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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) itself and domestic and foreign literature are referred to as MIT for short. It is a coeducational American private university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The colleges, departments and groups of MIT are:

School of architecture and planning, including architecture department, urban research and planning department and media arts and science group; School of Engineering, including departments of aerospace engineering, chemical engineering, municipal engineering, electrical engineering and computer science, as well as departments of materials science and engineering, department of mechanical engineering, nuclear engineering and ocean engineering; School of Humanities and Social Sciences, including Economics Department, Humanities Department (anthropology or archaeology, foreign languages and literature, history, music and drama art, writing plan, etc. ), Department of Philosophy of Language, Department of Political Science, Department of Science and Technology and Social Planning, etc. Department of Management, Si Long School of Management; Faculty of Science, including Biology Department, Chemistry Department, Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Science Department, Mathematics Department, Physics Department, Applied Biological Science Program, etc. Whitaker College of Health Science and Technology, including Department of Brain and Thinking Science and Department of Toxicology. Among them, the humanities department of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences only offers undergraduate degrees. Other degrees that can be awarded by the school include: Bachelor of Science, Master of Architecture, Master of Urban Planning, Master of Science, Engineer (all degrees should specify the field of award), Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science, etc.

The quality and level of MIT teachers are recognized. 93 teachers are academicians of the National Academy of Engineering. 90 are members of the National Academy of Sciences, 209 are members of the American Academy of Arts, and 16 dead or living teachers have won the National Medal of Science. Relying on this excellent team of teachers, the school has made remarkable achievements in teaching and training high-quality talents, and is also in a world-renowned position in scientific research.

In the 1990s, MIT teachers first studied and laid the modern scientific foundation of grain thermal radiation storage. 1900, the first physical chemistry laboratory in the United States was first established at MIT. 1923, norbert wiener laid the teaching foundation of modern stochastic process in his paper Differential Space, which has been widely used in control theory, filter, prediction theory and so on. Later, he compiled these achievements and the information and communication process he later studied into a landmark book Cybernetics. In 1925, Vale Bush began to study analog computers. In 1940, he developed a differential analyzer of order 18, and pointed out the main scheme of studying mathematical technology in many papers. Although this project was interrupted by World War II, it can still be confirmed that Bush was one of the earliest pioneers in computer research. 1934, Harold Eagleton and Kenneth Gershosen designed an electronic circuit and invented a special gas discharge tube, which made it possible to design high-speed photography and stroboscope. In his later years, Eagleton really developed electronic flash equipment and deep-water photography technology. 1934, MIT developed a million volt electron electrostatic X-ray generator, which can be widely used in cancer treatment. In 1930s, Morris Cohen began to study the atomic and molecular structures of metals, which may lead to the research and production of high-strength materials. Since 1937, Joan Chapman has started the research on steel production leading for 25 years. It was not until 1962 that people understood the complex chemical reactions in steel production. Therefore, by mastering the accurate chemical combination, a large number of steel production can be carried out now. In the late 1930s, Francis Bitter invented an electromagnet, which was 200,000 times stronger than the earth's magnetic field, and was the strongest permanent magnet available at that time. During World War II, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology also studied the methods of mass production of gasoline, aircraft controllers, weapon sights, etc. according to the needs of war. From 65438 to 0946, MIT began to conduct extensive experimental research in the field of cryogenic physics. 1947, Patrick Haley took the lead in the study of determining the age and origin of the earth's crust, and his research was widely recognized because of its close relationship with the earth plate theory. 1950, Jay frist invented the magnetic core memory, which made the high-speed numerical computer Jujube Cyclone computer really run and became the key equipment of the semi-automatic ground air defense security system in the United States. In 195 1,-Li and Jerome Weizler developed and applied the autocorrelation method to signal detection and analysis. This achievement can be used in various scientific experiments to detect radar signals returning from the moon to the ground, and it is still the main method of long-distance communication including space exploration. In the same year, Martin Dutz discovered the electron dipole, an atomic system composed of boundary electrons and positrons. This discovery has very important applications in condensed matter physics, biology and medicine. 1957, after 9 years' research, Qiongxi Han completed the chemical synthesis of penicillin for the first time. In the same year, with the publication of Syntactic Structure, Roma Cioschi promoted people's understanding of the speaker's ability to master language vocabulary and make sentences and understand sentence vocabulary. This achievement is regarded as one of the most important achievements of linguistics in the 20th century. From 65438 to 0958, Vernon Ingram completed the work of confirming that individual gene defect was the cause of hemoglobin molecular abnormality and sickle cell anemia. In the same year, the space research project initiated by Bruno Rossi and Hilbert Bridge directly led to the discovery of X-rays and the first measurement of the solar wind. From 65438 to 0959, Jerome Lettiven's research on feeling and animal behavior led to the discovery of "characteristic probe", which provided a key explanation for people to understand the process of intuitive feeling. In the same year, Joan McCarthy formulated LISP language, which is a major language in artificial intelligence research. In 1960s, MIT teachers and researchers developed the inertial guidance system of Apollo lunar landing device, drew the graph of brain structure and function at the cellular level, published the book "Step by Step Ergonomic Intelligence", successfully developed a compatible time-sharing system computer, and later became the main tool of man-machine conversation, completed the scattering experiment of inelastic electrons, helped to establish the quark model of basic particles, and began to develop artificial skin for treating burn patients. 65438-0970 David Marr created a comprehensive research situation of computing technology, brain functional biology and psychology, and his masterpiece "Vision: the reflection of human visual information and the basic work of process computing research". 1974, Norman Joseph Richmond Levenson made a real breakthrough in solving one of the most difficult and famous problems in mathematics. From 65438 to 0975, Daniel McFadden greatly promoted people's knowledge and understanding of the relationship between input-output ratio and production and output. In the same year, Lawrence Yang took the lead in completing the research on the weightlessness reaction of human body by using spacecraft No.1, which lasted until the mid-1980s, so that people basically mastered the problem of motion sickness. In the second half of 1970s, scientists at MIT invented the first practical public key system, which provided convenience for any computer user to keep secret. They also applied radar technology to various experiments of spacecraft to study the process of cancer-causing genes making cell growth out of control. In the early 1980s, MIT invented an organic synthesis method, which has important practical significance in the fields of medicine, industry and agricultural chemistry. It also generates femtosecond (10- 15) optical pulses, which have important applications in information and data processing. Also invented the method of mapping human genes. From 65438 to 0985, Martin Wesemann established a theory of "partnership economy" based on the principle of "benefit sharing", which aroused great interest in England and other European countries. At the same time, Harry Gatos and his students made the first semi-insulating material: indium phosphide. The successful development of this material has created a broad development and application prospect for the electronic industry. 1986, Steven Benton and his students invented a kind of holography in the materials laboratory of MIT, which will have a positive impact on medical treatment, design and communication.

The above achievements do not include the outstanding achievements of eight Nobel Prize winners. These eight outstanding achievements are:

During the period of 1940- 1950, paul samuelson applied mathematical methods to study economic problems, and made pioneering contributions in both theoretical economics and applied economics, forming a model of modern economics. In recognition of this achievement, Samuel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics after 1970. He was the first American to win this honor;

From 65438 to 0950, Franco Modigliani put forward the "life cycle" theory of relational reserve and the theory of corporate finance, both of which are the basis for judging modern financial practice. From 65438 to 0985, Modigliani won the Nobel Prize in Economics.

1960, after the mutation of infectious virus was discovered in 1940, Lolia made a leading work in life genetics, so he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with others in 1969.

196 1 year, Robert Solau put forward the first economic growth model. He estimated the absolute contribution of technological progress to growth, which had a great influence on the formulation of policies to stimulate new technologies, so he won the Nobel Prize in Economics from 65438 to 0987.

1967, Steven Weinberg put forward the basic theory of combining weak force with electromagnetic force, and won the 1979 nobel prize in physics.

1970, David Baltimore discovered reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme that catalyzes RNA to produce deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This discovery provides a technique for biologists to study the relationship between some viruses and cancer. Baltimore 1975 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

1974, Samuel C.C.J., that is, Ding Zhaozhong, ulrich Becker and Chen Ming discovered the "J" proton and pointed out the building blocks that induce quarks in nature. For this, Ding Zhaozhong won the Nobel Prize in Physics from 65438 to 0976. 1979, after Shi Ding and others won the prize, they found a "colloid" with "viscose" quarks above the elementary particles;

In 1984- 1985, Susumu Donaghwa described the structure and arrangement of genes. 1987, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his leading research achievements in human immune system.