How to shoot news photography and landscape photography?

(1) Technical preparation before shooting

Know about cameras: broadcast cameras and ordinary DV. The former is more professional, with higher technical indicators and relatively complicated operation. The back high-end also has manual adjustment and automatic mode, which is also commonly known as the fool camera. The camera consists of lens, adjustment control, video and audio recording, viewfinder, LCD screen and power supply.

1, focal length: it is an important performance index of the lens. Generally speaking, we say: the focal length is the distance from the center of the lens to the focus. The length of the focal length of the lens determines the size and angle of view of the imaging. When shooting the same subject at the same distance, the image formed by the long lens focal length is large, and the image formed by the short lens focal length (asymptotic wide angle) is small. Note: Optical zoom and digital zoom are two different things, and news cameras mainly look at its optical zoom.

Data: The optical zoom ability of most ordinary DVs is more than 10-20 times, and the digital zoom can reach hundreds of times. In theory, a zoom of 10 times can shoot a scene 70 meters away, which is enough. According to the length of its focal length, that is, the viewing angle when shooting, the lens can be divided into standard lens, wide-angle lens and telephoto lens.

2. Aperture: expressed by F value (exponent), ranging from F 1.8(DV is F2), F2.8, F4, F5.6, F8, F1,F 16, F22, F32. Determines the amount of light entering, which is related to the brightness of the picture. The smaller the f value of the aperture, the more light enters per unit time. When the focal length of the lens is constant, the smaller the aperture index f is, the larger the aperture is. For example, if the aperture is adjusted from F8 to F5.6, the amount of light entering will double. We usually say that the aperture is enlarged by one level.

In addition, many cameras also have overflow function, which can increase the brightness (6db, 12db) after being turned on, but the picture quality will become rough.

3. Shutter: determines the speed of shooting exposure. The shutter values of the camera from slow to fast are 1/50, 1/60, etc ... until 1/2000. The normal shutter speed is 1/50. Manually adjust the shutter speed before shooting, and then the camera (automatic mode) calculates the appropriate aperture size according to the environment. Learn to control the picture and light with aperture and shutter.

For example, when shooting a normal computer screen (CRT), the screen will always flash. Just adjust the computer refresh frequency to 60HZ, and then adjust the camera shutter to 1/60 to synchronize, so that the picture will not flash.

4. Illuminance: Usually, the brightness of the picture we are talking about refers to the exposure degree of the object, while the illuminance refers to the luminous flux received on the unit illuminated area of the object, which is called illuminance. The unit is lux (legal symbol lx). Illumination directly affects the exposure. When shooting, you should choose the appropriate illumination according to different environments, and cooperate with the aperture and shutter. For ordinary users, there are two exposure methods to choose from. One is automatic exposure; The other is program automatic exposure (select the preset user setting unit).

Reference: during the day, at night, indoors, outdoors, cloudy, sunny and other different environments, the illumination of light is different. Such as: under normal circumstances, outdoor on cloudy days: 50-500 IX；; ; Outdoor in sunny days: 300-2000 IX；; ; Television studio: 2000 IX.

5. Depth of field: refers to the distance between the foreground clear point and the background clear point of the image. Its existence makes the lens have the ability of real visual perception, and makes the picture have the relationship between truth and contrast, thus highlighting the subject and creating a more real sense of space.

Data: factors affecting depth of field:

Aperture size: The smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

Focal length: The shorter the focal length, the greater the depth of field. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

Distance: The farther the camera is from the subject, the greater the depth of field. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

6. White balance: Under different ambient light conditions, the color of the object will change. The camera photosensitive device (CCD) is easy to misjudge white, which leads to the color cast of the shot picture. For example, a white object will be yellow under the indoor warm light source and blue under the blue sky. White balance adjustment is to make the color of the image taken under various light conditions consistent with the color of the scene seen by human eyes.

Reference: The hue of different light sources is described by color temperature, and the unit is Kelvin (K). Cloudless blue sky in Wan Li, color temperature 10000K, cloudy day about 7000-9000k, sunny day under direct sunlight 6000K, fluorescent lamp 4500K, tungsten lamp (warm light source) 2600K, sunrise and sunset 2000K, candlelight 65438+.

7. Pixel: refers to the effective pixel number of camera lens sensor, which is divided into dynamic, static and integral pixels. Unlike DC (camera), DV does not necessarily have as many pixels as possible. Generally, more than 400,000 pixels can reach the effective pixel of ordinary TV resolution (720× 576 = 4 14720).

8. Storage media: magnetic tape, optical disk, hard disk, SD card, P2 card (digital HD), etc. At present, the most widely used is magnetic tape.

(B), the artistic practice in photography

1, choice of shooting light:

Illuminance of light: the intensity of light should be controlled reasonably. I have already introduced it, so I won't go into details.

Direction of light: smooth, side smooth, backlight, side backlight, top light, glazing, parallel light, etc. The direction of light will affect the level, tone and color of the picture. In news photography, we should use more light or side light, less side backlight and try not to use backlight. Other light sources, in practical work, are usually selected by reporters.

2. Choice of shooting angle: head-up, side-view, overlooking and looking up. Looking at Lushan Mountain from the front and side of peaks and valleys, from far, near, high and low places, Lushan Mountain presents various faces. Different perspectives and orientations constitute different shapes of people and things. Conference news is mostly done from a parallel perspective, combined with local side view (for example, the venue is limited when shooting the conference). The shooting angle is often determined by the shooting position, so there is a problem of standing and grabbing a position when shooting news. For example, when filming a leader's condolence visit, the reporter should get a positive image in advance.

3. Selection of shooting scene:

Vision: Broad vision, mainly showing geographical environment, natural features and open scenes;

Panorama: it shows the whole body or the whole scene of the characters, and better reflects the relationship between people and the surrounding environment; The first shot and the last shot of conference news are often used. )

Mid shot: A photo of a person or part of a scene above the knee. A part that can reflect the overall characteristics of people and things; Meeting news is also commonly used. )

Close-up: A photograph showing a person's chest or a part of an object. A more detailed part that reflects the mental outlook, inner feelings or objects of a character. Meet with the leader of news shooting.

Close-up: A photograph of a head or object above the shoulder. Eliminate all unnecessary images and highlight the characteristics of people's expressions or objects. The scenery that best embodies the details and emphasizes the content. Such as: shake hands (leaders shake hands with the masses, shake hands in attracting investment and signing contracts), excited expressions, etc. Features should be used purposefully, not abused.

4. Composition: According to the form, it can be divided into static composition (such as Woods) and dynamic composition (such as sports ground). According to the linear structure, it can be divided into horizontal composition (such as a teaching building), vertical composition (such as a tall building), diagonal composition (such as a street), curved composition (such as a river), golden section composition (such as an announcer's exit guidance), nine-square grid composition (the intersection at the upper right is ideal), circular composition (such as a square runway), symmetrical and asymmetrical composition.

Composition principle: keep the camera balanced, highlight the subject, pay attention to the relationship between multiple subjects, eliminate interference information, and keep the picture clean and smooth.

Key points of composition: the idea should be "accurate" (let the camera "speak"), the picture should be "precise" (avoid disorder) and the subject should be "clear" (handle the relationship between the subject and his companions and the environment, such as leading the investigation. ), the image should be "beautiful" (artistic expression).

5. Lens length: 4 to 6 seconds is appropriate for news lens. After pressing the record button, you start counting in your mind, and it is estimated that the time is up. Click again to stop shooting. The last shot before turning it off can be longer.

6. Shooting method: fixed shooting and moving shooting (pushing, pulling, shaking, moving and swinging). When shooting on the move (mainly panning), we should grasp the framing and the left picture. The length is usually 2 to 3 seconds, which is convenient for later editing.

(3) Several problems that should be paid attention to in news photography.

1, stability is overwhelming, and image jitter is taboo. Take more fixed shots and less moving shots. Methods to achieve smoothness, stability, accuracy and uniformity: First, try to hold your breath and control the machine when shooting; The second is to shoot as close as possible to the subject; The third is to choose a good location and pay attention to elutriation. It is forbidden to push, pull, shake or move the lens aimlessly.

2. Try to avoid backlit lenses. The backlight can be reduced by adjusting the shooting angle, and the overflow function of the camera can be turned on if necessary.

3, learn to use different scenes and different angles to shoot, enrich the expressiveness of the lens and make the news image look better. It is best not to roll the lens more than 180 degrees, otherwise it will give people the feeling of fainting. Novices are prone to this problem.

4. Choose the shooting content reasonably to serve the news theme. If you want to know what to shoot, you must not shoot indiscriminately, wasting your own tapes, wasting other people's expressions and delaying the production time. Try to avoid disturbing information content.

For example, it is reported that the environmental improvement has achieved remarkable results. When the cleaning staff was photographed cleaning the street, the words "registration number" were still clearly left on the freshly cleaned road surface. This obviously shouldn't appear in the picture. For example, the interviewee said that crops are growing well this year, but the background picture is just the opposite. This situation should be avoided.

5. Make rational use of the actual sound, including on-site synchronous recording and on-site interview, to enhance the sense of news scene. Such as literary evenings, speech contests, sports meetings, emergency scenes, etc., as long as they are properly used, they can often obtain phonetic effects.

6. Several problems that should be paid attention to when welcoming news shooting:

A, try to use the positive lens to guide the image shooting (unless space is limited). According to the general practice, the media at the same level only use close-ups (commonly known as "close-ups") when shooting leaders at the same level and leaders at higher levels, while leaders below the same level and participants generally use close-ups (two or three people appear in the picture).

B, the lens pays attention to symmetry. A group of rostrum, a group of participants, or a group of inspectors and a group of prosecutors. The shooting sequence generally ranges from large scene (panorama) to small scene (close shot), from the rostrum to the participants, from the main leaders to other leaders;

C. Take the required shots in the first ten minutes (participants are in good mental state as a whole), and take notes in the rest of the time to make up the shots of leaders' speeches or participants' speeches. Sometimes there are not many people in the venue, so you can remind the host to adjust his seat before the meeting to facilitate shooting.

7. Preparation before the camera, check whether the battery is charged and whether the tape is installed. Sometimes, in order to grab the camera, you have to turn it on early. Like opening it before getting off the bus.

Journalists should practice the hard work of "looking in all directions and listening in all directions". Strengthen the awareness of snapshots and never let go of fleeting shots (such as blasting operations). You should not only start shooting, but also think hard. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the safety of people and machines to prevent wrestling, collision and accidents.