The Life of Guevara and Castro

Ernesto rafael guevara de la serna (Spanish: ernesto rafael guevara de la serna,1928 June14-1967 June1kloc-0/0/October 9) is usually called Ernesto Guevara (Spanish: ernesto guevara), which translates to Jay Guvara. He is a Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader born in Argentina. Guevara participated in the "July 26th Movement" led by Castro in Cuba on 1959, and overthrew the pro-American Batista dictatorship. After the new Cuban government held some important positions, Guevara left Cuba in 1965 and continued to instigate the industrial revolution in other countries. First Congo, then Bolivia. In Bolivia, he was arrested in a military operation planned by the US Central Intelligence Agency and killed by Bolivian troops on June 9. 1967+65438. After his death, he became a hero in the third world revolutionary movement and a symbol of the western left-wing movement.

When he was a student, Guevara often used holidays to travel around Latin America. During the summer holidays from 1950 to 1 and February, he traveled to 12 province in northern Argentina, with a journey of more than 4,000 kilometers. 195 1 year, at the suggestion of his good friend Alberto Granado (Spanish: Alberto Granado), he decided to quit school and travel around South America 1. Their vehicle is a 1939 Norton motorcycle. They set out at 195 1 12/29 and decided to cross south America along the Andes, passing through Argentina, Chile, Peru and Colombia, and reach Venezuela. Their motorcycle broke down in the middle of the road. Guevara also volunteered in a leprosy village in Peru for several months.

During this trip, Guevara began to truly understand the poverty and suffering in Latin America, and his internationalism gradually took shape during this trip. He began to think that the independent countries in Latin America are actually a whole with the same cultural and economic interests, and if there is a revolution, international cooperation is needed. Eight months after leaving home,1September, 952, Guevara flew back to Argentina and the whole family went to the airport to meet him. In his diary at this time, he wrote:

"The person who wrote these diaries died when he set foot on the land of Argentina again. I am not me anymore. "

The diary written by Guevara during this trip was later published as a book. Accordingly, the film motorcycle diaries was filmed in Hollywood in 2004. Guevara began to study hard. June 1953, officially graduated from medical college. He could have been a respected doctor, but this trip completely changed Guevara.

Because of the dictatorship of Peron government in Argentina at that time, Guevara's mother was worried that her son would be recruited as a military doctor and asked him to flee Argentina. 1On July 7, 953, Guevara began his second trip to Latin America. After the Bolivian revolution, Guevara moved from Ecuador to Guatemala. When passing through Costa Rica, Guevara was deeply moved by the only democracy in Latin America at that time.

1953 65438+On February 24th, Guevara arrived in Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala, under the leadership of young left-wing President Alberts, was carrying out a series of reforms, especially the land reform, which was directed at the United Fruit Company of the United States. In Guatemala, he also has a famous nickname "Che". "Che" is an exclamation in Spanish, which is widely used in Argentina and parts of South America. It is a common language for people to say hello and express surprise, similar to "hello" and "oh" in Chinese.

1on March 28th, 954, the CIA set up a mercenary in Honduras, led by Guatemalan officer Amaz. The Abens regime was quickly overthrown, Amaz became the president of Guatemala and began to brutally suppress the left. Within a few months, about 9000 people were arrested or killed. Since then, Guevara has strengthened his belief in productism, which is the only way to solve the current predicament in Latin America. Later, he took refuge in Mexico, where he met Fidel Castro.

1955, Guevara and Castro met in Mexico City, when the Castro brothers were preparing to return to Cuba for an armed struggle to overthrow Batista's dictatorship. Guevara soon joined the military organization "July 26th Movement" organized by Castro (named after the date of a failed revolution: Moncada Incident). 1956165438+1On October 25th, 82 soldiers of the July 26th Movement boarded the small yacht Granma, and set out for Cuba from Tuxtapon, Veracruz, Mexico.

1956, 12 On February 2, two days later than planned, they landed in a swamp in Orientale Province in southern Cuba and were attacked by Batista's army. Only 12 people survived the attack. As a doctor in the army, Guevara carried a bullet box in a battle. At that time, one was a medicine box and the other was a bullet box. From this moment on, Guevara completely changed from a doctor to a soldier.

The remaining guerrilla fighters settled in Maestra mountain area and gradually expanded the revolutionary ranks, gaining the support of some farmers and workers. In the battle, Guevara's superhuman courage and perseverance, superb fighting skills and ruthlessness towards the enemy are appreciated by more and more people, including Castro. He soon became Castro's most effective and trusted assistant. By the beginning of 1958, there were about 280 guerrillas. After a series of battles, by February 27th, 19, the revolutionary army had 8,000 square kilometers of land and 500,000 people. 1959 65438+1On October 2nd, the revolutionary army successfully occupied Havana, the capital of Cuba, and Batista fled. There is evidence that from 1957 to 1958, the CIA secretly provided large sums of money to the July 26th Movement, which was one of the reasons for the success of the revolution. This experience was written by Guevara in Memories of Cuban Revolutionary War (Spanish: Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria) published in 1963.

After Guevara's death, with the spread of photos of his body, Guevara's deeds began to be widely known. Demonstrations and demonstrations against his murder have appeared all over the world, and at the same time, there have been many literary works praising him and recording his life and death. Even some liberals who scoffed at Guevara's socialist ideals expressed their heartfelt admiration for his spirit of self-sacrifice. He was treated differently by the vast number of western youths from other revolutionaries because he resolutely gave up his comfortable family for the revolutionary cause of the whole world. When he was in power in Cuba, he gave up his high position and high salary for his own ideals and returned to the revolutionary battlefield to fight to the death.

Especially in the late 1960s, among the young people in the Middle East and the West, he became a symbol of revolution occasionally imagined by the public and a synonym for left-wing political ideals. The vivid portrait of ernesto guevara taken by the famous photographer Alberto Colda in 1960 quickly became one of the most famous pictures in the 20th century. This portrait of Guevara has also been simplified and copied into patterns on many commodities (such as T-shirts, posters and baseball caps). Guevara's popularity even extended to the stage. He worked as a narrator in the musical Madame Veron in Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber. The musical tells the story of Guevara's disappointment with Mrs. Veron and her husband because of juan veron's bribery and tyranny. The narrator's role is fictional, because Guevara and Mrs. Veron are not contemporaries, and the only thing related to Eva Veron in his life is that he wrote a letter to Mrs. Veron when he was a child and asked her for a jeep.

Guevara's body, together with the remains of six other comrades who fought side by side in Bolivia, was placed in a special mausoleum named Ernesto Guevara Ernesto Guevara Square, numbered 1997. The mausoleum is located in Santa Clara, Cuba. In 2004, about 205,832 people visited Guevara Mausoleum, including foreigners127,597, including tourists from the United States, Argentina, Canada, Britain, Germany, Italy and other countries. The original farewell letter from Guevara to Castro (in which Guevara declared that he would sever all ties with Cuba and join revolutionary movements in other parts of the world) was exhibited.

French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre praised Guevara as "the most perfect man of our time", and his supporters believed that Guevara was proved to be the greatest thinker and revolutionary in Latin America after Simon Bolí var, the leader of Latin American independence movement.

Guevara is undoubtedly the last great successor of Latin America's uninhibited and romantic tradition of chivalrous guerrilla warfare, followed by carranza, Pancho Villa and Passata. When the industrialist Don Quixote picked up the spear, Mandela was still an unknown South African lawyer, Vietnam was a fragmented former colonial country, and all of Latin America was occupied by various military dictatorships. After his death, revolutionary guerrilla warfare in Latin America never reached the expected effect and height. Ré gis Debray emphasized in "Revolutionary Revolution" that without long-term systematic rural mobilization and well-structured cadres, elite and highly dedicated insurgents are only a few insurgents in the jungle. 1964, the Argentine military government eliminated the Matisse guerrillas; In the late 1960s, the Venezuelan National Liberation Front fell apart because of the political tolerance reform of the new President Leoni. In Colombia, the "National Revolutionary Armed Forces" founded by "Black Knight" Fermin Charlie and "Sharpshooter" Marulanda never got rid of the image of bandits in the colonial era, because they did not have a systematic land distribution plan and were unwilling to mobilize Indians. 1968, joseph hansen, the leader of the Peruvian guerrilla movement, admitted at the fourth international congress that the guerrilla revolution in Latin America was experiencing an unprecedented crisis. It is fighting alone, unable to mobilize domestic farmers, unable to reach any agreement with churches, intellectuals and workers, and has never received international support from Moscow or Havana.

The sacrifice of Guevara and the temporary failure of the Cuban-style armed export revolution model inspired Latin America and even the whole developing world to pursue economic, political and social justice. Since the mid-1960s, the "liberation theology" movement sweeping across Latin America has absorbed the influence of Che's "new people" view to a great extent. Cardinal Fresno in Chile and Bishop Bravo in Nicaragua became the most threatening and fierce opposition leaders of military dictators such as Sandino and Pinochet respectively. Lula Silva of Brazil and Chavez of Venezuela revived the long-lost "populism" and Guevara-style ideal of average social distribution in Latin America, and became brand-new weapons against international economic and trade inequality and the deterioration of their own economic structure.