Advantages and disadvantages of BOT in international economic cooperation

Advantages and disadvantages of BOT model in international economic cooperation, advantages and disadvantages of international economic cooperation BOT is a special investment model in which private capital participates in infrastructure construction and provides public services to the society, including three processes: construction, operation and handover.

The characteristics of BT mode are: (1) There is no qualification requirement for investors, as long as they have strong financing ability; (2) Investors can set up a project company during the construction process, and the owners are less involved in the project. During the project construction, the project company performs its functions, is responsible for the project construction management, and does not directly participate in the project construction. The project construction unit, design unit and compilation unit shall be determined by the project company through bidding. The main responsibility of the owner is to determine the project construction standards, acceptance standards and pay the repurchase money.

BT mode is characterized by (1) risk transfer: the construction and operation cycle of infrastructure projects is long, the scale is large, and the risks are also great. In BOT mode, * * * transfers the risk to the investors of the project. The project loan and its risks are borne by the investor, and * * * no longer needs to guarantee or sign the project debt, thus reducing the debt burden of * * *. (2) Operational efficiency of the project: In order to reduce the risks brought by the construction and operation of the project and obtain more profit returns, the project company must adopt advanced design and management methods and introduce mature operational mechanisms, which will help improve the construction and operational efficiency of infrastructure projects, ensure the construction quality of the project, speed up the construction progress of the project and ensure that the project is completed on time and with good quality.

BT\BOT * * has the same characteristics as capital utilization: * * Adopting BT\BOT can attract a large number of private capital and foreign capital, and solve the problem of shortage of construction funds; In addition, these two ways are also conducive to * * adjusting the use structure of foreign capital and private capital, guiding foreign capital to invest in infrastructure construction, and enabling * * * to concentrate limited resources on major projects that investors are not optimistic about but are related to the national economy and people's livelihood.

International economic cooperation A: Yes. At present, the integration of world economy and regional cooperation of regional economy are increasingly strengthened. With the rapid development of China's economy, the economic development of East Asia, especially China, Japan and South Korea, has become a force to be reckoned with in the world. China, Japan and South Korea are the three largest economies in East Asia, and any change in their relations will immediately attract the attention of all parties, not only in Asia, but also in the whole world. Driven by the acceleration of globalization and the spread of regionalism, the ties among the three countries are getting closer and closer. No matter from geopolitics or geo-economy, China, Japan and South Korea all have the conditions for regional economic integration, but China, Japan and South Korea have not yet formed an institutional economic integration organization.

East Asian countries, especially Northeast Asia, have been in a relatively loose state of economic organization and have not formed a unified regional trade cooperation organization for a long time. This departure from regional trade arrangements will undoubtedly have an adverse impact on the acceleration of economic globalization in Northeast Asian countries, leading to further strengthening of international competition. For their own survival and development, East Asian countries must work together to cope with the severe challenges brought about by economic globalization with collective strength. A concrete case of challenges brought by financial globalization. This lesson makes East Asian countries deeply realize that to resist and reduce the negative impact of economic globalization, we must strengthen regional cooperation, and the key to regional cooperation in East Asia is the cooperation among China, Japan and South Korea. Therefore, the economic integration of China, Japan and South Korea is the inevitable choice of China, Japan and South Korea under the background of economic globalization. Although Japan's early implementation of the "Greater East Asia Glory Circle" has caused the pain in the history of China and South Korea, unless this shadow goes far, any form of integration will not succeed. Too much emphasis on national interests and neglect of regional interests, only wanting to gain but not losing, this narrow "national interests supremacy" has also affected the development of economic integration among China, Japan and South Korea. Judging from the current progress of the dialogue on free trade agreements between Japan and South Korea, it is a very difficult process to conclude a free trade agreement between Japan and South Korea alone. If you add China, the difficulty can be imagined. In addition to historical issues, another important issue between China, Japan and South Korea is that the power structure is still unclear. In China, Japan and South Korea, there is obviously an imbalance of power. Japan is a member of the "Seven Western Countries" and an ally of the United States. China is on the rise, and its influence on the whole East Asia and even the whole world is increasing. No matter which country works hard in this process, it may be regarded as a struggle for leadership by the other side, and the degree of mutual distrust will increase. But in the long run, East Asian economies of China, Japan and South Korea need to deepen the mutual integration of trade and direct investment, which is an important foundation for peace and prosperity in East Asia. The integration of trade and investment is conducive to grasping the business opportunities created by traditional commodity production activities and realizing the value contained in the fields of finance, circulation and communication. In addition, the globalization of the world economy increasingly requires the close combination of trade liberalization and product standardization. The realistic connotation of product competitiveness not only refers to price, efficiency and quality, but also includes that products must meet various standards. Enterprises participating in global production chain cooperation must unify production standards and product standards; Standardization not only provides convenience for the management of the production process, but also saves transaction costs by reducing the supervision of the production process. Therefore, East Asian countries should cooperate to formulate and implement the standardization of related products, and the economic integration of China, Japan and South Korea is no exception. There are some problems in China, Japan and South Korea, such as product structure convergence, overcapacity and fierce competition in heavy chemical industry. In order to avoid excessive competition, large enterprises in China, Japan and South Korea need to establish strategic alliances, integrate the product structure in the region, and expand intra-industry trade based on comparative advantages or economies of scale. In this way, we can not only strengthen the cooperation of industrial sectors prone to trade frictions, but also promote technical cooperation and prevent trade frictions. To realize the economic integration of China, Japan and South Korea, the realistic choice should be to establish China-South Korea free trade area first, then consider Japan-South Korea free trade area, and finally form an institutionalized China-Japan-South Korea free trade area. The actual situation of intra-East Asian trade in world trade shows that through the regional agglomeration of direct investment, East Asian economy will gradually become the roof of the world economy equivalent to the EU single market and the North American Free Trade Area. In recent years, with cooperation mechanisms such as ASEAN meeting and APEC as the stage, exchanges and cooperation between East Asian countries and regions have become increasingly close, which is in line with the trend of world economic development and the interests of East Asian countries and regions. With the continuous improvement of the level of economic development, countries and regions in East Asia are increasingly showing a situation of mutual promotion and common prosperity. Experts and scholars agree that economic integration in East Asia is necessary and beneficial to China, Japan and South Korea. The coexistence of globalization and regional protection, the changes in the world economic system and the strengthening of East Asia's economic status all remind us that the inevitability of East Asia's economic cooperation is gradually increasing. Experts and scholars agree that economic integration in East Asia is necessary and beneficial to China, Japan and South Korea. Economic and trade cooperation between China, Japan and South Korea has begun. Therefore, the economic integration of China, Japan and South Korea is imperative.

What are the ways of international economic cooperation?

1, international direct investment cooperation

2. International indirect investment cooperation

3. International scientific and technological cooperation

4. International labor cooperation

5. International land cooperation

6, international economic information and economic management cooperation

7. International economic assistance

8. Coordination and cooperation of international economic policies

What is the way of international economic cooperation between China and Russia? For example, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics. In the history of Nobel Prize, many people cooperated with Zhou Enlai to win the New China 1. Guan Zhong and Bao Shu Ya. Guan Zhong came from a poor family and studied hard since childhood. He knows "poetry" and "books", understands etiquette, is rich in knowledge, and has high martial arts. He and his friend Bao are Gong Zijiu's teachers respectively. In the 12th year of Qi Xianggong (686 BC), the state of Qi was in turmoil, and Sun was ignorant, so he killed King Qixiang and became king on his own. A year later, Gongsun Zan was killed in ignorance, leaving Qi without a monarch. Gong Zijiu and Xiao Bai, who are in exile, strive to return to China as soon as possible to seize the throne. In order to make Xiaobai a monarch, Guan Zhong tried to shoot him in the middle of the ambush, but the arrow hit Xiaobai's copper belt hook. Xiaobai pretended to be dead, and with Bao's help, he first returned to China and ascended the throne. He is the famous Qi Huangong in history. When Huan Gong ascended the throne, he managed to kill Gong Zijiu and Guan Zhong, the enemy who shot his own arrow. Bao tried his best to dissuade him, pointing out that Guan Zhong was a genius in the world, and asked Huan Gong to think about the prosperity of Qi State, forget the past and reuse Guan Zhong. Duke Huan accepted the suggestion, took Zhong back to China, and soon got married and presided over the state affairs. Guan Zhong can display all his talents. 2. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhang Liao under Cao Cao made great efforts to defend Hefei. Once upon a time, Sun Quan sent 100,000 ping-pong players to attack, and the two were the second of the five sons, with equal results. They used to have contradictions, but they can still complement each other and help each other in the face of strong enemies. * * * in * * back. Finally, they defeated the enemy. 3. Old fishermen in ancient Japan found that if a few sardines were left alive, it would bring a sense of crisis to catfish, and they struggled to swim, thus avoiding suffocation and death. This is the famous catfish and effect. In China's economic life, there is a "win-win theory". The tortoise and the hare have run many races, and each has its own outcome. Later, the tortoise and rabbit cooperated. The rabbit ran to the river with the tortoise on its back. Then the tortoise crossed the river with the rabbit on its back. This is "win-win", and competitors can also be partners. As the saying goes, "a fence has three piles, and a hero has three gangs." If you want to achieve something, you have to rely on the concerted efforts of Qi Xin. Throughout ancient and modern times, Chinese and foreign countries, aren't successful people in their careers all models of cooperation? There is a famous saying in the advertising industry in Taiwan Province Province: Internationalization is better than being internationalized. 1. One year, the world crude oil price rose sharply, and the hammer's rival's oil output to Eastern European countries increased slightly, but the hammer's oil output decreased obviously, which made many people very puzzled. Jacek Cooter, a black journalist, tried his best to find Hammer and ask him about it. Hammer said something that he will never forget: "To take care of others is to take care of yourself. Those who always want to get ahead in the competition will certainly regret it if they know that caring for others only requires a little understanding and generosity, but they can win unexpected gains. Caring is the most powerful way and the best way. " 2. Marx said well that cooperation can not only improve individual productivity, but also "create a kind of productivity" and produce a magical effect that one plus one is greater than two. Smart people should not only actively cooperate with their partners, but also dare to cooperate with their competitors and benefit from them. There is a famous saying in American business circles: "If you can't beat your opponents, join them." Modern competition is no longer "life-and-death", but a higher level of competition and cooperation. Modern enterprises no longer pursue "single win" but "multi-win" and "multi-win". 1. An American successful person once said, "There are no eternal friends and no eternal enemies." This sentence is correct. Every close friend, under certain factors, may become an enemy. After all, the temptation of money and fame is great, and we can't guarantee that everyone can be loyal to their friends. More likely, we are just friends on the outside. The enemy is the same. We don't have eternal enemies, just like the senior high school entrance examination. We are all competitors, and no one will give up their studies because of any relationship. However, in the usual study, we study together and help each other. The idea is that friends are cooperation, and we have no choice. Living in this society, we are born to compete, and only the strong can survive. This book also tells us a truth. Suddenly, we were fully prepared, and the competition gave us a chance to show. We must cooperate and compete, and we must do so. Competition and cooperation often coexist.

There are more than three problems in international economic cooperation.

Loan type

First, project loans. This is the traditional loan business of the World Bank, and it is also the most important business. About 90% of World Bank loans are of this type. The loan belongs to the general loan of the World Bank and is mainly used for infrastructure construction in member countries. Second, non-project loans. This is a special loan that has nothing to do with specific projects and projects, but is related to importing materials and equipment, coping with emergencies and adjusting economic structure. Third, technical assistance loans. Including two types: first, technical assistance loans combined with projects, such as loans for feasibility study, project planning and implementation, organization and management of project institutions, personnel training and so on; Second, technical assistance loans unrelated to specific projects, also known as "independent" technical assistance loans, are mainly used to fund expert services for economic restructuring and human resources development. Fourth, co-financing. This is a kind of project financing led by the World Bank and jointly provided by other lending institutions to borrowing countries. The loan was established in the mid-1970s. There are two main forms: First, the World Bank and relevant countries decided to sign a joint loan agreement with other lenders after the loan project ended, and then signed an agreement with the borrower according to the usual loan terms; Provide financing separately; Second, the World Bank and other borrowers contribute capital according to the agreed proportion. The former signed an agreement with the borrower to provide financing according to the principle of loan projects and purchase of goods and services. Fifth, the "third window convenience" loan, also known as intermediary financing convenience, refers to another loan besides the two kinds of loans provided by the World Bank and the International Development Association (World Bank general loans and IDA preferential loans). The loan terms are between the above two kinds of loans, that is, the loan terms are wider than those of the World Bank, but not as favorable as those of the Development Association, and the term can be as long as 25 years, mainly for low-income developing countries. Sixth, adjust loans. Including structural adjustment loans and departmental adjustment loans. The purpose of structural adjustment loans is to promote policy changes and institutional reforms within the macro-vision or departmental economy of the borrowing country within 1 ~ 3 years, make effective use of resources, achieve lasting balance of payments within 5 ~ 10 years, and maintain economic growth. Structural adjustment problems are mainly macroeconomic problems and important departmental problems affecting several departments, including trade policy (such as tariff reform and export liberalization) and capital circulation (such as national budget, interest rate and debt management). ), the effective use of resources (such as public investment plans, pricing, measures, etc.). ) and institutional reforms in the economy as a whole and in specific sectors. The purpose of departmental adjustment loans is to support comprehensive policy changes and institutional reforms in specific sectors. During the period of 1984, the World Bank made a new classification of loan methods, namely, ① special investment loans, ② departmental loans, ③ structural adjustment loans, ④ technical assistance loans, ⑤ emergency recovery loans and ⑤ joint loans. Among them, "specific investment loans" and some "departmental loans" are all project loans, and the rest are basically non-project loans.

What is international economic cooperation? International economic cooperation is the product of coordinating countries and regions with different levels of development and pursuing a good international trade order to adapt to the trend of economic globalization ... It is itself the carrier and stage of economic globalization. Member States, big or small, implement the principle of non-discriminatory trade treatment, give national treatment to foreign products, protect intellectual property rights, gradually open the service trade market, and advocate fair trade and fair competition. The principle and practice of fairness and openness play a great role in the development of world economy and trade.

What are the problems in China's international economic cooperation? How to improve China's leading position in international economic cooperation? International trade exists in an extremely open market, and China faces many problems, mainly the added value of products, the core competitiveness of enterprises and the efficiency function of companies. It is not easy to improve the dominant position of the economy. Either you have a surplus or it's a good thing. To become an international economic entity is not how much money you have, but how much money you are worth. China lacks its own brand and its own advantageous industries, and its export has always been a labor-intensive industry. It is necessary to improve the brand image of products, the scientific and technological content of company products, management mode and many other aspects.

What are the main ways of international economic cooperation? 1. major in international economy and trade: by studying the theory and practice of international economy, trade and investment. Cultivate students to have a solid foundation in economics, master international trade theory and business knowledge, and have the ability to carry out foreign-related business activities. After graduation, students can work in foreign economic relations and trade departments or various foreign-related enterprises. Main professional courses: international trade practice, international economy (Europe, America, Asia-Pacific economy), international technology transfer, international marketing, international investment analysis, microeconomics of international enterprises (multinational companies), management, accounting, international commercial law, macroeconomics, marketing, econometrics, business statistics, linear algebra, college English, advanced mathematics, probability statistics, etc. 2. Law is a research method and its development. After graduation, students can enter the legislative, judicial, administrative and lawyer notarization departments, enterprises, institutions and social organizations to engage in legal affairs or administrative work, and can also be directly recommended to study in our school or other schools or apply for a master's degree. Excellent master students can directly apply for master's and doctoral degrees during their studies. Main courses: jurisprudence, constitution, Chinese legal history, administrative law and administrative procedure law, criminal law, civil law, criminal procedure law, commercial law, civil procedure law, economic law, intellectual property law, international law, private international law, international economic law, etc. In addition, more than 40 courses are offered, including company (enterprise law), financial law, water law, maritime law, international financial law, international trade law, real estate law, contract law, Hong Kong law, labor law, foreign-related economic law, bill law, legal English, evidence law, civil and commercial economic case analysis, criminal psychology, logic, international tax law, foreign legal history, environmental law, marriage and family law. 3. Journalism and communication major This major is based on rich humanistic traditions, with solid basic knowledge and broad humanistic vision. Based on the teaching practice, the curriculum not only emphasizes the practicality of content, establishes close contact with various media, but also highlights academic background, broadens international horizons, and combines theory with practice to form a distinctive news communication education system, so as to cultivate journalists with profound humanistic qualities and meet the needs of the industry. After graduation, students can widely adapt to the different needs of various media, undertake news, editing and management work in newspapers, magazines, radio and television, internet and other departments, and also adapt to the news propaganda and public relations work of party and government organs at all levels and departments at all levels. The core courses of this major include: introduction to journalism, introduction to communication, introduction to network communication, introduction to visual communication, news interview and writing, in-depth reporting, research on TV program form, audio-visual language, news photography, picture editing and layout design, media social history, humanistic reading, literature appreciation, mass communication, etc. During the study period, experts and scholars at home and abroad will be invited to give lectures, and students will be organized to practice in various media units to improve their comprehensive quality and practical ability. 4. Marketing major is committed to cultivating professionals with extensive basic knowledge of economic management, solid modern marketing theory and its application ability, global vision, pragmatic spirit, competitiveness and communication skills. At the same time, students are trained to master Marxist theory, systematically master the basic theories and methods of modern marketing management, have extensive professional basic knowledge, skills and practical application ability, master a foreign language and master the basic application technology of electronic computers in marketing management. After graduation, students are suitable to engage in business decision-making, market research, market development, business negotiation, sales, advertising, public relations and other management work in various enterprises in the departments of industry and commerce, finance and trade, and economic management. The main courses are: management principles, probability statistics, business statistics, economics, e-commerce, marketing principles, consumer behavior, brand management, marketing research methods, logistics management, sales management, retail management, advertising, distribution channel management, pricing management, global marketing management, marketing frontier, social marketing, service marketing, industrial product marketing, direct sales, urban brand management, strategic marketing and so on. Database management, network marketing, social psychology, customer relationship management, circulation management, cross-cultural marketing, promotion management, new product development, public relations, etc. 5. The accounting profession adheres to the combination of internationalization and localization, and cultivates high-quality professionals who meet the needs of the development of market economy, have excellent academic performance, a solid theoretical foundation, have an international perspective, have strong accounting practice operation ability and management ability, and can be competent for accounting, auditing and financial management of various enterprises and institutions, intermediary organizations and * * * management departments. This major is divided into five directions: (1) international accounting direction. This direction focuses on cultivating accounting professionals needed by international accounting companies and management consulting companies, multinational enterprises, international financial institutions and foreign-related economic management departments. (2) Certified Public Accountant (CPA) focuses on training professionals engaged in auditing and consulting services in accounting firms and other intermediary institutions. (3)CGA is a cooperative training project between our school and the Canadian Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The nine specialized courses are taught in English or bilingual with world-class English textbooks, focusing on training accounting professionals needed by international accounting companies, multinational enterprises and other foreign-related institutions, especially accounting and management talents of enterprises and institutions with overseas branches and English as their working language. (4) The company's financial planning and control direction focuses on cultivating professionals who can be competent in financial management, investment analysis and decision-making of various industrial and commercial enterprises, banks, securities companies, investment companies, asset management companies and other financial institutions and administrative institutions. (5) audit direction. This direction focuses on cultivating professionals needed by national audit institutions, internal audit institutions of various departments and enterprises and institutions. Main courses: college English, advanced mathematics, probability statistics, economics, database management system, technical basis of e-commerce, management, business statistics, business communication, finance, international finance and trade, economic law and tax law; Basic accounting, intermediate financial accounting, cost accounting, auditing, management accounting, financial management, advanced financial accounting, financial statement analysis, CPA practice, accounting information system, international accounting and auditing, international financial management, international taxation and tax planning, accounting and auditing theory topics, accounting frontier lectures, etc. English courses of CGA include: financial accounting 1 (FA 1), financial accounting 2 (FA2), financial accounting 3 (FA3) and financial accounting 4 (FA4). Management accounting 1 (MA 1), management accounting 2 (MA2), financial management 1 (FN 1), audit 1 (AU 1), accounting theory1(. 6. Tourism management major: The outstanding feature of undergraduate education in tourism management direction is that both management theory and tourism management practice are equally important. Theoretically, relying on the School of Management, rooted in the fertile soil of theoretical research on tourism management in recent 20 years, students are emphasized to master the latest theoretical knowledge of management such as tourism, convention and exhibition industry and service industry while paying attention to the basic knowledge of management. In practice, we should attach importance to students' mobile classes and arrange students to visit and practice in well-known tourism enterprises such as White Swan, Garden Hotel, China World Hotel, Oriental Hotel, Mingquanju, Guanglv and China Travel Service, so as to cultivate and improve students' practical operation ability, interpersonal skills and comprehensive ability to analyze and solve problems. The graduates trained in this major have solid management knowledge and theory, and specialize in the management and operation of tourism enterprises and service enterprises. They are tourism management professionals and compound applied talents with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty, and have strong adaptability and innovative spirit. They have been favored by tourism administrative departments, tourism enterprises and institutions, educational and scientific research institutions, large and medium-sized enterprises and other employers for many years. This major does not recruit HbsAg-positive people, but requires five senses, male height 1.68m and female height1.58m.. Exhibition economy and management direction: With the exhibition economy becoming a new economic form attracting worldwide attention, the exhibition industry is regarded as a sunrise industry in the new century, especially in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong Province, which is one of the most active areas in China. Exhibition economy has become a new economic growth point and has a very broad development prospect. In 2007, relying on the strong economic management background of the School of Management, the Department of Tourism and Hotel Management actively broadened its major direction and added exhibition economy and management direction on the basis of nearly 20 years' accumulation of tourism management specialty. By providing professional and systematic education, we can cultivate high-quality exhibition economy and management talents with innovative thinking and practical ability to adapt to the development of exhibition economy and the needs of the market. Main core courses: introduction to tourism, tourism economy, management of tourist attractions and resorts, tourism service marketing, service quality management, travel agency management, hotel management, housekeeping management, catering management, hotel management accounting, hotel management information system, destination marketing, e-commerce, business communication, tourism English, tourism psychology, eco-tourism, tourism planning, tourism legal knowledge, exhibition investment decision analysis, exhibitor management and so on. 7. Business training objectives of architecture major: this major trains general and compound senior engineering and technical talents with knowledge of architectural design, urban design and interior design, who can engage in design work in the design department and have various professional adaptability. Business training requirements: students majoring in this major mainly study basic theories and knowledge such as architectural design, urban planning principles and architectural engineering technology. Accept the basic training of architectural design, and have the basic ability of project planning, architectural design scheme and architectural construction drawing. Graduates should have the following knowledge and abilities: l. Have a solid foundation in natural science, a good foundation in humanities and social sciences and a comprehensive ability in foreign languages; 2. Master the basic principles and methods of architectural design, have the ability to independently carry out architectural design and express design intentions in various ways, and have the initial computer text, graphics and data processing ability; 3. Understand the development law of Chinese and foreign architectural history, master the relationship between human physiology, psychology, behavior and architectural environment, basic knowledge of economic knowledge, social and cultural customs, relevant laws and regulations of architecture, and relevant knowledge of marginal disciplines and interdisciplinary disciplines of architecture; 4. Master the relationship between building structure and building installation system and building safety, economy, applicability and beauty, the principles and methods of building structure, and the basic knowledge such as the efficiency of commonly used building materials and new materials. Have reasonable choice and comprehensive application ability, and have certain organization and coordination ability among multiple types of work; 5. Have the ability of pre-project planning, architectural design scheme and construction drawing, and have architectural aesthetic literacy. Main courses: main courses: architecture main courses: architectural design foundation, architectural design and principle, Chinese and foreign architectural history, architectural structure and architectural mechanics, architectural structure. Main practical teaching links: including art practice, site practice, architectural surveying and mapping practice, architectural understanding practice, and design institute production practice, which is generally arranged for 40 weeks.

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