Can I grow vegetables in winter? Matters needing attention in growing vegetables in winter.

First, prevent the weather from being too cold, water properly and pay attention to the appearance of insects;

Second, 1. If vegetables need to be transplanted, wait until the seedlings are transplanted before pouring nutrient solution.

2. If vegetables are planted directly without transplanting seedlings, tap water should be poured first to keep the soil moist, and nutrient solution should be used after seeds germinate and seedlings grow.

3. Although various plants have different requirements for water, it is more appropriate to water nutrient solution once a day. If it is leafy vegetables, you can water the nutrient solution twice a day.

4. less nutrient solution was poured in the early growth stage, but more nutrient solution was poured in the fruit stage.

5. It is suggested to thoroughly filter and clean the planting containers with tap water at least once a week to remove the unused fertilizers accumulated in the containers. The specific method is to pour enough water into the container to form gravity drainage at the bottom. This measure can prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the medium.

6. Sometimes vegetables can be watered with nutrient solution with trace elements added. You can choose a water-soluble fertilizer containing iron, zinc, boron and manganese and follow the instructions on the label.

Note: Abuse of nutrient solution may lead to the risk of excessive nitrate in vegetables.

Four strategies for planting vegetables on balcony: sowing and transplanting seedlings

There are two ways to grow vegetables, one is to raise seedlings first, then transplant them, and the other is to sow directly. Novices often prefer to buy seedlings directly at the farmers' market and transplant them at home. This is a simple and quick method, but it will narrow your planting range, because some vegetables, such as beans and radishes, are not convenient for transplanting seedlings, so they can only be directly broadcast-transplanting seedlings will damage the normal development of roots and cannot be transplanted. There are also some vegetables that must be transplanted, such as cabbage, cauliflower, mustard and eggplant.

Vegetable planting can be basically divided into four processes: seed pretreatment, sowing, transplanting and harvesting. The following table is the growth information of common vegetables in the family. Due to different vegetable varieties and regions, the following table may be different from your actual operation, for reference only. It is very important to master the rules of vegetables flexibly in the operation process. I believe you will become an excellent "vegetable farmer"! Grow vegetables on the balcony

Family common vegetable cultivation information

The germination time (days) of vegetables is most suitable for seedling stage (weeks). Container size * light quantity * harvest time (days)

Kidney beans 5-8- medium full sunshine 45-65

Cucumber 5-8 3-4 Full sunshine 50-70

Eggplant 8- 12 6-8 full sunshine 90- 120

Youmaicai 6-8 3-4 Mid-half sunshine 45-60

Onion 6-8 6-8 Half Day 80- 100

Green pepper 10- 14 6-8 full sunshine 90- 120

Radish 4-6- half a day 20-60

Pumpkin 5-7 3-4 Full sunshine 50-70

Tomato 7-10 may -6 full sunshine 90- 130.

Half-day sunshine in leek 9- 12 6-8 is 90- 120.

Coriander 5-7 3-4 Half-day sunshine 40-50

Small rape 4-6 3-4 half-day sunshine 40-50.

Note: All vegetables grow best in full sunshine, and "half sunshine" means that vegetables can grow well in half sunshine.

Seed pretreatment

Disinfection: Seeds often contain bacteria. In order to reduce seedling diseases, ensure the healthy growth of vegetable seedlings, let yourself and your family eat healthy vegetables, and avoid giving up halfway, it is best to disinfect the seeds simply before sowing. Generally, seeds bought from the market can be soaked in warm water. Soak the seeds in hot water at 60℃ 10~ 15 minutes, then lower the water temperature to 30℃, continue soaking for 3~4 hours, and take them out to dry. For seeds with unclean surface, long standing time or contaminated seeds, the method of soaking in liquid medicine can be used. Generally, the solution of 100 times of formalin is used. First soak the seeds in clear water for 3-4 hours, then soak them in liquid medicine for 20 minutes, then take them out and rinse them with clear water.

Accelerating germination: seeds need to be accelerated according to the situation. Seeds of tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, cucumbers and other fruits and vegetables germinate slowly, so they can accelerate germination. Seeds must be soaked before germination, but the soaking time should not be too long. The results showed that the soaking time of cucumber was1~ 2 hours, and that of pepper, eggplant and tomato was 3 ~ 4h hours (including the soaking time of seed disinfection). Put several layers of gauze, filter paper or absorbent paper on the bottom of the seedling tray, soak it in clear water, control the dehydration of soaked seeds, put it into the seedling tray at 28~30℃ for 1-5 days until the seeds germinate and turn white, and then sow. During germination, if the seeds are dry, water can be added to the seedling tray to keep the padding such as gauze wet and the seeds wet.

sow seeds

For live broadcast, just sow the seeds directly into a planting container of appropriate size. If transplantation is needed, containers such as plastic plates and glass plates of moderate size should be selected as "seedling trays" first. Put the culture soil with moderate ph value into a container (available in garden stores or farmers' markets), sprinkle vegetable seeds into the container, and then cover it with soil with a depth of 0.5- 1cm. Remember that seeds will not germinate if they are too deep.

Proper temperature, sufficient water and oxygen are the three elements of seed germination. Put the container in a warm and ventilated place and water it properly (for most vegetables, it is advisable to water it once a day).

Before sowing, it is best to disinfect the seeding tray with 50% bleach or other disinfectants to reduce the probability of seed contamination.

transplant

When the seedlings grow to a certain size, they must be moved to other containers in time for planting. Such as tomatoes, eggplant, etc. Generally, when there are 4-5 real leaves, melons should not exceed 2-3 real leaves, and Chinese cabbage and cabbage should be transplanted when there are 4-6 real leaves.

Be careful not to damage the tender roots of seedlings when transplanting. Before digging vegetable seedlings, the soil or substrate can be fully watered to make the roots have more soil or substrate, which can not only reduce the damage to the roots, but also reduce and increase the water absorption, and survive quickly after transplanting. Generally, the planting depth of leafy vegetables should not be buried to the lowest leaves, otherwise it will easily cause rot.

Vegetables can be cultivated in soil or soilless culture. The fertilization and watering methods of the two different cultivation substrates are similar. For details, please refer to "Raiders of Planting Vegetables on Balcony III: Soil and Fertilizer".

choose

The happiest moment is the harvest time. I can see my carefully watered vegetables grow from seedlings to green leaves, and they are fruitful. Pick the fruits of your hard work and you can enjoy green food!

When harvesting, we should pay attention to distinguish whether vegetables are ripe from color, texture and hardness. This is the best time to pick them. Some vegetables, such as tomatoes, peppers, fruits, etc., should be harvested when the fruits reach a certain hardness, and they will become soft if they are overcooked; Cucumber, kidney bean, etc. It should be harvested when it is young and tastes better.

It is best to harvest vegetables in the evening, because the nitrate content in vegetables is the lowest in the evening.

When harvesting Qingjiang vegetables and leeks, you can pick their leaves and eat them without pulling up the whole plant. After a while, the young leaves will grow out.

When harvesting onions, leave two or three in the soil, don't pull up the whole plant, so as to continue to sprout and grow.

Five strategies for planting vegetables on balcony: diagnosis and control of common diseases and insect pests

Vegetables grown in containers, like vegetables grown in the field, may also be attacked by various pests and diseases. Pay attention to whether the leaves, stems and other organs of vegetables grow well and whether there are pests. Once the problem is found, it is necessary to distinguish between environmental conditions such as water, light and temperature or matrix fertility. After eliminating these factors, determine whether it is a disease or an insect pest.

Diagnostic methods of vegetable pests

The diagnosis method of vegetable diseases and insect pests can be identified by the morphological characteristics of pests in different periods, and can also be diagnosed by the residues of pests. Residues of pests, such as egg shells, pupa shells, peels, insect hairs and corpses, and excrements of pests, such as feces, honey dew substances, silk screens, foam-like substances, etc.

First, the leaves are eaten, forming a gap. Most of them are eaten by LEPIDOPTERA larvae and COLEOPTERA pests in chewing mouthparts.

Second, there are linear stripes or gray and grayish yellow spots on the leaves. Most of these symptoms are caused by insect pests of inhalers, such as leaf flies or bedbugs.

Third, the vegetable seedlings are bitten off or cut off. Most of them were done by crickets or leaf moths.

Fourth, the secretion of honey dew causes coal disease. This kind of pests cause black spots by producing excrement similar to honey dew on the surface of vegetables. They are mainly juice-sucking and liquid-draining pests, such as various aphids.

5. The heart leaves contract and thicken. This symptom often appears on sweet peppers and peppers, which is related to mites.

Six, vegetables are harmful to the body. This kind of pest usually enters plants, and it is difficult to see them from the outside. If fresh pest feces and fresh insect mouths are found on or around vegetable plants, it can be judged that pests are far away from vegetable bodies. Sometimes, although there are dung worms, the dung worms have dried up, indicating that the pests have moved to other places. Most of these pests are moth pests and larvae.

Seven, vegetable seedlings wither and die. This shows that the root damage of vegetables is mostly caused by underground pests, such as moles, root mites and root nematodes.

Eight, a piece of fruit is eaten rotten. Such as potatoes, onions, garlic, etc. In the process of growth and storage, it rots or is eaten, mostly rhinoceros and root mites.

According to these characteristics, to judge pests and take corresponding control measures, we must first exclude the influence of other factors, such as excessive fertilization or watering, which leads to wilting and death of vegetable seedlings.

Wood chips

Wood chips are fermented and decomposed, and then mixed with soil, which makes the culture soil loose and has good water retention performance. It is a newly developed culture soil material in recent years.

Brick slag

Broken tiles or bricks are beneficial to drainage and ventilation, but lack of fertilizer.

Garbage soil

Garbage soil is called "rejuvenation soil", which is formed by pouring waste soil into the basin and adding manure. Decompose, sieve and dry the soil for later use.

How to prepare culture soil?

Because various plants have different requirements for nutrients, acid and alkali resistance, drainage and ventilation, the proportion of preparation is also different. The basic requirements for cultivating soil should master the following principles:

① The proportion of nutrients is appropriate, including trace elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

② Loose requirements and good ventilation and drainage.

③ No pests, diseases, pupae and other harmful substances harmful to the growth of flowers and trees.

(4) removing impurities such as grass roots and crushed stones, sieving, and performing general disinfection, such as insolation or heating and steaming.

The preparation methods of several kinds of culture soil suitable for potted plants are as follows: Sowing and seedling raising soil

2 parts humus soil, garden soil 1 part, a small amount of manure and a small amount of sand. Or humus 1 serving, garden soil 1 serving, chaff ash 1 serving, and a small amount of manure. Soil for common potted flowers

Humus soil 1 part, garden soil 1 part, chaff ash 0.5 part and manure 0.5 part. Or decomposed soil 1 portion, 1.5 portion of garden soil, and 0.5 portion of manure for moistureproof plants.

0.5 part of humus soil, 2 parts of garden soil, 0 part of manure/kloc-0 and 0.5 part of chaff ash.

Cutting soil

Because there is no need for nutrients before cutting takes root, yellow sand or frog stone is often used. For example, use 1 part garden soil and 1 part chaff ash; Or 1 part garden soil and 1 part humus soil. For some flowers, they can also be cut with chaff ash alone.

Soil of acidophilic plants

Use mountain mud or humus soil and garden soil, and add a little yellow sand.

Soil of succulent plants

Available yellow sand 0.5, garden soil 0.5, humus 1. Or use 1 part brick slag and l parts garden soil.

Soil of Camellia, Rhododendron and Smiling

2 parts of humus soil, 0.5 part of yellow mud/kloc-0, 0.5 part of burnt mud ash, 0/part of sand/kloc-0, and a small amount of bone meal.

Orchid soil

Recently, black mountain mud is mostly used, that is, humus soil formed by natural accumulation of forest leaves, or a small amount of yellow sand is added to humus soil.

In addition, there are the following methods for preparing soil types:

chessom

2 portions of garden soil and chaff ash 1 portion. Suitable for cutting.

Light fertilizer soil

Garden soil 1 share, humus soil 2/share, manure soil 1 share. Suitable for plants with weak root development and small seeds.

Heavy fertilizer soil

Garden soil 2 parts, humus soil 1 part, manure 1 part, suitable for the cultivation of common flowers.

clay loam

2 parts of garden soil and 0 part of manure/kloc-0, which is suitable for cultivating plants with thick roots such as palms and cycads.

A key point of high-density planting is to choose small cultivation containers that can be placed closely.

Generally, the round pot for flower cultivation occupies a large area, and the area in the pot is not fully utilized, so it is not an ideal choice for high-density planting. The square basin is an ideal appliance, but on the one hand, you can't buy it everywhere, on the other hand, the square basin is not small, which may be inconvenient to place. So if there is no square basin, you need to use your brains to find other containers.

All kinds of beverage bottles can be used as good cultivation containers, such as beverage bottles, mineral water bottles, etc., especially square iced black tea bottles. Small bottles are very suitable for cultivating short plants, such as lettuce, rape and leek. Larger bottles, such as coca-cola bottle and oil drums, can be used to cultivate tall plants, such as tomatoes, mugwort and cucumbers. Disposable cups can also be used as a culture container, but if you want to use paper cups, you need to change them regularly, or put a new cup outside the old one. Plastic disposable cups is impervious to water, but it is usually soft, so you should handle it carefully when moving.

Pop cans can also be used for planting, but pop cans such as cola are particularly thin and have sharp edges, so be careful not to cut your fingers when using them. The iron pot of mango juice is very short, especially suitable for seedling raising. You can also plant short-leaved vegetables in this short pot.

All kinds of soft materials can also be used for planting, such as socks and thick plastic bags, which can be recycled, especially socks with smaller thickness, which are elastic, can retain water and have a more textured appearance. They are good cultivation containers, which can be used to plant plants with stems such as pepper and mint, and also can be used to plant succulent root plants such as radish.

The second key point of high-density planting is to make full use of space and develop to 3D.

The plane area on the windowsill is very limited, so it is necessary to excavate the space vertically. For example, putting a small wooden board on the window sill of security window to make a small platform, placing plants that like light on the platform, and placing plants that are tolerant of shade and like shade under the platform can expand a lot of usable area. In addition, you can also use short sticks, bamboo chopsticks and the like to make some shelves with empty holes and hang them obliquely on the anti-theft window lattice. The advantage of this kind of shelf is that it has a large light receiving surface and will not completely block the sunlight below.

Hanging is another convenient way. You can hang your plate in the air by making some gadgets. A cultivation container made of plastic bottles can be hung by punching two holes, which can leave valuable bottom areas for large plants such as tomatoes and cucumbers. I also made an inverted container, which is especially suitable for tall plants with poles. If it is used to plant plants with vines, it is necessary to pay attention to the choice of length-limiting type, otherwise once it grows, the upside-down type will not fall off the vines.

The third key point of high-density planting is watering, fertilization and daily management.

Because the containers used for high-density cultivation are generally small and the soil used is less, the amount of water and fertilizer conservation is very limited. Weeding can avoid wasting water and nutrients. It is very pleasant to visit your windowsill garden every day. Watering and weeding are easy and don't take much time.

Although there are many containers for high-density cultivation, it is not particularly troublesome to water them. Because they are placed one by one, it is quite convenient to water them with mineral water bottles. If you do some simple slow-release and drip irrigation devices and do some water-saving measures, it will be more worry-free.

As mentioned above, due to the limited water retention capacity of small containers, in order to avoid frequent watering, we can do some work to enhance the water retention capacity, such as wrapping the containers with plastic bags, which can significantly reduce the evaporation and loss of water. The weather of 30 degrees can keep the soil moist for two or three days, and in addition, it can avoid the loss of the soil being hit by rain, and the water will not overflow the window sill because of excessive watering.

It is also because the container is small, it is impossible to apply a lot of base fertilizer in the soil, and the method of digging holes and topdressing is also difficult to operate. Therefore, although a certain amount of base fertilizer can be mixed into the soil before cultivation, a large amount of fertilizer that is really needed needs to be watered with water. General fertilizers and compound fertilizers can be fertilized in this way, but the trouble is that some solid organic fertilizers can only be used by making soil leachate.

The reason of false increase

At any stage of Xin Wei's growth, there may be excessive growth, which is caused by many reasons. Here are some common ones:

1. Insufficient light: Light will inhibit the growth of plant internodes, and this effect will be enhanced with the increase of light intensity and light time. Therefore, Xin Wei is easy to grow internodes in the case of weak light and short light time, and it will be shortened in the case of strong light and long light time. In addition, different light quality will also affect the growth of Xin Wei's stem. Under normal circumstances, red and orange light is the most effective light for photosynthesis, which can accelerate the growth of Xin Wei, but the internodes are long and the stems are thin. Blue and purple light can make Xin Wei grow short and strong, and ultraviolet light has the strongest effect of inhibiting Xin Wei's excessive growth and promoting Xin Wei's short and strong.

2. Too high temperature: If the temperature is too high, especially at night, Xin Wei will consume too much photosynthetic products and nutrients due to the intensification of respiration, and it is easy to cause excessive growth.

3. Too much nitrogen fertilizer: Too much nitrogen fertilizer or too many times of topdressing at seedling stage can easily lead to too fast growth. Grow vegetables on the balcony

4. Too much water: too much water in the substrate will reduce the air content and root activity of the substrate. If we encounter higher temperature and weaker light at this time, Xin Wei will grow in vain.

5. Over-dense sowing: Too much sowing, or proper sowing, but uneven sowing, resulting in over-dense sowing in some areas, which may lead to light grabbing, water grabbing, gas grabbing and virtual growth.

6. Seedlings are not transplanted in time: cotyledons are not unfolded in time, and Xin Wei is easy to grow in vain.

In the actual cultivation process, the overgrowth of Xin Wei is often the result of several factors. Therefore, comprehensive consideration should be taken when preventing and solving the problem of overgrowth.

Detailed trial sowing date of each seed in South China

Cream Chinese cabbage: all year round

Chinese cabbage: May-10.

Broccoli: May-10.

Chinese cabbage in the evening: April-165438+1October.

Huaxia pepper king: 3- 1 1

Guangdong red pepper: July-September,165438+1October -65438+ the following year1October.

Lettuce: all year round, suitable for August-165438+ 10.

Chinese kale: May-165438+ 10, the most suitable is August-165438+ 10.

Bitter gourd: February-March, July-August.

Cucumber: 1- March, July-August

Luffa: March-August

Radish: May-September

Beans: February to April, July to August

Tomato:1-February, mid-July-mid-August.

Guangdong pepper: 1 65438+1late October-next year1month, July-August.

Ordinary vegetables, fruits and herbs:

1, once every morning and evening, and pay attention to sun protection in summer.

2. Winter: Because it is too cold, you can water it once when the sun just rises. According to the soil temperature at night, it is generally not necessary to water.

Watering principle: water it when it is dry. Water it thoroughly. The water does not leak at all.

-Dry means that the surface of basin soil is dry, and the uncovered topsoil still contains water.

-Soaking means pouring the soil to the bottom of the basin until water drips from the holes in the bottom of the basin.

-No leakage means that the water can't be poured to the extent that it leaks along the drainage hole (too much water is easy to wash away nutrients)

-Tips for judging whether the soil is wet or not: Look at the surface color of the soil, put your finger into the soil and feel the degree of wetness or dryness.