How to become a master of academic paper writing?

I. Overview of Academic Papers \x0d\ Academic papers are theoretical articles that express scientific research results after studying academic problems in a certain scientific field. \x0d\ Academic papers should have the following four characteristics: \x0d\ 1, and scientific. \x0d\ The scientific nature of academic papers requires that the author should not be influenced by personal likes and dislikes or make subjective assumptions. He must proceed from objective reality and draw practical conclusions. In terms of arguments, we should grasp as much information as possible and take the most sufficient and conclusive arguments as the basis of arguments. When demonstrating, we must go through careful thinking and conduct rigorous argumentation. \x0d\2。 Creativity. \x0d\ Scientific research is the exploration of new knowledge. Innovation is the life of scientific research. The creativity of academic papers lies in the author's unique insights and ability to put forward new ideas and theories. This is because the essence of science is revolutionary and unorthodox. "Scientific methods are mainly means to discover new phenomena and form new theories ... old scientific theories will inevitably be overthrown by new ones." (Stephen? Mei Sen). Therefore, without creativity, academic papers have no scientific value. \x0d\3, theoretically. \x0d\ Academic papers are argumentative in form, but they are different from ordinary argumentative papers. It must have its own theoretical system, not just a list of materials. To raise perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, we need to analyze and study a large number of facts and materials. Generally speaking, academic papers are argumentative or argumentative. The content of the paper must conform to historical materialism and materialist dialectics, and to the scientific research methods of "seeking truth from facts", "aiming at the target" and "analyzing and synthesizing". \x0d\4, accessibility. "x0d" means to express scientific truth in plain language, not only literally, but also accurately, vividly, harmoniously and vividly. \x0d\ II。 Writing methods of academic papers \x0d\ 1. Select a theme. \x0d\ Topic selection is of first-class significance in academic paper writing. This is because only by studying meaningful topics can we get good results and benefit the scientific cause and real life. And a meaningless research, no matter how well researched and beautifully written, has no scientific value. Professor Qian Xuesen said: "The research topic should be closely integrated with the needs of the country. ..... In terms of research methods, we should avoid going into a dead end and engaging in complex philosophy. At present, in the social sciences, some people make a big fuss about a sentence of the ancients, repeatedly textual research, and write a big paper. I don't think this is interesting. " Therefore, we should choose topics with scientific value for research and writing. So, what principle should we choose the topic according to? \ x0d \ (1) is scientific. It should include: problems that need to be solved urgently; New discoveries and creations in science; Fill in the deficiency or blank in the subject; Correct the popular saying; Supplement to previous theories; Wait a minute. \ x0d \ 2 is conducive to expansion. Refers to: have a strong interest; Able to play professional expertise; Easy before difficult, moderate size; Have some information; Can get the guidance of the tutor; Can be completed in a certain time; Limit the topic. \x0d\ The following points should be noted in the method of topic selection: \x0d\① Consult the literature before selecting a topic. The purpose is to understand the research history and present situation of this discipline, and to clarify what research has been carried out in the past and what achievements have been made; Understand the research status of this subject, so as to find out what degree the research has reached at this stage and what problems have not been solved. To this end, we should go to the library to consult the newspaper catalogue index, special subject catalogue index, yearbook and other related reference books. In addition, we need to make a file directory card. This card can be written year after year, starting with the newly published literature survey. The way to write a card is to write down the author, book title, magazine name and page number. If it is a separate book, the publishing unit should be written, and the newspaper should write the date of issue. \x0d\② Use your imagination and think positively. In the process of consulting literature, making catalog cards and sorting out catalog cards, the brain's thinking has already begun to work. The author should make full use of his own thinking ability (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, classification, combination, addition, subtraction, inversion, analogy, etc.). ) actively processing documents is a creative imagination, without which new topics cannot be obtained. While reading materials and thinking, we should not only pay attention to the records of materials, but also pay attention to the records of thinking, especially the records of sudden and fleeting inspiration. \x0d\2。 Research. \x0d\ Scientific research begins when the topic is selected and the subject is determined. The research here refers to the key research after the subject is determined. The specific contents are as follows: ① Collecting information. All information related to the subject should be collected during the day. (2) Organize data. Make scattered data organized and available. ③ Investigation materials. Materials are the basis of scientific research. In addition to consulting and collecting materials, we sometimes have to do investigations. Investigation can be divided into two types: field investigation and letter investigation. Field investigation can be conducted through meetings, surveys and individual visits. In the investigation, we should pay attention to collecting original data, sometimes drawing, taking pictures, recording or reprinting. ④ Observation experiment. This is mainly a research method used in natural science, and it is also used in some disciplines of social science. Through observation and experiment, important data and information can be obtained, and through analysis and synthesis, perceptual knowledge can be upgraded to rational knowledge, thus testing and developing scientific theories. ⑤ Thinking creation. This is the most creative stage in the research. It consists of a series of methods that are both different and closely related, including induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, from concrete to abstract, and then from abstract to advanced rational understanding. This scientific logical thinking method is dialectical logic. X0d\ Applied Writing, edited by Li Jinglong, calls the above creative thinking "creative process" and introduces a very valuable method of "creative process"-KJ method. The specific method is: first prepare the following necessary supplies: ① pencils and pens; 2 in red and blue pencils; 3 paper clips; 4 rubber; 5 cards; ⑥ Double-sided white paper for illustration. In addition, there must be a place where you can show your cards (a big table or bed). This method can be roughly divided into the following four steps: ① writing cards; (2) classifying the cards and weaving them into card groups; (3) organize the deck of cards and arrange the structure of the article with charts; 4 article culture. \x0d\ The process of this method is: \x0d\ First, collect the materials. \x0d\ 2. Make the collected materials (including the materials that the author thought out by divergent thinking, and the documents obtained through investigation, observation and experiment) into cards. Write an item on each card to facilitate the classification, synthesis, comparison, addition and elimination of materials. Every card should be accompanied by a concise and clear title. It is more convenient to add serial codes to these cards. \x0d\ Third, put these cards on the table or bed like playing cards. \x0d\ IV. Read and think, and put the cards related to the content together. At this time, you should pay attention to it, often think of new problems, and immediately write a card and put it in it. \x0d\ Fifth, you will get several decks. Read these card sets carefully in turn, wondering why they are put together and what problems they explain. Write a card that simply summarizes the results of thinking and put it at the top of each group of cards. In order to show that the contents of each group of cards are different, the symbols should be marked with pencils of different colors. Then, pin each group of cards with paper clips. \x0d\ Sixth, it is the small card group, and the next step is the card group. The editing method of the card group is the same as that of the small card group mentioned above. You should write a new card, summarize the main points of this group of cards and put them on the top. Also use colored pencils to mark the same symbol as * * * to distinguish it from other card sets. \x0d\ Seventh, in the same way, the medium card group is grouped, and finally the big card group is compiled. \x0d\ Eighth, cards are gradually grouped into three groups: small, medium and large. In the process of compiling this card group, it should be noted that it is impossible to randomly draw any card from another group and insert it into this group if the card group wants to do well. Each deck, big or small, revolves around a center and an idea. Also note: the deck must be compiled from small to large. Some people tend to divide cards into big categories first, and then into small categories. This classification method from big to small is not good, because it is based on the fixed classification standard that has been formed in the mind. According to the old classification, it is impossible to produce original ideas. Only from the original material, without any prejudice and frame, can the card group produce new ideas from small to large. \x0d\ Ninth, start sorting out the big card group, and sort out the structure of the article in the form of charts. First, take out the first "viewpoint" card in each big card group and put it on the table for spatial arrangement to see what meaningful connections there are between these big "viewpoint" cards, and how the arrangement can be logical and express the theme of the paper more vividly and forcefully. After thinking about it, draw it on white paper. \x0d\ Tenth, arrange the deck of the middle team in this way. The classification of cards is from small to large, starting with the compilation of small card groups, and then collecting the cards in the compilation process into large card groups. On the contrary, to arrange the structure of an article with a diagram, we should start with a large group of cards, that is, arrange several major parts of the article structure first. Then consider the arrangement of several viewpoints in each part, that is, the arrangement of middle cards. Finally, the arrangement of small card groups, arrange the cards well, so as to explain the small points in an orderly way. These should be painted on white paper. Small group cards can only write opinions. Material cards used one by one can be marked with serial numbers, and illustrations on white paper can be indexed. \x0d\ Eleventh, after the work is finished, try to say it with your mouth according to the picture. If it is fluent, well-founded and clearly expressed, it is a good example. If it is awkward, unclear or lacks logical effect, it needs further adjustment and modification. \x0d\ Twelfth, with a satisfactory diagram, you can start writing articles in the order of the diagram. \x0d\ The above is the main content of "KJ method". \x0d\3。 Writing. \x0d\ First, draw up an outline of the paper. The methods are as follows: \ x0d \ (1) Writing a short essay can be completed by "reciting", while writing an academic paper should visualize the skeleton and outline of the paper by drawing an outline, so as to study the combination of arguments and materials in the whole article, and whether the logical composition of part and whole is balanced and rigorous. \ x0d \ 2 The outline of thesis writing should include the following items: title, basic argument, content outline: major items (upper argument, large paragraph); Item (the next argument, the main idea of the paragraph); A small project (a piece of material). \ x0d \ (3) The writing of each item can be selected as follows: ① Title writing. Summarize the content of this part in the form of a title in short language. 2 sentence writing. Summarize this part in a sentence that can express the complete meaning. \ x0d \ (4) The order of drawing up the outline: \ x0d \ (1) Draw up the topic first, or prompt the argument, or prompt the topic ... Requirements: direct, concrete and eye-catching. \x0d\② Write the basic arguments of the paper with argument sentences. \x0d\③ Select the basic types of papers and determine the framework of the whole logic. \x0d\④ Write down the order of levels and paragraphs. \x0d\⑤ Data and cards should be marked with sequence codes according to the conceived order for future use. \x0d\⑥ Make a comprehensive inspection and modify the outline. Secondly, write a draft according to the outline of the paper. There are two ways: first, write from the introduction in the order of outline arrangement, and then write the theory and conclusion. The second is to start with this theory, write this theory and conclusion, and then write an introduction. \x0d\ When drafting, shorter papers can be completed in one go on the basis of full preparation. For a long paper, it can be divided into several parts, written part by part, and then synthesized into an article. \x0d\ In the process of writing, we should pay attention to the following methods: \x0d\① From known to unknown; (2) From near to far; ③ From simple to complex; (4) From the preparatory knowledge to the topic; ⑤ From general theory to sub-theory; ⑥ From concrete to abstract; ⑦ From easily agreed readers to disagreed readers; ⑧ From readers-relevant to irrelevant; Pet-name ruby from readers' strong interest to weak interest; Attending the language as concise as possible; Avoid verbosity; 1 1 the application of tables and charts is helpful to the change of the paper and enhance the expression effect; 12 should be quoted as little as possible. When quoting, don't take it out of context and check it correctly. To indicate the source of the quotation, there are methods such as notes, footnotes, chapter (section) notes and endnotes. \x0d\ Finally, the final version should be made after careful consideration and modification. After the first draft of the paper is written, it must be carefully scrutinized, revised and copied. The revision of the thesis generally includes the revision of viewpoints, the addition and deletion of materials, the adjustment of structure, and the polishing of language and characters. The method of revision varies from person to person and from text to text, but no matter what method is used, we should pay attention to: ① take the initiative to listen to other people's opinions; (2) go to consult and study again, and then write a letter to modify; (3) to "cold-treat", that is, to put the first draft on hold for a few days, and then browse the relevant information extensively to calm down your mind and then modify it. This kind of revision is often easy to break through the original framework, find problems, produce new ideas, and obviously improve the quality of the paper.