Appreciation on the plug

The poem "Fortress" mainly describes the fierce northern ethnic minorities who are good at riding and shooting. Under the clear sky and on the vast grassland, hundreds of athletes galloped. Suddenly, a loud arrow shot through the sky, and everyone immediately reined in their horses and stood there, raising their heads and looking intently into the distance. The poet seemed to be a highly skilled photographer who quickly captured this momentary scene and took a wonderful shot, which also absorbed the poet's fiery subjective feelings.

In this poem, the poet first describes a flying arrow piercing the sky with lightning speed with the two sentences "The song is soaring a thousand feet, the sky is quiet and the wind is dry". "Book of Han: Biography of the Xiongnu": "Maodun is the one who makes the sound of dysprosium." It can be seen that the sounding arrow is a weapon commonly used by the northern minorities. "Straight up" expresses the unstoppable power of the arrow after it is shot. "A thousand feet" refers to the distance of the arrow. "The sky is calm and windless" not only describes the clearness and tranquility over the grassland, but also the boundlessness of "the sky is like a dome, covering the surrounding fields". Therefore, the whistling sound of the flying arrows swept across the earth and resounded through the sky, transmitted more clearly, louder, and farther away - "the sound was dryer." If the clouds are damp and astringent, the echo will be stagnant, and the utensils will be soaked and the pronunciation will be heavy. Therefore, the poet uses "qian" to express the dryness to describe the crispness and sharpness of the arrow sound, which can be said to be vivid in one word. Liu Kezhuang's "Poems of Yellow Tiller" says that "the leaves sound dry under the frost in the sparse forest" (Volume 5 of "Collected Works of Houcun"). In connection with the falling form of fallen leaves, the word "qian" is not used in the right place. It is better to use the word "xiaoxiao". "The two words can play the most wonderful song. Xu Ji, who was at the same time as Liu Kezhuang and slightly earlier, said in his poem "Xiao" that "there is still the sound of dry bamboo leaves" ("Erwei Pavilion Collection"), and the "dry" shape of the rustling sound of wind bamboo is not entirely appropriate. Only the word "gan" is used to describe the sound of "Ming_" in "The sky is quiet and there is no wind". Here, the poet is clasping the word "Ming_" to draw shadows and sounds: the first sentence, "straight up a thousand feet", belongs to the visual experience, emphasizing the height, the arrow body is a little bit, and the arrow shadow is like a line; the second sentence, "no wind makes it dry", belongs to Listening experience, focusing on the distance, the sound of arrows vibrates in the wilderness, and the sky above the wilderness provides a light background for the dark points and lines of the arrow body and arrow shadow. The points, lines, and surfaces Combined with each other to form a natural and exquisite composition.

After writing the "Ming_" in the sky, the poet then wrote about the people on the ground looking up at the "Ming_". These are the last two sentences of the poem: "Three hundred riders with blue eyes and beards, all carrying gold." Le Xiangyunkan. ""Blue Eyes" not only highlights the physical characteristics of certain ethnic minorities in the north, but also fits the prescribed scene of looking up at arrows at this time, and also because the eyes serve as windows to the soul, reflecting the character's inner emotions and external style. , can be embodied through it. The so-called "lifelike portrayal is in Adu (this refers to the eyeball)" (in the words of Gu Kai, a painter of the Eastern Jin Dynasty). Wang Anshi's poem "Ming Fei Qu" said "Ming Fei married Hu Er for the first time" (Collected Works of Wang Wengong, Volume 40), and Ouyang Xiu's poem also said "Wei married a Han girl to Hu Er" (Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong). "Volume 8 "Ming Fei Qu and Wang Jiefu's Works"), all call foreign young people "Hu'er". In Liu Kai's poems, there is a more cordial tone. "Three Hundred Riders with Blue Eyes and Beards" depicts a group of young and heroic riders from ethnic minorities. Although only nouns are arranged in the sentence, it is actually written in stills and moves, making people imagine the prairie men with a majestic look on their brows, waving their whips and leaping on their horses. , the lively scene of the chase. "Ji Ti Jin Le is leaning towards the clouds", but also uses movement to describe stillness: tightening the reins of the horse, raising his eyes, one after another movements are instantly gathered in the breathless gaze of all the riders; seeing the commotion, suddenly returning The quiet, "Three Hundred Riders" who "look toward the clouds" are deeply attracted by the "Ming_" that "straight up a thousand feet". They are engrossed and unblinking, just like the characters appearing on the stage of a drama, with a sculptural beauty. Li Yi, a Tang Dynasty man, wrote a poem on the frontier fortress titled "Joining the Army in the Northern Expedition": "After the snow in the Tianshan Mountains, the sea wind is cold, and the transverse flute plays "The Road Is Difficult" all over the place. Three hundred thousand people were recruited in Qili, and I looked back at the middle of the month." These last two sentences, "Zhengren" was written because he was homesick for listening to the flute and looked up at the moon. The emotion was not caused by the "moon" he was "looking at". The "moon" was only used as a sustenance for his hometown, so he "looked back" blankly. The style was low, the color was dark, and Beauty without sculpture. In comparison, Liu Kai's poems are better than his predecessors. Because it is a quatrain and the number of words is limited, it is difficult to unfold the whole process in every aspect in the poem. The poet was able to make use of the short length, abandon the secondary plot, capture the most exciting and moving images, and vividly express the fierce character and martial spirit of the northern minorities. It is worthy of being the "highest volume" of frontier fortress poetry in the Song Dynasty.

Liu Kai lived in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty. Song poetry had not yet formed the characteristic of explicit and direct narrative, which was characterized by argumentation and reasoning. The same content, in Ouyang Xiu's poems, is a direct expression of "Hu people make saddle horses their home, hunting is their custom, springs and licorice are always beautiful, birds are frightened and beasts are racing" ("Ming Fei Qu and Wang Jiefu") . Later, when Su Che was on an envoy to the Liao Kingdom, he also wrote in the poem "Captain's Tent" that he "pounded grain and boiled the snow to make him full, shot rabbits and deer to boast of his strength", "fished and shot geese across the sea east", "bending the bow to shoot hunting is innate" (Volume 16 of "Luancheng Collection"). In comparison, Liu Kai's poem still has the charm of the Tang Dynasty, with ethereal implications and rich emotional words. It should be considered unique among Song poems that are characterized by their interest, vitality, and twists and turns. And Liu Kai once "sent military rations to Zhuozhou", "envoyed to Hebei", "know Daizhou", and "moved to Xinzhou as governor", and was "good at shooting" and "suave and righteous" ("Song History·Liu Kai's Biography") , which also shows that the success of the poem "Fortress" is closely related to the fact that the poet was in the situation and had real life experience.