Summary of high school world history knowledge points

When students study history, they will definitely learn world history. So, have the students summarized world history? The following is a summary of high school world history knowledge points compiled by me. I hope it will be useful to everyone. Helpful!

Summary of High School World History Knowledge Points 1

(1) Egypt, the world’s earliest slave country

Starting from about 3500 BC, in Dozens of small slave states emerged on both sides of the Nile River in Africa. Around 3000 BC, the initially unified ancient Egyptian state was established. The tomb pyramids of ancient Egyptian kings are symbols of power. They are one of the symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization and an outstanding achievement of human civilization. King Khufu's pyramid is the largest, among which the Sphinx Pyramid is the tomb of King Habra.

(2) Four ancient civilizations

The oldest ancient civilizations in the world include ancient Egypt in Africa and ancient Babylon, ancient India and ancient China in Asia. These four ancient countries are called the cradle of world civilization because these four countries were the first to enter slave society from primitive society.

(3) The Kingdom of Babylon

In western Asia, there is a narrow strip of land, which is shaped like a crescent moon. The land is fertile, so it is called the "Fertile Crescent". The state emerged in 3500 BC. In the 18th century BC, King Hammurabi of Babylon unified the Mesopotamia (today's Iraq), established a centralized slave state, and formulated a code to safeguard the interests of the slave-owning class, the Code of Hammurabi. " is the world's first relatively complete written code in ancient times. (The "Hanging Garden" is a masterpiece of the ancient Babylonian kingdom)

(4) Cyrus, Darius, Aryans, Ashoka

Cyrus: Ancient Persian Empire The founder of the empire (reigned 550-529 BC) was the Persian emperor. Today, Iranians honor Cyrus as the "Father of the Nation."

Darius: King of the Persian Empire (522 BC to 486 BC) was not only a great monarch of the Persian Empire, but also one of the famous politicians in world history.

Aryan: is the general name for all Indo-European language groups in European literature in the 19th century. Between 2000 and 1000 BC, one group went south and settled in the upper reaches of the Indus River, one group moved southwest into Persia, and the other moved into Asia Minor.

King Asoka (approximately 304 BC to 232 BC) was the third generation monarch of the Mauryan Dynasty in India. He was the son of King Bintou Sara and was the greatest king in Indian history.

(5) Indian "caste" system, Arabic numerals, Mycenaean civilization

① Ancient India originated in the Indus River in southern Asia, about 2500 BC, in the Indus River Basin Small slave states began to appear. After the Aryans from Central Asia invaded India, they formed a strict hierarchical system, which was historically called the "caste system" and was divided into four levels: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Sudra.

②Arabic numerals, now the international common numerals. It was originally invented by the Indians, then spread to Europe by the Arabs, and then modernized by the Europeans.

③The Mycenaean civilization (1600 BC to 1100 BC) was a civilization in the late Bronze Age of Greece. It was named after the city of Mycenae in the Peloponnese Peninsula, which was an ancient Greek civilization. The last stage of the Bronze Age.

(6) "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey"

"Homer's Epic" is a famous heroic epic in ancient Greece. According to legend, it was processed and compiled by the blind poet Homer on the basis of folk oral creation. Including "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey".

(7) Council, People’s Assembly

① Five hundred

The Council of People was the product of Cleisthenes’ reforms, replacing the original four hundred The People's Assembly was mainly designed to combat clan aristocrats and was the core of the democratic political system of the ancient Greek city-state Athens. Its duty was to implement the decisions of the Citizens' Assembly and was an administrative organization that took charge of all affairs. The emergence of many institutions, including the Council of Five Hundred, was determined by drawing lots.

② The Citizens’ Assembly in ancient Greece was a direct democracy, that is, all male citizens could participate, and it was the highest authority of the city-state.

(8) Spartan State, Athenian State, Alexander Empire

①Spartan State: residents are divided into three classes, and the state institutions are composed of the king (implementing a dual monarchy system), It consists of the Elders' Assembly, the Citizens' Assembly and the Ombudsman's Assembly; the economy is dominated by agriculture, and industry and commerce are extremely underdeveloped; militarily, a strict military system and education system are implemented, all people are soldiers, and cultural construction is ignored; the core of the Peloponnesian League and leader.

②The Athenian state: a civilian government, a small country with few people, and the implementation of direct democracy; the law is supreme, the citizenry is strong, and the economy is mainly industry and commerce. Athens was the core and leader of the Delian League.

③ Alexander Empire (336 BC to 323 BC), in the 4th century BC, the Macedonian country in northern Greece became powerful and later controlled Greece. After Alexander of Macedonia succeeded to the throne, he sent troops to the east, reaching as far as India, and established the Alexander Empire that spanned Europe, Asia, and Africa, with its capital in Babylon.

Philip II finally conquered Greece in 338 BC, and established the "Greek League" in 337 BC, the "League of Corinth".

Summary of High School World History Knowledge Points 2

(9) Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Archie Meade, Aristocrats, Eratosthenes, Octavian

The theme of Socrates' research is to understand people, pay attention to human ethics and morality, and pursue the true meaning of life. He believes that thoughtful people are the measure of all things; he advocates the unity of knowledge and virtue, believing that goodness is the inner soul of people, virtue is knowledge, and education is equally important as virtue. Socrates made philosophy truly a science that studies "human beings".

Plato proposed the theory of "Utopia". He encouraged people to think independently and laid the foundation for the development of rationalism.

Aristotle emphasized that in the entire nature, human beings are the most advanced. He also created Logic. His famous saying is: "I love my teacher, and I especially love the truth."

Pythagoras (572 BC ~ 497 BC) Ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher, Pythagoras The law is Pythagorean law.

Anaxagoras, ancient Greek philosopher and pioneer of atomic materialism.

Archimedes (287 BC to 212 BC), ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, and physicist.

Aristophanes (about 446 BC to 385 BC) was a representative writer of early comedy in ancient Greece. Engels once called Aristophanes the "father of comedy" and "a poet with strong tendencies."

Eratosthenes, who was the librarian of Alexandria, was not only good at mathematics, astronomy, and geography, but also good at history, language, literature, and philosophy. He was an encyclopedic scholar. , he calculated the circumference of the earth quite accurately for the first time in "On Geodesy" and roughly measured the size and distance of the sun and moon.

Gaius Octavian, the founding monarch of the Roman Empire and the founder of the principal system

, ruled Rome for 43 years and was the most important figure in world history. one. (10) Spartacus Rebellion

The Spartacus Rebellion (73 BC to 71 BC) was the largest slave uprising that broke out in the Roman Republic under the leadership of Spartacus. . This uprising was the largest uprising in ancient Rome and a large-scale slave rebellion in ancient society. It was of great significance in world history.

(11)

____

In the 1st century, it originated in Palestine. Evangelists promoted Jesus as the "Savior". The current common AD calendar is Counting from the legendary year of "Jesus' birth", this year is the first year of AD. December 25th is "Christmas". Their classic is the Bible. In the 11th century, ____ was divided into Catholicism and Orthodoxy, centered in Rome and Constantinople respectively.

(12) The demise of the Western Roman Empire and Roman law

In 27 BC, Octavian began to take over power and the Roman Empire was established. The Roman Empire (divided from 27 BC to 476 AD) was as powerful an empire as China's Qin Dynasty and Western Han Dynasty. Later the Roman Empire split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD) marked the end of slave society in Western Europe.

(13) Via Appia

Via Appia, an ancient Roman road, the first road from Rome to Campania and southern Italy, and also the most The famous Roman Via.

(14) Clovis, Charlemagne, "Holy Roman Empire", Kingdom of England

Clovis (465 or 466-511 years) was the founder of the Frankish Kingdom. In the early Middle Ages, it ruled a large area of ??Western Europe. Son of the Frankish king Childeric I of Tourne.

Charlemagne (742-814), also known as Charles, Charles the Great, was the king of the Carolingian dynasty of the Frankish Kingdom and the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Holy Roman Empire, the full name of the German Holy Roman Empire or the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, was a feudal empire in Western and Central Europe from 962 to 1806.

The Kingdom of England, Britain during the feudal society. In the middle of the 5th century, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes living on the Elbe, Weser and Jutland peninsula crossed the sea into Britain and advanced inland along the Thames and Hamburg rivers, driving away the local residents and establishing seven The small kingdom is known as the "Era of the Seven Kingdoms" in history. In 829, the Seven Kingdoms were unified in the struggle against the Danes and the unified Kingdom of England was established.

(15) Unification of Japan and "Taika Reform"

① In Japan in eastern Asia, a slave country appeared in the 1st century BC. By the 5th century, the slave country Yamato unified Japan. In the mainland, the supreme ruler is called the Emperor.

②Japan’s Dahua Reform:

Background: In the 7th century, Japan’s social contradictions were very acute, the slave owners were powerful, and the political situation was chaotic. Emperor Kotoku issued a new edict, modeled on the system reforms of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Content: Politically, a centralized imperial feudal state was established, the hereditary system of nobility was abolished, and officials were selected based on their talents. Economically, land is state-owned, and the state distributes it to farmers for farming on a regular basis and collects taxes.

Significance: The Taika Reform marked Japan's transition from slavery to feudalism. After that, Yamato was officially renamed Japan.

Summary of High School World History Knowledge Points Three

World Science and Technology in Modern Times

Science in the Renaissance

Background: A. Literature and Art The promotion of revivals and the Reformation. B. The geocentric theory of ____ dominates, and people with progressive ideas are dissatisfied with the traditional explanation.

Copernicus: A Polish man who proposed the heliocentric theory. Heliocentric theory changes the understanding of the universe and fundamentally shakes the theoretical foundation of theology.

Galileo: A. Discovered the four satellites of Jupiter and found evidence for the heliocentric theory. (Italy) B. Create modern science that is based on experiments and has a logical system. Known as the father of modern science C, he laid the foundation for Newtonian classical mechanics

1. Classical mechanics in the 17th century

Newton (UK) Classical mechanics

A. Discover the law of universal gravitation and Newton's three laws of mechanics. B. "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", establish a complete mechanical system and achieve the first great leap in physics. C. Using strict mathematical methods and logical systems to unify the movement in the universe has decisive guiding significance for human beings to explain and predict physical phenomena. D. The discovery of Neptune is an example of proof

Significance: A. Newtonian mechanics is the basis of classical physics and astronomy, and also the theoretical basis of modern engineering mechanics. B. Marks the beginning of the scientific era of mankind and triggers the first scientific and technological revolution. C. It also laid the scientific foundation for the French Enlightenment and materialist philosophy.

2. The theory of evolution in the 19th century

★Background: Before the 19th century, creationism was dominant, and the theory of God’s creation of man became a dogma of the church that restricted people’s thoughts.

★Contribution: Published "The Origin of Species" in 1859, establishing the theory of evolution based on natural selection. That is natural selection, survival of the fittest. In 1871, he published "The Origin of Mankind", which further demonstrated that humans evolved from ancient apes.

★Influence: A. Fundamentally changed people’s understanding of the biological world and man’s position in the biological world B. Newton in the field of biology

3. The invention of the steam engine and electrical technology Application

(1) Watt and the invention of the steam engine:

★Background: After the industrial revolution, traditional animal power, wind power, and water power were very unstable, which seriously restricted the in-depth development of the industrial revolution. The development of productivity calls for new impetus.

★Process: Improved Newcomen steam engine, mankind entered the steam age

(2) Application of electrical technology

★Important inventions related to electricity: Faraday’s The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, Edison invented and improved the electric light, telephone, telegraph, and movies.

★Impact: Electrical technology provides convenient and cheap power, setting off the second technological revolution. Science and technology are transformed into productive forces, capitalism has established its global advantage, and the world has become more closely connected. Changed people's lifestyles.

4. New breakthroughs in physics in the 20th century

(1) Background: In the 19th century, based on classical mechanics, great progress was made in optics, electromagnetism, etc., and human beings had a profound understanding of the natural world. understanding has reached an unprecedented depth. New discoveries reveal the limits of classical physics.

(2) New breakthroughs: relativity theory and quantum theory.

A. Theory of Relativity

★Proposed: In the 20th century, Einstein proposed the theory of relativity and became the greatest scientist after Newton.

★Basic principles: the principle of relativity and the principle of constant speed of light. (Reading)

★Meaning: The greatest revolution in the field of physics. Materials that can broadly explain different states of motion create a new field of physics. Breaking the absolute thinking mode of classical physics provides a way to view the world dialectically.

B. Microscopic World: Quantum Theory

★Proposed: Proposed by German physicist Max Planck in 1900. It is believed that radiation, like matter, is realized by quantum, the basic unit of energy. Einstein proposed the quantum theory of light. Danish physicist Bohr proposed atomic and quantum theories, and quantum mechanics was established.

★Function: One of the most profound and accomplished scientific theories in the 20th century. Promote the development of productivity and fundamentally change human material life.

★Significance: It forms the basis of modern physics and makes up for the shortcomings of classical physics. It depicts a new macro and micro world, changing people's perspective and way of seeing the world.

5. The emergence, development and impact of modern information technology on mankind in the 20th century

Computers and Networks In 1946, the first electronic computer was born in the United States. Development direction: A. Larger storage capacity and faster operation speed; B. Smaller size, lightweight and practical.

In 1969, the international Internet came into being, "the Internet".

Computers and networks have brought mankind into the information age. Storage of information - production and office - home use - network world

Summary of high school world history knowledge points four

Literary achievements since the 19th century

1. Literature

(1) Romanticism Shelley Hugo from the end of the 18th century to the 1830s

(2) Realism Balzac Tolstoy after the 1830s

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(3) 20th century modernism Becket Marquez, etc.

2. Fine Arts

(1) Neoclassicism: David? Romanticism: Dro Croix? Realism: Millet and Repin

Impressionism:

★Background: Inspired by science and technology (optics) in the 19th century.

★Features: Directly depict objects under the sun, pursuing strong personal feelings

★Representative: Monet. "Haystack" and "Rouen Cathedral"

(2) Modern art: the transition from tradition to modern form: Cézanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh. They depict the objective world (light and air atmosphere) from a new perspective

Modernism: using exaggeration, deformation, and abstract techniques, represented by Picasso of Spain

3. Music Beethoven: Deeply influenced by Enlightenment thought, he has a strong democratic spirit. The most important contribution is the combination of vocal music and instrumental music, creating a new form of symphony. The nine representative symphonies, including "Hero", "Destiny" and "Pastoral", not only developed classical music to its peak, but also pioneered romantic music.

4. Film and Television Film

(1) The birth of film: At the end of the 19th century, with the invention of a series of technologies such as photography, shortened exposure, and continuous photography. The French Lumiere Brothers

(2) Silent film era: before 1927

(3) The father of modern film: American Griffith

( 4) Outstanding representative: Chaplin. "City Lights", "Modern Times" and "The Great Dictator"

(5) Talkies: World cinema has entered an era of comprehensive prosperity.

(6) Television: Invented by British Baird in 1929

★Function: A. The most important function is to spread information B. An important means of distance education C. Entertainment D , Exhibition of outstanding works of art

★Influence: A scientific system that enriches human spiritual life, changes people's lives and ways of thinking, and has a profound impact on modern society.