Chinese stone arch bridge text

Author: Mao Yisheng

original text

The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. According to ancient mythology, the rainbow is a "bridge connecting heaven and earth" after rain, and you can go to heaven through the rainbow. China poets like to compare the arch bridge to a rainbow, saying that the arch bridge is "lying rainbow" and "flying rainbow", and describing the water arch bridge as "changhong lying wave".

Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world. This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in appearance, but also strong in structure. It can cross rivers for decades, hundreds or even thousands of years, and play a role in transportation.

Stone arch bridge has a long history in China. The "Traveler's Bridge" mentioned in Water Mirror Notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge on record. Stone arch bridges can be seen almost everywhere in China. These bridges vary in size and shape, and many of them are amazing masterpieces. The most famous ones are Zhao Zhouqiao in Zhao County, Hebei Province and Lugou Bridge in Fengtai District, Beijing.

Zhao Zhouqiao, which spans the Weihe River, is a world-famous ancient stone arch bridge and the oldest stone bridge used since its completion. This bridge was built around 605 AD, and it has been 1300 years now, and it still maintains its original majestic posture. By the time of liberation, the bridge was somewhat damaged. Under the leadership of the people's government, after thorough renovation, this ancient bridge has been rejuvenated.

Zhao Zhouqiao is very magnificent, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends and a narrow width of 9 meters in the middle. The design of the bridge completely conforms to scientific principles, and the construction technology is even more ingenious. Zhang said in the Tang dynasty that it was "made strangely, and people don't know why." The characteristics of this bridge are: the whole bridge has only one big arch, which is 374 meters long. At that time, it was the longest stone arch bridge in the world Bridge opening is not an ordinary semicircle, but like a bow, so there is no steep slope on the road above the big arch, which is convenient for horses and chariots to get up and down.

There are two small arches on each side of the big arch. This creative design not only saves stone and reduces the weight of the bridge, but also increases the water flow in the bridge hole and reduces the impact of flood on the bridge when the river surges. At the same time, add an arch on the arch to make the bridge more beautiful. The big arch consists of 28 arch rings, just like so many bows with the same shape put together to make an arc-shaped bridge opening. Each arch ring can independently support its weight. If one arch ring is broken, the other arches will not be affected.

The structure of the whole bridge is symmetrical, which is very harmonious with the surrounding scenery; The stone pillars and slabs on the bridge are also beautifully carved. Zhang Kun of the Tang Dynasty said that looking at this bridge from a distance is like "Yun Qi in the early month, Changhong drinking the stream". Zhao Zhouqiao's superb technical level and immortal artistic value fully show the wisdom and strength of our working people. Li Chun, the main designer of this bridge, is an outstanding craftsman, and his name is engraved on the inscription at the bridge head.

Lugou Bridge on Yongding River was built between 1 189 and 1 192. The bridge is 265 meters long and consists of 1 1 semicircular stone arches. The length of each stone arch varies from 16 meters to 2 1.6 meters. The bridge is about 8 meters wide and the road surface is flat, almost parallel to the river. There is a stone pier between every two stone arches, connecting 1 1 stone arches into a whole. Because the arches are connected, this kind of bridge is called multi-arch stone bridge.

When the Yongding River flooded, it was very severe. In the past, the embankments on both sides of the river were often washed away, but nothing happened to this bridge, which shows its firmness. The bridge deck is paved with stone slabs with stone pillars on both sides. Lions with different postures are carved on each stigma. Some of these stone lions hold their mother and son, some whisper, some like listening to the sound of running water, and some like watching pedestrians. They are so lifelike.

As early as13rd century, Lugou Bridge was famous all over the world. At that time, an Italian named Kyle Poirot came to China. In his travel notes, he spoke highly of the bridge, saying that it is "unique in the world", and especially praised the lions carved on the pillars of the bridge, saying that they "* * * together constitute a beautiful spectacle". At home, this bridge has been praised by people. It is located on the main road leading to the capital and is beautifully built. Lugou Xiaoyue has always been one of the scenic spots in Beijing.

Lugou Bridge is also memorable in the history of our people War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 1July 7, 937, China soldiers fought against Japanese imperialist aggression here, which opened the curtain for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

Why did the stone arch bridge in China have such brilliant achievements? First of all, it lies in the diligence and wisdom of our working people. Their stone making technology is very exquisite. They can cut the stone into a whole stone tablet and carve it into various images. There are many creations in architectural technology, and there are even more unexpected methods in hoisting. For example, the Jiangdong Bridge in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province was built 800 years ago, and some pieces of Liang Shi weighed about 200 tons. How to install it is not fully known.

Secondly, China has a fine tradition in the design and construction of stone arch bridges. The finished bridge has the advantages of material saving, ingenious structure and high strength. Secondly, China is rich in all kinds of building stones, which are made from local materials, which also provides favorable conditions for building stone bridges.

In the past two thousand years, numerous stone arch bridges have been built in China. After liberation, various types of highway bridges and railway bridges were built on a large scale all over the country, including many stone arch bridges. 196 1 year, the world's longest single-arch stone bridge was built in Yunnan province, named as Changhong Bridge, with stone arch 1 12.5 meters.

On the basis of traditional stone arch bridges, we have also built a large number of reinforced concrete arch bridges, among which the "double arch bridge" is a new creation of working people in China and the only one in the world. In recent years, this kind of arch bridge has been built in China, with a total length of more than 200,000 meters, of which the largest hole is as long as 150 meters. The rapid development of China's bridge industry shows the incomparable superiority of our socialist system.

Extended information 1. Appreciation of Chinese stone arch bridge:

1. has a long history (the earliest recorded stone arch bridge "Traveler Bridge" was built around 282 AD).

2. Almost everywhere (that is, numerous and widely distributed).

There are different sizes and forms, many of which are amazing masterpieces-diverse and outstanding. ?

It is not only beautiful in appearance, but also firm in structure and has a long history. Bridge opening is curved and full of vitality.

Stone arch bridge is one of the three basic types of traditional bridges in China. Stone arch bridge system is diverse. The two bridges described in this paper are outstanding representatives of millions of stone arch bridges. For thousands of years, stone arch bridges have spread all over the country. With the development of economy and culture, they have made rapid progress. They are an integral part of China's splendid ancient culture and have won honor for the motherland in the world.

Up to now, a large number of ancient bridges are well preserved, which can be said to be the historical testimony of the exquisite skills of bridge builders in past dynasties, and also show the wisdom and strength of the working people in China. An ancient bridge can stand the test of natural disasters and wars and has not been broken for thousands of years. It is a miracle that it has not only been preserved as a monument, but also maintained its inherent functions. Of course, it is also due to the hard repair of the past dynasties, and this repair activity often comes from the folk's love and protection of the bridge. There are many stories about this social fashion in the history of Chinese bridges, which is worth telling.

Secondly, the stone arch bridge appeared late in the history of bridge development in China, but once it appeared, it developed rapidly, that is, after the modern railway and highway bridge engineering technology was introduced into China in 1880, it still maintained its vigorous vitality, and made great progress in combination with modern engineering theory and new building materials.

This is the goal pursued by bridges and any buildings at all times and in all countries. At the beginning of the 6th century, our skilled craftsmen displayed their intelligence and made bold innovations, and their brilliant achievements were worthy of pride. ?

Thirdly, bridging the bridge across the water, the beauty of artistic conception, the beauty of carving and decoration, and the diversity of styles are also the national traditions that embody China's aesthetic standards. No matter the size of the building, the technology should be improved, just like painting, there can be no failure. Since the prevalence of grotto statues, ancient masons have had a set of superb skills and a certain level of artistic design. The railings in Zhao Zhouqiao and the stone lions in Lugou Bridge are both famous for their artistic treasures, which is also a precious artistic tradition of Chinese stone arch bridges and has a far-reaching influence on the decoration of modern stone arch bridges. ?

The stone arch bridge in China has made some achievements in ancient times, and it still has development prospects today. What used to be useful is still working today. Therefore, it is a precious heritage, showing the industriousness, courage and outstanding talents of the working people in our country. We will certainly make greater achievements in the cause of modern bridges. ?

Arch bridge is one of the basic systems of bridges, with a long history and beautiful appearance. Famous bridges in ancient and modern China and abroad occupy an important position in bridge construction. It is suitable for large, medium and small span roads or railway bridges, especially for crossing canyons. Because of its beautiful shape, it is also often used in bridge construction in cities and scenic spots. ?

/kloc-since the middle of the 0/9th century, with the appearance of steel and concrete building materials, stone arch bridges have been gradually replaced by steel arches and reinforced concrete arch bridges. The arch bridge structure develops to light structure, gradually breaking the traditional through stone arch bridge and creating a new arch bridge.

The arch ring of the arch bridge has developed into a separated rib arch, and the bridge deck has developed into a new plate beam structure, which is supported on the arch rib by columns (through type) or suspended under the arch rib by suspenders (through type). When restricted by terrain or bridge construction height, it can also be made into a half-through arch bridge. Arch bridges can be single-span or multi-span.

Three. About the author:

Mao Yisheng (1896 65438+1October 9-1989 65438+1October 12), a native of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, is a civil engineer, bridge expert, engineering educator in China, academician of China Academy of Sciences, and the United States. ?

Mao Yisheng used to be the president of National Hohai University of Technology, the president of Tangshan University (now Southwest Jiaotong University) of the Ministry of Communications, the president of Beiyang Institute of Technology, the director of Jiangsu Provincial Water Resources Department, the director of Qiantang River Bridge Engineering Department, the acting president and dean of Tangshan Institute of Technology of Jiaotong University, the general manager of China Bridge Corporation, the president of Beiyang University, the president of China/North Jiaotong University (now Southwest Jiaotong University and Beijing Jiaotong University), and the president of Railway Research Institute.

65438-0955 was selected as a member of China Academy of Sciences. Mao Yisheng presided over china academy of railway sciences for many years and made outstanding contributions to the progress of railway science and technology. He presided over the construction of the Qiantang River Bridge, the first large modern bridge designed and built by China people, which became a milestone in the history of railway bridges in China. After the founding of New China, he participated in the design of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge. 1989165438+1October 12, died in Beijing at the age of 93.