What other countries have constitutional monarchy at present?

The earliest constitutional monarchy in the world is the Hittite nationality, and the country that established constitutional monarchy is Britain.

1688, a glorious revolution broke out in Britain, and parliamentary sovereignty was established while retaining the monarch. The king began to be in the position of "unification without death" By the beginning of the 20th century, all the remaining monarchs in Europe (if not the Pope) were constitutional monarchs. Although the constitutional monarch is still the supreme authority of the country, their rights and obligations are more or less clearly stipulated by the Constitution.

The power of a monarch is limited. Some monarchs are only representatives of the country, but they have no actual power. They are called "virtual heads of state"-Britain and Japan are all such examples, but the monarch is still very loved and respected by the people. Today, there are still some constitutional monarchs who have great powers (such as organizing or dissolving the government and commanding the army), such as Liechtenstein in Central Europe. The monarch's power is limited to being the representative of the country, and his predecessor is often an "imperialist" monarch who goes to "militarism" but wins first and then loses, such as Hirohito of 1945.

There are two of them.

The existing constitutional monarchy.

Many modern capitalist countries still adopt constitutional monarchy, such as Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, Thailand and Cambodia.

Constitutional rights system

Dual monarchy, also known as dual constitutional monarchy, means that under the premise of constitutional monarchy, the monarch's power is greater than that of parliament, and all kinds of major laws must be signed by him, and he often has the right to appoint the prime minister and members of the House of Lords. In some countries, the monarchy is sacred, not the separation of church and state.

Dual monarchy originated from the modernization of modern Europe. From the government's point of view, it is carried out simultaneously in two directions that are contradictory in form, namely, the establishment of centralized system of nation-state and the confirmation of relatively free and democratic private property. Later generations understood it as the result of the development of civil society and rationalism, so it is acceptable for the government to operate independently, not for profit, and concentrate on national defense diplomacy.

However, in European countries where modernization started late, in order to expand government power, attract people with different ideas in society and strengthen their operation at the government level, some monarchies have compiled constitutions to set up parliaments at the same time of unification and independence, but contrary to the "virtual monarchy", it is a "virtual parliament" system. It is generally believed that the dual monarchy is a Polish-Lithuanian federation based on16th century. However, the first French Empire, which was mature in the Napoleonic era, was the product of Napoleon's claim to be emperor because of the needs of the war at that time, but he hoped to safeguard the democratic achievements of the French Revolution. Moreover, it was popularized in Europe in the19th century, such as the post-constitution of Germany and Rizojimento. It was also accepted by many non-European societies that still maintained their pre-Enlightenment beliefs, such as the Meiji Restoration in Japan and even Pahlavi Iran (before the Islamic Revolution in Iran).

However, in practice, the dual monarchy is often the victim of an armed revolution or coup by a third party, such as Japan in wartime, because it cannot balance the power struggle between the monarch and the parliament at the same time.