Tourism in Nagasaki

The gate of Nagasaki's "Tang House" has become a national key cultural relic protection unit in Japan. Many streets here, like towns in southern China, are paved with stone slabs and set up stone steps. The layout and design of the street is like a maze. If there is no familiar person to lead the way, it is easy to turn around.

Besides Zhonghua Street, Nagasaki also has the famous "Tang Si Temple" built in16th century, namely Guangfu Temple, Chongfu Temple, Fu Sheng Temple and Fuji Temple. Apart from Buddhism, this "Four Tang Temples" also enshrines some China folk gods, such as Guandi. These Tang temples became the spiritual sustenance of Chinese in Japan at that time, and they were also important places for cultural exchanges between China and Japan. Confucius Temple is the largest existing building in Nagasaki that embodies the cultural characteristics of China, and it is also the only Confucius Temple in Japan.

The Confucius Temple in Nagasaki covers an area of 3,300 square meters, and the main hall is Dacheng Hall, dedicated to the statue of Confucius. On the back of Dacheng Hall, there is a shrine dedicated to the soul of Confucius ancestors. On both sides of Dacheng Hall, there are also 72 statues of sages, carved with blue and white stones, which are one person high. In the cloister around Dacheng Hall, the full text of The Analects of Confucius with about 16000 words carved on marble is displayed. The Tang Dynasty Hall behind Dacheng Hall was transformed into a museum of China. Many tourists visit Nagasaki every day. Stepping into the grand and distinctive gate of Confucius Temple in China, the first thing is a strong incense smell. Although it is a foreign country, the Confucius Temple is still full of incense. From time to time, crowds of believers came to pay homage to Kong Old Master Q Ah Q.

In Nagasaki, there are many cultural heritages closely related to China culture, such as Tang House, Stone Arch Bridge, Guangfu Temple (also known as Nanjing Temple), Guandi Hall, Tudi Hall, Guangji Temple, Fuzhou Guild Hall, Confucius Temple and Zhonghua Street. Here, whether it is food, clothing, housing and daily life, it retains a strong Chinese flavor. These cultural heritages have been fully integrated into Japanese society and become a part of Japan's multicultural heritage. Among these cultural heritages related to China, quite a few have been designated as historical relics protection units of the Japanese state and Nagasaki City, and become important resources for sightseeing in the city.

Summer is the best season to travel to Nagasaki. On the green seashore, tourists can enjoy a good life. The temperature is affected by the warm current, and the temperature difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a year is small, with an average of 16.6 degrees Celsius. Nagasaki has a subtropical climate, similar to Southeast Asia, with strong southern customs. Nagasaki is the capital of Nagasaki Prefecture, located at the western end of Kyushu Island, Japan, with an area of 406.35 square kilometers. 1945 the second world war is drawing to a close. German fascists surrendered unconditionally on1May 8, 945. 1On July 26th, 945, the United States, Britain and China issued the Potsdam Proclamation, urging Japan to surrender unconditionally and quickly, but the Japanese government ignored it. In order to force Japan to surrender quickly,1At 8 o'clock on August 6, 945, the US military dropped a uranium bomb codenamed "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, which exploded in the air 580 meters above the ground, causing 200,000 deaths and injuries among the 245,000 people in Hiroshima, and the whole urbanization was in ruins. 1in the early morning of August 9, 945 1 1: 02, following the attack on Hiroshima, the US military carried out the second atomic bomb attack on Japan. A commando team consisting of five B-29 bombers dropped the atomic bomb "Fat Man" in downtown Nagasaki. Fat man is a plutonium bomb, about 3.6 meters long, with a diameter of 1.5 meters, weighing about 4.9 tons, TNT equivalent of 22,000 tons and explosion height of 503 meters.

The bombing caused more than 654.38+10,000 people of Nagasaki's population of 230,000 to be killed or missing that day, and 60% of the buildings in the city were destroyed. The injuries caused by the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been left to this day, and survivors have suffered from radiation sequelae such as cancer, leukemia and skin burns. According to the statistics of relevant Japanese departments, so far, the number of people who died in Hiroshima and Nagasaki due to atomic bombings has exceeded 250,000 and 6.5438+0.4 million respectively.

A week after the bombing, thousands of people were burned to death in Nagasaki, but what bothered doctors was the mysterious (X disease), which still caused many Japanese and allied soldiers released from prison to get sick or die one month after the bombing. The patient "groaned in the hospital bed, his mouth was black, his expression was stiff and he could not speak". Her legs and arms are covered with red spots. Others have persistent high fever, decreased white blood cells and red blood cells, sore throat, vomiting and diarrhea, or internal bleeding or hair loss, which were not known to the world at that time. The atomic bomb dropped by the U.S. military injured Nagasaki residents with high doses of beta rays and gamma rays, but at that time, no one was sure that Weller recorded in his book that the unique (disease) of the atomic bomb was incurable, because it had never been seen in the diagnosis, and it has been killing people here until now. From Tianning Island to Kokura City

1On August 6, 945, Major Charlie W. sweeney, the pilot of the reconnaissance plane B-29 "Great Artist" who assisted the US in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, received an order from the army commander to drop the atomic bomb on the little boy on the night of his return to Tianning Island, and Colonel Paul Tibbets, the captain of the B-29 "Einola Guy" who caused the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, ordered him to command the second. The target has been specified. The first target is Ogura City, and the second target is Nagasaki City (that is, Ogura City is the priority target, and if it cannot be attacked due to other factors, it will turn to Nagasaki City).

At that time, the appointed tactic was to wait for a weather detector to return to the team, and then send three unguarded B-29s to attack the city, which was the same as the tactic used in Hiroshima's atomic bombing. Major sweeney was worried because he realized that the Japanese might know their attack plan.

This time, there are six fighters in the battle plan. In Ogura, there is a weather detector B-29 "Ainola Guy" piloted by Captain George W. marquardt; Nagasaki City has a weather detector B-29 "Long Xuan" piloted by Captain Charles F. mcknight; The measuring machine is a B-29 "great artist" driven by Captain Frederick C. Bok. The camera is a B-29 "Stinger" driven by Major James I Hopkins; The backup machine is a B-29 "full house" driven by Lieutenant Colonel Ralph R Taylor; All that's left is the B-29 Bokska. Major sweeney's plane is usually a B-29 "Great Artist", which was equipped with special observation equipment during the Hiroshima campaign. In order to save time in disassembling the equipment of the "Great Artist" and transporting the equipment to another plane, Major sweeney proposed to exchange the airframe with Captain Boku, so the B-29 "big container" became a special plane for dropping bombs.

However, the nickname of the body was not marked with the body number during the attack, so William Lawrence, the only The New York Times journalist who won the right to interview immediately after the battle, wrote a draft of "The bomb thrown on the body was a B-29' great artist' driven by Major sweeney" without knowing the proposal of exchanging the body of Major sweeney. The cause and effect of this incident spread after the war.

In addition to Major sweeney and ten flight attendants, the B-29 "big container" was piloted by the radar monitor Captain Dyke Pisa, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Ashworth, Captain Phila Banz, who was in charge of the atomic bomb, and three other officers.

Before the attack, the B-29 "big container" failed to use 2000 liters of fuel because of the pump failure in the spare fuel depot of the bomb depot at the rear. However, Major sweeney expected that the B-29 "big container" could still support himself to complete the task and return, because the repair process would delay the action, so he left Tianning Island at 2: 45 am on August 9, Japanese time and started fighting without repair.

Ainola Gay, who first arrived in Kokura, waited for the misty Kokura to clear up, while Xiaolong, who arrived in Nagasaki, watched the mist thicken. According to reports, the cloud covers about 20% of the area above the two cities.

After passing through Iojima, he arrived at the assembly point over Yakushima at 7: 45 am. Although Major sweeney successfully joined the measuring body B-29 "Great Artist", the photographic body B-29 "Big Needle" was mistakenly raised to the altitude of 12000m, so it deviated from the team and could not meet. After 40 minutes, Major sweeney had to continue to fight with the rest of the aircraft formation.

At 9: 40 a.m., they began bombing from Hijima, Oita Prefecture, until they reached the original bombing target in Ogura City. At 9: 44 in the morning, they arrived at the airdrop target-Kokura Army Barracks. However, Jaimet Pihan, the captain of the high-altitude bomber, could not visually confirm the target position. Later, they tried to find opportunities again with a shorter path. They finally spent 45 minutes and failed three times.

After they bombed the small warehouse three times, there was little fuel left in the engine, and the unrepaired fuel system of B-29 "big container" was abnormal in the replacement of spare fuel. Moreover, the weather in the warehouse was deteriorating at that time, and the Japanese anti-aircraft guns were aiming at them for fierce air strikes. And they confirmed that the Japanese army urgently sent ten Zero fighters to participate in the war. So, at 10: 30 in the morning, they turned their target to the secondary target, Nagasaki City, and left the sky above Ogura City.

Over Nagasaki city

The weather detector B-29 Long Xuan, which arrived in Nagasaki, began to report to the headquarters: "The sky in Nagasaki is clear, but the clouds began to increase slowly." After a while, the sky over Nagasaki was also covered with dense clouds.

Twenty minutes after leaving Ogura, the B-29 "big container" began to invade Nagasaki Prefecture. At about 10: 50 in the morning, when B-29 "Big Container" approached the sky over Nagasaki City, 80% to 90% of cumulus covered the height of 1800 to 2400 meters.

They used the auxiliary An /APQ-7 radar, and tried to get close to their original target-over the northwest urban area of Nagasaki City. Major sweeney intends to drop an atomic bomb in the Pacific Ocean without visual bombing. Lieutenant Colonel Ai Xiuhua of the weapons group urged Major sweeney to "bomb with radar system".

When Major sweeney intends to disobey orders and aim at the target north of the original target only by the radar system, they can start to spy on the streets of Nagasaki along the cloud gap. Pihan, the captain of the high-altitude bomber, shouted.

"We saw the street! Find the target! Found a secondary target in the cloud gap! "

Major sweeney handed over the task of automatically controlling the movement of the body to Captain Pihan. They randomly selected the industrial zone as the target and dropped the Mk-3 atomic bomb fat man at an altitude of 9000 meters by manual operation. The fat man fell along an imaginary parabola, and after about 1 minute (that is, 165438+ 0: 02 am), he exploded at an altitude of 503 meters at the villa tennis court (Songshan Town 17 1 area) 3 kilometers away from the center of Nagasaki.

At the beginning, the original goal was Nakajima Kawaguchi Changpan Bridge in the center of the inner city. If the atomic bomb explodes according to its original target, the center of the explosion will be at the northern end of the original affected area. After dropping the atomic bomb, the B-29 "big container" turned to the northeast at 155 degrees. B-29 "Great Artist" measured the airframe from bombing to explosion, dropping three radio high-altitude weather detectors and parachutes to measure the air pressure and temperature. After the atomic bomb explosion, these radio high-altitude weather detectors fell eastward and landed at Tiger Shi Cun (about 1 1.6 km from the explosion center), Tianjie Village (about/2.5 km from the explosion center 13.3 km from the explosion center) respectively. These radio high-altitude weather detectors contain writing paper that luis alvarez, a physicist who traveled with the US military in the Hiroshima bombing plan, wanted to give to his old friend, physicist Sagane Liaoji, who was teaching at Imperial University in Tokyo. The general content is that Alvarez wants Sagan, who knows the destructive power of the atomic bomb, to persuade the Japanese government to surrender to the allies.

B-29 "big container" and B-29 "great artist" circled over Nagasaki City, confirmed the damage of Nagasaki City, and sent the report of this nuclear attack to the base in Tianning Island. "Successfully bombed Nagasaki City in the view of 090 158Z. No fighter planes were sent to defend it, let alone the air defense firepower against the air force. The result can be said to be "technical success", but according to other factors, a meeting must be held to make the next move. Nagasaki bombing and Hiroshima bombing have the same impact on the surface. In view of the failure of the bomb airdrop, it is necessary for us to go to Okinawa because the remaining fuel is only enough for us to park in Okinawa. " During this period, the whole story of the atomic bomb explosion was recorded as 3 minutes and 50 seconds long 16mm color film image. What appears in this image is that at the moment of explosion, fireballs are clearly seen spewing out from the mushroom cloud. The image recording the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima city could not be saved because of the failure of film development. Therefore, this image of the atomic bomb explosion in Nagasaki City has become the only image that can be played to describe the actual atomic bomb explosion. This image was received by Japan at 1980, and it can still be used in TV programs.

Report to me when you return to Tianning Island base.

When the B-29 "big container" finished its mission and left Nagasaki, there were about 65,438+0,000 liters of fuel left. After calculation, Major sweeney came to the conclusion that he could not fly 80-1.20km from Okinawa. Major sweeney turned off the engine and saved fuel by turning and landing at the same time. At 2 pm, he made an emergency landing at Tanya Airport in Okinawa Prefecture. It is said that after he landed, the fighter plane had only 26 liters of fuel left. After landing, he held talks with Lieutenant General Jimmy Du Lide, commander of the Eighth Army of the United States, who was famous for his air strikes on Tokyo. B-29 "Big Container" and B-29 "Great Artist" left Okinawa at 5: 00 pm, and finally returned to Tianning Island base at1106 pm ... The atomic bomb that caused Nagasaki atomic bomb explosion was an atomic bomb using plutonium -239.

Unlike the little boy atomic bomb that caused the Hiroshima atomic bomb, this plutonium atomic bomb was detonated by implosion.

If the destructive power of Fat Man's atomic bomb is converted into the scale of TNT explosive, it can cause equivalent damage of 22,000 tons of TNT explosive. The little boy's use of uranium -235 atomic bomb can cause 15000 tons of TNT explosive damage. In other words, the destructive power of the fat man's atomic bomb is about 1.5 times that of the little boy's atomic bomb.

Because Nagasaki is surrounded by mountains and the bombing site is far from the city center, the damage can be reduced. If Nagasaki is surrounded by plains, the damage to Nagasaki will be incalculable. Fatty's atomic bomb uses plutonium -239, which is very small in nature and usually does not exist in nature.

But the fission reaction of plutonium atomic bomb is different from that of uranium atomic bomb, so the structure of plutonium atomic bomb will be completely different from that of uranium atomic bomb.

Therefore, the development of plutonium atomic bomb will be completely different from Hiroshima boy atomic bomb using uranium.

Plutonium: a transuranic element named after Pluto

During the fission experiment of uranium nucleus (element 92), the prediction that "both element 93 and element 94 will exist" began to spread. Then an American physicist successfully discovered the 93rd element-neptunium at 1940. Then, in February of the following year, Glenn Theodore Seeburg of the University of California, Berkeley, successfully discovered the 94th element-plutonium.

At the same time, since September 1939, World War II broke out in Europe and was in full swing, while physicist Leo Szilard fled to the United States and submitted a historic proposal to President franklin delano roosevelt to develop an atomic bomb.

Finally, the use of plutonium as a raw material for nuclear weapons such as atomic bombs has quickly attracted international attention.

Fritz-Pierre memorandum

According to the "Frish-Pailes Memorandum" of March 1940, the actual production of atomic bombs has shown that the energy gained in the process of nuclear fission will soon become one of the categories of military research.

Production of plutonium atom

Plutonium is a transuranic element, which is extremely trace in nature and usually does not exist in nature. The next step of the plutonium atomic bomb production plan is to produce plutonium atoms: first, uranium -238 absorbs neutrons, and then the newly produced uranium -239 undergoes two beta decays to produce plutonium -239. And this process is relatively efficient. The atomic bomb exploded in the center of Pushang area, causing serious damage in this area. Fortunately, the central area of Nagasaki is about three kilometers away from the explosion center, and it is blocked by many mountains such as Mount Kimpiro, so the damage is slight except for the uncovered bay shore area. Among them, people who suffered a nuclear explosion in Hiroshima were evacuated to Nagasaki, and it was impossible to escape this robbery; Or people who were on a business trip to Hiroshima suffered, and their homes in Nagasaki were destroyed by nuclear bombs, and so on. The so-called "double suffering" is a particularly unfortunate example, such as Yamaguchi (19 16-20 10).

The terror of bombing in Pushang area is comparable to Hiroshima. When the explosion occurred, priests and believers who were holding mass in Pushang Catholic Church died on the spot because of the hotline and collapsed rubble that accompanied the explosion. At Nagasaki Medical University, most patients and medical staff who were hospitalized died on the spot. It is said that Nagasaki's facilities for holding prisoners of war have also caused a large number of casualties among allied soldiers (mainly British and Dutch troops). In the absence of medicines and medical equipment, the surviving doctors and nurses launched rescue operations. The original explosion dealt a serious blow to the pre-established medical rescue system and could not effectively deal with the injured. In this chaotic situation, three hours after the explosion, four ambulance trains of Japan Railway approached the still burning explosion center and sent many injured people to hospitals along the route. In the evening, the nearby hospital organized an ambulance team to go to the rescue, and the police defense group affiliated to Nagasaki Prefecture also organized an ambulance team to carry out rescue activities at night, and requested the local and other nearby counties to send rescue teams.