What is the principle that the instrument can see the internal organs through the body when filming in the hospital?

Medical endoscope is a common medical instrument, through which operators can directly observe the tissue morphology of internal organs, and when necessary, they can also clip out some tissues for biopsy, which is a reliable medical diagnostic tool. The invention and development of endoscope has gone through a long process, which can be roughly divided into three stages: rigid endoscope stage, optical fiber endoscope stage and electronic endoscope stage.

Rigid endoscope was first invented by Dr. Philipp Bozzini in Frankfurt, Germany in 1806. At that time, it was called light guide, and its application range was relatively narrow, so it was used for bladder and urethra examination. It takes a metal tube as the shell, and is internally equipped with prisms, lenses, mirrors and other components, which are illuminated by candlelight. However, this rigid endoscope has low illumination brightness, unclear image, many blind areas and poor diagnostic effect. For patients, rigid endoscope is difficult to insert into body cavity, which often brings great pain.

Edison invented the light bulb and greatly developed the endoscope. The rigid endoscope invented by Rosenhein consists of three tubes arranged in concentric circles, the central tube is of optical structure, the second lumen is equipped with a bulb made of platinum wire coil and a water cooling structure, and the outer wall is engraved with scales reflecting the depth of entering the endoscope. Elsner improved Rosenhein's gastroscope, adding a rubber head at the front end to guide it, but the main defect is that it can't be observed after the lens is dirty. ...

Although the newly developed endoscope is full of various defects and inconveniences, the invention and birth of medical products are often accompanied by the development of science and technology. British physicists Hopkins and Capagni invented optical fiber technology, which promoted the innovation and development of endoscope.

Hirschowitz showed the first optical fiber gastroscope he invented at the American Gastroscope Society. It uses optical fiber as light guide and image transmission element, and uses external strong cold light source for illumination, which has good light conductivity and can also be used for camera shooting and photography. Because the optical fiber is a flexible element, a bending mechanism is added to the lens part, which can control its bending direction and facilitate insertion into the human body, which undoubtedly reduces the pain of patients and becomes a real soft medical device product.

The birth of charge coupled device (CCD) can not only sense light, but also convert images into digital signals, which further expands the invention of endoscope. 1983, Welch Allyn Company of the United States invented the world's first electronic endoscope and applied it to clinic. Electronic endoscope is mainly composed of endoscope, light source, video processing center, video display system, image and patient data recording system and auxiliary equipment. The biggest feature is that the observed object images are converted into electrical signals by using CCD elements, and then transmitted to the video center for processing, so as to achieve the purpose of final display.

The function of electronic endoscope is richer than that of optical fiber endoscope, which is undoubtedly a great progress of endoscope. With the development of science and technology, various advanced technologies are infiltrating into medicine. Up to now, the boom of development and application of endoscope has not subsided. Ultrasonic endoscope, laser endoscope, three-dimensional endoscope, capsule endoscope, etc. It conforms to the trend of the times and provides a powerful service for human medicine.

In addition, with the development of technology, many medical spectrometers are not only used for medical diagnosis, but also have been gradually incorporated into the treatment system. In addition to "minor surgery" such as endoscopic foreign body removal and endoscopic hemostasis, endoscopy can also be used in esophageal stent implantation, gastrointestinal polyps, early tumor resection and so on.