What are the estuaries of the Yellow River after its diversion in history?

It's complicated I'll give you a website to read for yourself.

Historically, the Yellow River is famous for its good siltation, determination and good luck. The changes in the lower reaches of the river are extremely complicated. From Jin Dream to Xingyang (South Bank) and Wuzhi (North Bank), because the river is constrained by the South Bank Mountains, it only moves very little in the direction from west to east. The ancient city of Jin Meng is12.5km north of the city, and the ancient Yellow River is even north of the ancient city of Jin Meng. Now the Yellow River is only 2.5 kilometers away from Jin Meng. It can be seen that this section of the river has moved southward by about 10 km. Below Wuzhi and Xingyang, the Yellow River officially entered the North China Plain and changed its direction on a large scale. The shunt is not only frequent, the flow path is disordered, but also the coverage is very wide. There are dozens of rivers in history, like the ribs of folding fans. Wuzhi and Xingyang are fan buttons, and the fan bones are distributed to Haihe River in the north and Huaihe River in the south. The diversion of the Yellow River has a great influence on the geomorphological changes in this vast area.

According to the literature, from the pre-Qin period to about 3000 years before liberation, the lower Yellow River burst 1593 times, with an average of two breaches in three years and 26 important diversions. Hu Weiwei, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, collated and summarized the records of thousands of diversions of the Yellow River in ancient times, and put forward five migration theories in Gong Yulue. After the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), the copper tile compartments burst and diverted, and together with a migration, they were called "six major migrations". Coupled with the primitive old road before the early Warring States period, it can be summarized into seven stages. It is described as follows:

1, the river course before the early Warring States period.

The "Yu He River" in the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River, which people are familiar with in the pre-Qin literature, is also called "Gong Yuhe". According to the description in the chapter of "Gong Yu Water Diversion", it is "East Luoling, as for the big one; There is precipitation in the north, as for the mainland; It is also broadcast to the north as the Nine Rivers, and it goes against the water into the sea. " "Luoling" is the place where Luoshui flows into the river, and "Daxian" is in Xunxian County, Henan Province, which means that the ancient river flows northeast from the northern foot of Guangwu Mountain in Xingyang County, Henan Province to Xukou of Xigusu Mountain in the southwest of Xunxian County, and then travels north along the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain. "Precipitation" means taking water, and "mainland" refers to the mainland. It shows that the great river is in the south of quzhou county today, receiving Zhangshui from west to east, and then going north to Lu Ze. "Nine rivers" generally refers to the majority, which refers to the formation of the lower reaches of the Yellow River wandering in the central Hebei plain. "Against the River" is the backward flow of tidal water from the estuary, which enters the sea in the southeast of Tianjin today.

Another river in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in ancient times was found in the pre-Qin literature "Mountain Classics", which was ignored by the world because there was no record of river runoff in Mountain Classics. In recent years, Tan Qixiang found that after the Gong Yu River reached Shenxian County, Hebei Province, the "mountains and rivers" separated from it and flowed northward, then merged with Tuotuo River, and then flowed northward to the south of Lixian County.

Yellow River Channel 2, the channel from the middle of the Warring States Period to the end of the Western Han Dynasty.

The third river in the lower reaches of the Yellow River recorded in the literature is the river in Geography of Hanshu and Records of Hanshugou, that is, the "great river custom" in Notes on Shuijing River. Hu Weiwei said: "Five years ago (602 years ago), the river moved eastward from Xukou to Luochuan, to the right of Huatai City, to the south of Liyang County in the northeast, to Liangcheng County in the northeast, and to Changshou Jin in the northeast. So the river left Luochuan and entered the sea in the northeast. " The water mirror is called "the river is so blasphemous" and is considered to be the first diversion of the Yellow River after Dayu's flood control.

The specific runoff of this "big river" is as follows: the section above Suxukou, which is the same as the river course, flows from the northeast of Suxukou to Changshoujin (now northeast of hua county, Henan Province), which is described in detail by Hu Weiwei; After Changshoujin, the river flows northward, so far to the northeast of Guantao County, south of Gaotang County in east longitude, and then to the west of Dongguang County to meet Zhangshui, and then to the northeast through Hanzhangwu County (now Fuyi City in Huanghua County) and eastward into the sea.

Tan Qixiang's textual research shows that although it is not credible to say that this river started from the five-year migration of King Ding of Zhou, the formation of this "great river is so common" is likely to be earlier than that of Gong Yu and the rivers with mountain views. Long-term coexistence during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period became the main. Around the 1940s, Qi, Zhao and Wei built dams on the east and west banks of the river for hundreds of miles respectively. After that, the rivers in Gong Yu and Shanjing were cut off, and the rivers in Han Zhi continued until the Han Dynasty.

In the mid-Warring States period, the lower reaches of the river were diked in an all-round way, which played the role of flood storage and sediment retention, so the riverbed was relatively fixed. Although it certainly overflowed nine times, the most famous one was the third year of Emperor Yuan Guang (BC 132). "The river is set in Zanzi (now southwest of Puyang, Henan Province), and flows into Juye in the southeast (now southwest of Shandong Province), reaching Huai and Si". This is the first time recorded in history that the Yellow River seized the Huaihe River and entered the sea. The flood "Sixteen Counties" lasted for more than twenty years, and it was not stopped until the second year of Yuanfeng (109). A few years later, most of the subsequent breaches were blocked and the river resumed its original route. This river has been stable for 475 years. However, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, due to the long-term accumulation of sediment, "the river is higher than the level" and the major diversion is inevitable.

Spectacular Yellow River Estuary 3. Rivers from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Early Song Dynasty.

Three years after the founding of the People's Republic (1 1), Wang Mang moved for the second time. "He Jue Wei County (governing powers, now southwest of Linzhang County, Hebei Province), several counties east of Pan Qinghe. First of all, the fear of the river in Yuancheng (now Daming East, Hebei Province) is definitely a deep disaster, and it is definitely eastward. There is no need to worry about water, so it is not blocked. " The western part of Shandong and the eastern part of Henan were flooded for nearly 60 years. It was not until the 12th year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (69 years) that Wang Jing built canals and dikes, extending from Xingyang East to Qiancheng (now northeast of gaoqing county, Shandong Province), that the great rivers in the Eastern Han Dynasty were formed, that is, the great rivers recorded in Water Mirror Notes and Yuanhe County Records in the Tang Dynasty.

The great river in the Eastern Han Dynasty lies to the east of the great river in the Western Han Dynasty. From Changshoujin, it bid farewell to the great river of the Western Han Dynasty, followed the Guluo River to the east, and then meandered between the Yellow River and Ma Jiahe, until now it entered the sea south of Binxian County. The distance from the sea is shorter than that of the great rivers in the Western Han Dynasty, and the rivers are relatively straight. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the sediment concentration of rivers was relatively weakened. For these reasons, the river has been stable for more than 800 years, with no major changes, little overflow and no major diversion. Therefore, the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties failed to reach the Canal, and there is no record of the Yellow River in Geography of Sui Shu.

At the end of Tang Dynasty and the beginning of Song Dynasty, there were many breaches due to serious siltation and poor drainage in the downstream estuary. The most important one is that in the second year of Tang Jingfu (893), the Yellow River "went northeast from the county boundary, northwest of Bohai County (now Binxian County, Shandong Province), northeast to Wudi County (now Tongxian County) and eastward into the sea". In the first year of Song Jingyu (1034), the river broke through the Henglong River in Zhouyi (now Puyang East, Henan Province), and the next section of the river moved south to Changqing, forming the Henglong River. However, the rivers below Changqing have not changed, only a small range of diversion.

Aerial photo 4, the river after Li Qing in the Northern Song Dynasty.

The eighth year of Li Qing in the Northern Song Dynasty (1048) witnessed the third great migration. The Yellow River burst at Lake Ku (now Puyang dongchang lake Collection) in Zhuozhou, then turned to the northwest, passed east of the Yellow River in Henan and west of Daming in Hebei, crossed between Fuyang River and South Canal, and flowed into Yu He (now South Canal) and crossed the boundary river (now Haihe River) along the east of Nangong, Zaoqiang, west of Wuyi, east of xian county and Qingxian. Song people called this river "Beiliu" or "Beipai".

Twelve years later, in the fifth year of Jiayou (1060), the Yellow River branched eastward in Wei County (now Nanlexi) of Daming Prefecture, and flowed northeast through a section of the old water channel of the Western Han Dynasty, from today's Tangyi and Xiajin in Shandong Province to Tuma River (now Ma Jiahe) and entered the sea between Hebei and Shandong. It is called Ergu River, and Song people call it "East Stream" or "East School".

Since then, sometimes the Yellow River flows singly, sometimes singly northward, and sometimes eastward and northward in parallel. Because the east flows through the junction of Hebei and Shandong, the river has been flooding since the Han Dynasty, and the terrain is relatively high. If the area west of the Yu He River is "the lowest place, the river will flow to the north by itself". At that time, there was a constant debate within the ruling class of the Song Dynasty about whether to maintain the Northern School or return to Dongjiang. The former advocated the maintenance of Beiliu in order to resist the invasion of Qidan with the help of the Yellow River. The latter "offered to open two shares and guide the eastward flow." Zongshen adopted the latter opinion and closed Beiliu in the second year of Xining (1069). But in the same year, the Yellow River burst in the south of the mouth. In the tenth year of Xining (1077), Ganzhou was broken and merged into Liang Shanbo. Then it is divided into two branches: one from Si to Huai, called Nanqinghe, and the other from Hejian to Cangzhou, called Beiqinghe. After several overflows, the old "north flow" was restored in the fourth year of Yuanfeng (108 1) and the second year of Fuyuan (1099). The route taken by the three northern streams is slightly different, either rushing into Zhangshui to the west or flooding into Yu He to the east. During the eighty years from the eighth year of Li Qing in the Southern Song Dynasty to the second year of Jian Yan (1 128), Beiliu was forcibly closed, forcing the single shareholder to flow, but it took 49 years for the single shareholder to flow northward, and it took 15 years, and the east, the west, the north and the south were parallel. Therefore, during this period, the mainstream of the Yellow River basically remained on the line running through the central Hebei plain to Tianjin entering the sea. It was this river that was recorded in the history of the Song Dynasty. During this period, due to the sediment of the Yellow River, "the riverbed gradually silted up, and the ancient river belt flowing from the northeast to the Bohai Sea could not be maintained, so" the water potential turned south "was inevitable.

Sunrise 5 of the Yellow River, the river course from the fifth year of Ming Chang in Jin Zhangzong to the early years of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty.

In the fifth year of Ming Chang in Jin Zhangzong (1 194), the fourth great migration took place in Guanglu Village, Wu Yang (now Yuanyang County, Henan Province). According to Hu Weiwei's account: "The river migrated eastward from Wu Yang, passing through Yanjin, Fengqiu, Changyuan, Yanglan, Dongming, Cao Zhou, Zhou Pu, Yuncheng and Fanxian, reaching Shouzhang and injecting water into Liangshan Dragon. It is divided into two factions: the northern faction enters the sea from the North Qinghe River, and today the Daqinghe River passes through Dong 'e, Pingyin and Changqing from Dongping. Nanpai entered the Huaihe River from Nanqinghe, the old road of Surabaya. Today, Huitong River has entered the Huaihe River from Dongping Li Shen, Jiaxiang, Jining and Lishui to Qinghe County. " After the river was fixed, the Yellow River moved south and entered the old roads of Surabaya and Jishui respectively, forming a new school in the south and north. One-thirtieth of the river flows into the sea from the North Qinghe River (now the Yellow River), and one-eighth flows into the Huaihe River from the South Qinghe River (Surabaya). The water potential of the southern faction is greater than that of the northern faction, which is the beginning of the Yellow River's popularity in the southern hills of Shandong Province.

The Yellow River entered the Huaihe River not in the fifth year of Mingchang, but in the winter of the second year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 128). Tokyo stayed in Duchong, above hua county, and crossed to the west (now Nansha Store, hua county, Henan Province), where it burst its banks to stop the nomads from going south, which caused a great diversion of the Yellow River and flowed eastward between Henan and Shandong in Juye and Jiaxiang, Shandong. In the sixth year of Jin Shizong Dading (1 166), in May, the river decided to Wu Yang, and from Yuncheng to the east, it merged into the water margin. In the eighth year of Dading (1 168), in June, "the water broke (now south of hua county, Henan) and collapsed (now Heze, Shandong), and it was diverted to Shaanxi (now Shanxian, Shandong)." From Cao and Dan to Xu and Pi in the south, it flows into the Huaihe River. However, at that time, the "North Stream" of the Song Dynasty was not broken, and the Yellow River was still in the situation of north-south diversion. Speaking of "Jin Ming is in the middle and long term, the northern stream is lost, and it all enters the Huaihe River." The Yellow River has never entered the Hebei Plain for more than 600 years, which is a major change in the history of the Yellow River.

Five years before and after Jin Mingchang, the Yellow River trunk line also had a tendency to swing southward gradually. In the second year of Tiande (1 150), "the river flooded Juye County", and the main stream of the river moved from hua county and Puyang in northeast Henan to southwest Shandong; In the 19th year of Dading (1 179), the river broke the capital of song dynasty, and the main stream moved south to Kaifeng. In the 29th year of Dading (1 189), the river overflowed the north of Caozhou small dike, and its main stream has entered the territory of Guide House (now Shangqiu area). At the end of the Jin Dynasty, the Yellow River trunk line was roughly built, passed through Cao and Dan, and merged into the Huaihe River.

After the Yellow River entered the Huai River from Si, every time it decided to migrate, it was often divided into several streams, overlapping each other for the first time, and the river course was very chaotic. It is often shown that one stream is dominant in dry season, and many streams flow into the sea from Huaihe River in flood season. In the Yuan Dynasty, all previous breaches formed three spillway, namely, edge spillway, vortex spillway and ying spillway. In the 11th year of Zheng Zhi (135 1), Jia Luzhi River, self-styled Huanglinggang River, led by the Yellow River, went out of Xuzhou. The so-called "river returning to the old road" is basically to restore the old road at the end of Jin Dynasty. Jaru blocked the estuary that flowed into the whirlpool and pond. But in this way, the Yellow River lost its vent path, only after fourteen years, and in twenty-five years (1365), it finally crossed Dongping and entered the Daqing River again.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River changed its course more frequently. On the main stream of the bypass road, when Yuanyang and Fengqiu burst, most of them rushed northward to Zhangqiu and carried the Qinghe River into the sea. When the breach occurred in Zhengzhou and Kaifeng, many people in the south seized the whirlpool and entered the Huaihe River. However, during this period, the trunk highways of the Yellow River have been kept in Kaifeng, Guide and Xuzhou for a long time.

Dai Yu Beach 6, Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty to Xianfeng River in Qing Dynasty

In the eighth year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1495), the Huangling Mountain was built, which was the fifth great migration of the Huaihe River.

In order to keep the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal unblocked, the Ming government sent Liu Daxia, the deputy capital, to build seven ports, including Huangling Port and Jinglong Port. And built a long embankment on the north bank, starting from Qicheng, passing through Huaxian, Changyuan, Dongming, Cao and Shanxian, and reaching Yucheng, with a total length of 360 miles, called "Taihang Dike". Rebuild new dikes in Jinglong and other places. , starting from the north bank of Jiadian Xiangfu, passing through Tongwa Box and Chen Qiao, and arriving at Little songji in the northeast (now songji in the northeast of Lankao) 160. Make the Yellow River channel directly return to Dehua, Xuzhou and Suyu from Yanglan and Kaocheng, enter the canal in the south, and inject water into the sea in the east. With the construction of Huanglinggang and Taihang Dike, "the north flow will never be completed, and the water from the long river in Wan Li will be collected at the first line of Qingkou." Hu Weiwei therefore regarded it as the fifth great change in the history of the Yellow River.

The purpose of river management in Hongzhi period was to prevent the north of the Yellow River from affecting water transport. The river regulation project is mainly to strengthen the north bank dike. The south bank was neither dammed nor blocked. Therefore, the diversion phenomenon of Sui, Vortex and Ying still occurs from time to time, which affects the water source of the main roads below Xuzhou. In order to ensure water transportation, in the 16th year (1537) and 21st year (1542) of Jiajing, water was diverted from Dingjiadoukou and Xiaofuqiao to the Yellow River and into Xuzhou trunk line to help Xu and Lu Erhong. After the diversion outlet on the south bank was blocked again, in the 25th year of Jiajing (1546), "Nanxi old road began to be blocked". So, "Man Jiang Xu, Pi, take into the Huaihe River". Since then, the Yellow River has become the only access to the sea.

After the Yellow River trunk highway was repaired, the riverbed became a "suspended river" above the ground due to long-term sediment deposition. Floods are becoming more and more frequent. In the late Jiajing period, the breach was mostly in the area from Cao Xian to Xuzhou. After arriving in Qin Long, it developed from Xuzhou to Huaiyin. Therefore, the focus of river management has always been "not in Shandong, Henan and abundance, but in Xu and Pi". Pan Jixun, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, according to the policy of "attacking sand with water" and "storing clear water to brush the Yellow River", completed the river regulation works of Yao Di on both sides of the Yellow River and Gaojiayan levee east of Hongze Lake in the seventh year of Wanli (1579), also in this reach. Its old river course is roughly the blocked Yellow River on today's map.

After entering the Qing Dynasty. As a result of the long-term implementation of "binding water to attack sand", a large amount of sediment is discharged into the estuary, "so that the water flow slows down, the sediment stops and the estuary accumulates day by day." From the 16th year of Kangxi (1677), the key point of Jinfu River regulation was Huaiyin to Hekou. He took the policy of dredging as the main task, from the steps of Qingjiang River to Haikou, and dug deep into the riverbed by "picking ditches". But it only works for a while. After a long time, the bottom of the river silted up. After Jiaqing, the situation of political darkness, lax river management and overflow of crevasses is increasing day by day, especially the sand bed deposition at the lower reaches of the river and the Huaihe River into the sea is more serious, resulting in the situation of "above-ground water flowing upward". The Yellow River and Huaihe River themselves have to give up this downstream channel with poor water flow and find another way.

There are seven estuaries of the Yellow River, and the river course has experienced Qing Xianfeng for five years.

In June of the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1855), the Yellow River burst in the Tongwafang house in Yanglan (near Lankao, Henan Province), crossed the canal in Zhangqiu Town, Shouzhang County, Shandong Province, and carried the Daqing River into the sea. This was the sixth great migration.

At the beginning of the breach, Fengqiu, Xiangfu, Lanyi, Kaocheng and Changyuan counties were flooded. After that, it was divided into three shares: one was released by Zhao Wanghe in the south of Caozhou Prefecture, Shandong Province, and the other two shares were released by the north and south gates of Dongming County, Zhili, passing through Fanxian County, Zhou Pu City, Shandong Province to Zhangqiu Town, where they merged and transshipped, and finally returned to Daqing River. Since then, the lower Yellow River has ended its 660-year history of entering the sea from the Huaihe River and returned to the situation of entering the sea from the Bohai Sea. At that time, Weng Tonghe and Li Hongzhang represented the interests of the landlord class in Anhui and Jiangsu, and they disagreed with the gag. Ding Baozhen, the governor of Shandong Province, on behalf of the Shandong landlord class, demanded that this matter be settled. The two sides argued endlessly, and the Qing government faced the storm of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution. "Military affairs have no time to take care of river workers." Therefore, in the past 20 years, the flood was allowed to flood in the southwest of Shandong Province until the first year of Guangxu (1875), and the whole river was built from Daqing River to the sea, forming the lower reaches of the Yellow River today.

From the formation of the lower reaches of the Yellow River today to more than 70 years before liberation, the river floods continued year after year, from 1855 to 1938, and the breach reached 124 times. Sometimes it invaded Tuhai River in the north and Xiaoqing River in the south. In the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), the river burst in Yingze Fangzhuang, and in the thirteenth year of Guangxu (65438+), there were two major breaches in this century: one was a catastrophic flood in 1933, which caused great disasters in 52 places within more than 200 kilometers from wen county to Changyuan; Once, 1938, the Kuomintang government blew up the Huayuankou levee in Zhengzhou to prevent the Japanese army from advancing westward, and the river was chaotic and whirlpool into the Huaihe River, resulting in a nine-year diversion. By March 1947, the mouth was blocked and the old course of the Yellow River was restored.

Historically, the change of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the general trend is that crevasses change direction more and more frequently. Except for the first and second great migrations, there were few forced migrations for hundreds of years, and there was a long period of stability. After the diversion of Li Qing and Mingchang, there is not even a river that has been fixed for 30 years. After the diversion of Hongzhi, several streams of water still coexist, and the flow direction is disordered, and the mainstream changes from time to time. In order to "protect the Yellow River", the rulers of Ming and Qing Dynasties did not hesitate to violate the nature of the river, forcibly "the whole river flows out of Xu, Pi and Si into Huai", but in the end they had to return to Bohai Bay to enter the sea. Throughout the historical period, the change and evolution process of the lower Yellow River is extremely complicated, and what Hu Weiwei did only represents the general trend of its change. In recent years, Zou Yilin put forward the idea of four stages according to the main flow direction of rivers: from the Bohai Sea before the Song Dynasty, from several streams to the sea after the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, from one stream to the sea five years after Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, and from Lijin in Shandong Province five years after Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty. It looks more concise and unique.