sense of rhythm. It is generally believed that light and shade are the unique artistic language of western painting; China's traditional Chinese painting seems indifferent to light and shade. For example, line drawing works do not need light and dark tones in terms of formal concepts and expression techniques. It only uses pure lines to express the shape and structure of objects, and compares the density of lines in composition and layout. In fact, this reflects the contrast between light and dark, that is, where the lines are dense, the tone is deep, and the lines are sparse, and the tone is light. It can be seen that the density of lines also contains the meaning of light and dark tones. The contrast of line density is the contrast of light and shade. In addition, although there is only one kind of black in black-and-white prints, in fact, through the processing and application of points, lines and surfaces, the changes of light and dark levels in the picture are very rich, which has played a strong artistic expression in composition. Therefore, the formal factors of light and shade are widely used in various paintings in different degrees and in different ways. Now explain it from the following aspects:

(1) The category of picture tone. When expressing various themes and emotional appeal in painting, there are many classifications of light and shade, which can be roughly summarized into the following three categories:

Bright hue-Most of the colors used in the picture are bright and bright. This tone is suitable for expressing cheerful, stretched, quiet, bright and simple feelings, and can also be used for sad and tragic themes. Bright tones are more powerful than dark tones.

Dark tones-As opposed to bright tones, the picture is composed of darker colors. Deep, solemn, rich, quiet, mysterious, scary and other emotional themes often use dark tones. In color matching, dark color is much used, white color is little used, and black color is much used.

Intermediate tones-various intermediate warm and cold tones between light and dark tones are the most varied and widely used tones. Under ordinary light, people's living and activity environment is generally in the middle tone. Therefore, in the expression of various life painting themes, more intermediate tones are used.

(2) Several forms of contrast treatment between light and shade:

The dark background sets off the bright subject-various forms are very effective in highlighting the subject and are often used, especially in many classical still life paintings and portraits. For example, almost all portraits of Dutch painter Rembrandt in17th century adopted this form of contrast. Bright characters are set off by dark background, and the effect is simple, concentrated and strong.

The bright background (or environment) sets off the darker subject-/kloc-Many portraits of Lie Bin, a Russian itinerant painter in the 9th century, often adopt this form of light and shade. The bright background makes the picture bright and the main objects stand out.

Midtones set off the main object with bright contrast-according to people's experience of observing daily life, nearby objects always feel that the image is concrete and prominent, the color is bright, and the contrast between black and white tones is strong. Compared with the nearby scenery, the distant scenery always appears blurred, and the contrast between black and white is weakened. Therefore, in painting, the use of this form of contrast between light and dark is very common, with a sense of reality, and it is easier to show the spatial effect, making people feel immersive.

The treatment of light and dark forms of composition must obey the need of expressing the theme. At the same time, we should also use the contrast between light and shade to show the correct relationship between the main part and the foil part of the composition. In a painting, you can also use a variety of light and dark contrast factors to deal with complex themes and express important themes.

(3) In terms of composition, changes in the shape and area of light and dark blocks can have different performance effects. The area change of various tones in the picture can be large or small, that is, only large dark tones or bright tones; It can also be small and many, that is, many dark or bright patches; Fiona Fang's directness, clear boundaries and vagueness in timbre and modeling can express different feelings and produce different performance effects:

The tonal area is large, the contrast between them is obvious, and the boundaries are clear, which can produce dynamic, active and moving effects.

Large dark tones and small bright tones have solemn, tragic, deep and mysterious effects.

A large area of bright colors and a small amount of dark colors are configured, which has the effects of comfort, lightness and smoothness.

Pale tones have a beautiful and pure mood; Soft tones have the expressive effect of suggestion, lyricism, beauty and tranquility.

2. Lines are important formal factors in composition. China's prehistoric paintings began with lines, and so did children's paintings. Line drawing in China's traditional painting is the basis of modeling, and line has become one of the artistic features of traditional painting, which mainly refers to the application of line in modeling. As for the role of lines in picture composition, it is more extensive. Lines can guide the audience to focus on the theme center of the work, and lines themselves have their own expressive force and aesthetic feeling. Organizational lines can have a sense of rhythm and rhythm in composition form. Lines can be divided into many categories:

(1) solid line, that is, a line with its own existence value.

(2) The outline of an object shape, such as a straight line, a curve or a combination of the two. The simpler and clearer the outline, the more striking and strong it is. Such as black and white woodcuts in prints.

(3) Some narrow objects also have linear effects. Such as ground, sea surface, roads, telephone poles, tree trunks, etc. When the viewpoint is very low.

(4) Horizontal line, vertical line and diagonal line.

(5) Uneven lines (such as the outline of buildings and backgrounds, the intersection of trees and the sky, etc.). ).

(6) Curves: horizontal curves, vertical curves and other curves.

(7) Horizon (the horizon is very important in the picture and closely related to composition).

(8) Line of motion and line showing force.

These distinctive lines are closely related to the artistic effect of composition. In online application, the most important things are curves, straight lines and diagonals.

There are vertical curves, horizontal curves and irregular curves. The curve is soft, soft, beautiful and smooth. Improper use of curves will make the composition appear unstable, weak and lacking in strength. Vertical curves, such as flames, indicate a kind of vitality; Horizontal curves, such as water waves or the ups and downs of distant mountains, have a graceful and slow sense of movement.

A straight line has emotional factors such as strength, stability, anger, firmness, silence and seriousness. Vertical lines are often attractive in composition. For example, the vertical lines of buildings in landscape painting play a great role in creating a sense of stability in the scenery of the picture; The background of some portraits is often treated as vertical or parallel lines such as window lattice and picture frame, which contrasts with the curve of the main object, making the picture stable and producing aesthetic feeling. There are vertical lines, horizontal lines and diagonal lines. The vertical line has emotional factors such as seriousness, solemnity, peace and hope; The horizontal straight line has a sense of serenity, tranquility, stretch and stability, which can be used to symbolize the depth and vastness of the ground. Inclined straight line is a common line in the picture, which has emotional factors such as excitement, action, turbulence and instability. Horizontal straight lines have a sense of serenity, tranquility, stretch and stability, which can be used to symbolize the depth and vastness of the ground. Inclined straight line is a common line in the picture, which has emotional factors such as excitement, action, turbulence and instability.

Lines that express movement and strength actually do not exist in space. They are just a sense of lines formed by the viewer due to psychological factors. For example, the reflection force generated by people's sight, or the moving potential of vehicles, etc. In a picture, there is usually a space in front of a three-dimensional object, which forms an invisible line.