What Is Cinema?

Film (also known as projection, the seventh art) is a continuous picture developed by combining sports photography with slide show. It is a comprehensive art that can accommodate tragicomedy, literary drama, photography, painting, music, dance, writing, sculpture, architecture and other arts, but it has its own artistic characteristics. In terms of artistic expression, movies not only have the characteristics of other arts, but also have a means of expression beyond all other arts because montage, a highly artistic skill of film assembly, can be copied and shown in large quantities. Film has penetrated into all aspects of human social life and is an indispensable member of people.

definition

According to the principle of visual persistence, film is a technology that uses photography (and recording) to record the images (and sounds) of external things on film, and produces moving images (and synchronous sounds) on the screen through projection (and sound reproduction at the same time) to express certain contents.

The film is a collective elaborate production under the leadership of the director, but it is also a personal art.

An art

In fact, the film is just an associative scene called art and circuitous.

19 1 1 year, Giotto Canudu, an Italian poet and film pioneer, published a paper entitled "The Seventh Art Manifesto". He declared that film is art for the first time in the world film history, and since then, "the seventh art" has become synonymous with film art [1]

Film is a kind of performing art, visual art and auditory art, which uses film, video tape or digital media to capture images and sounds, plus post-editing work.

Film is a comprehensive art, just like art itself, it has complex and numerous disciplines. There are many different types of movies in the film industry, and there are also many ways to classify movies.

Film was invented by Edison in 1889. The captured images are constantly projected on the screen under strong light, which looks like real moving images.

Movies began to develop from sound movies and have reached the era of special effects of movies. Movies made with a lot of computer stunts are very popular with friends under middle age.

Foreign movie advertisements are one of the British and American movie advertisements. There are eight kinds of marks:

(1) American X-rays are banned for minors, G-rays are banned for all viewers, R-rays are banned for those under 17, and PG-rays are banned for ordinary viewers.

(2) British U- decent movies, A- movies for the general audience, X- movies forbidden for teenagers under 0/8 years old, and AA- murder movies forbidden for children.

means of expression

Film is a means of expression by creating visual images and combining shots with modern scientific and technological achievements as tools and materials. In the time and space of the picture, create a realistic concrete image that combines people, sound and painting, thus reflecting the modern art of social life. Movies can accurately "restore" the real world, giving people a sense of reality and closeness, just like being there. This feature of movies can satisfy people's desire to feel life more broadly and truly.

The frame rate of movies is generally 24 frames per second. With the improvement of technology, there will be movies with 48 or even 60 frames per second. [2]

2 Formation and development of editors

form

be born

1872 One day, in a hotel in California, there was a heated argument between Stanford and Cohen: did the horses all land when running? Stanford thinks that a running horse's hoof is empty at the moment of jumping; On the other hand, Cohen thinks that horses always touch the ground when running. No one could convince anyone of the result of the argument, so the usual bet method was adopted to solve it. They hired an excellent horse trainer to judge, however, it is difficult for the referee to judge who is right and who is wrong. This is normal, because it is really difficult to see how the fast-running horseshoe moves with the human eye alone.

When the referee's good friend, British photographer Mas Herridge, learned about it, he said he could give it a try. He placed 24 cameras on one side of the runway in succession, and their lenses were all aimed at the runway. On the other side of the runway, he ran into 24 stakes, each with a rope tied to it. These lines cross the runway and are tied to the shutter of each camera opposite.

When everything was ready, Mas Herridge brought a beautiful horse and let it run from one end of the runway to the other. When the horse ran through this area, the 24-pole lead tripped in turn, and the shutters of 24 cameras were pulled in turn, taking 24 photos. McBride cut these photos in order. Every two adjacent photos have little difference in action, and they form a continuous photo belt. According to this set of photos, the referee finally saw that when the horse was running, there was always a hoof on the ground and it wouldn't fly, so Cohen won. It is reasonable to say that the story should end here, but this bet and its strange judgment method have aroused great interest. Mas Herridge showed people photo tapes with images of galloping horses again and again. Once, someone unconsciously pulled the photo tape quickly, and as a result, a strange scene appeared in front of him: the static horse in each photo was folded into a moving horse, and it was "alive"!

Biologist Marley was inspired by this. He tried to study the action forms of animals with photos. Of course, the problem of continuous photography must be solved first, because Mascherich's photography method is too troublesome and not practical enough. Male is a clever man. After several years of unremitting efforts, he finally made a portable "fixed film continuous camera" at 1888, which is the originator of modern cameras. Since then, many inventors have turned their attention to the development of film cameras. On February 28th, 1895 1895, the French Lumiere brothers screened the film "Train Arrived" for the first time in the "Grand Cafe" in Paris, marking the official birth of the film. [3]

process

As early as 1829, the famous Belgian physicist Joseph Prado discovered that when an object is in front of people.

Film projector (15)

After disappearing, the image of the object will remain on the human retina for a period of time. This discovery is called "video persistence principle". According to this principle, Prado invented the "magic disc" in 1832. The "special tray" can make the picture drawn on the zigzag cardboard box move because of the movement, and can also make the generated moving picture visually decompose into various images. The appearance of the "mysterious disc" indicates that the invention of the film has entered the stage of scientific experiment. 1834, Halner, an American, succeeded in the experiment of "Movable Video Disc". In 1853, Austrian general von Vuchetios showed the original cartoon with a slide show on the basis of the above invention.

experiment

During the period of 1888- 1895, France, the United States, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden and other countries had experiments of shooting and screening. 1888, the Frenchman Renault trial-produced the "optical film machine" to shoot the world's first animated film "A cup of delicious beer". 1889, American inventor Edison invented the film camera. After five years of experiments, he invented the film mirror. He released his movie images in new york, which caused a sensation in the United States. But his film Night Vision can only be watched by one person at a time, showing dozens of feet of film at a time, including horse racing and dance performances. His film Mirror uses the continuous rotation of film to create the illusion of activity. It can be said that the original film invention should belong to Edison. After his film The Mirror was introduced to China, it was called "the peep show".

1895, French brothers Auguste Lumiere and Louis Lumiere successfully developed a "movable film machine" based on Edison's "film mirror" and their own "continuous camera". "Movable film machine" has three main functions: photography, projection and printing. It shoots and shows movies at the speed of 16 frames per second, and the images are clear and stable. On March 22nd, 1895, their first film, The Gate of Lumiere Factory, was a success at the French Science and Technology Conference in Paris. In the same year, on February 28th, 14, they officially released a batch of short documentaries made by themselves to the public in the big coffee shop at No.4 Kaposin Road 14 in Paris. There are 12 movies, such as the train arriving at the station, the gardener watering, the baby's lunch, and the factory gate. The Lumiere brothers were the first people to show films on the screen. Historians believe that the filming and screening activities of the Lumiere brothers have been out of the experimental stage. Therefore, they set the first release date of the world film as1February 28th, 895. As the birth date of the film, the Lumiere brothers naturally became the "fathers of the film".

If you ask people in the American film industry, they will answer with one voice: "Edison invented it." But if you ask the French, they will say, "Lumiere!" "So who is the real inventor of this film? Answer: both, and they complement each other! According to records, 1888, Edison began to study photos of activities. When Hysmans invented continuous film, Edison immediately bought continuous film and asked William Kennedy and Rory Dixon to start research. The following year 10, Dixon put forward the research results, and he made it into a moving horse, which was the earliest success in the history of movies. After his success, Dixon continued to immerse himself in further research. 1890, he applied for a film patent and could take 40 photos every second. This is the originator of modern movies. 189 1 year, Thomas Alva Edison applied for the patent right of image projection tube and photographic device, and was the originator of the movie "Westernization Scene". The idea of Thomas Alva Edison's invention of "peep show" was that it was once very popular because it could only be seen by one person at a time and people's curiosity could increase their interest. Soon, Thomas Alva Edison established the earliest studio in the world, which greatly promoted the development of movies. At first, in Europe, some people were studying photos of these activities. 1895, two people in London, one named Budka and the other named R.W. Paul, improved the original recording studio and performed in public. At the same time, there are two brothers in France, named Louis Lumiere and August Lumiere. They mapped the photos to the screen, thus attracting a large number of curious viewers. The screening of the film kicked off. The Lumiere brothers then screened a film called "The Gate of the Lumiere Factory" at the Association of the Paris Awards for Industry. In the same year1February, 12 film was officially released in the underground hall of the "Grand Cafe" in Boussineau Street, and tickets were sold. In September of the same year, tickets were also sold at the World Expo held in Atlanta, USA, when the projection film was shown. It can be seen that as early as the beginning of the film, it has already formed an indissoluble bond with profit. Pioneer (Lumiere), a French chemist, invented the film camera and projector together with Yi Bei Road, and was a pioneer of film experiment.

develop

United States of America

1893, T.A. Edison invented the movie mirror and founded the studio "Prison Car", which is known as the history of American movies.

film

The beginning of. 1896, the launch of the Vita projector began the large-scale screening of American movies;

19 At the end of the 20th century, American urban industry developed and the middle and lower class residents increased rapidly. Movies became a kind of mass entertainment to meet the needs of urban civilians. First in the song and dance playground, and then into the small theater, after the show;

1905 appeared in Nickelodeon Cinema in Pittsburgh (admission fee is 5 cents) and soon spread to all towns in the United States. By 19 10, there are as many as 36 million movie audiences every week. At that time, all films were single, with a monthly output of 400. The main production bases are in new york, such as Edison Company, Bevograf Company and Vitagraf Company. 1903 The Life of an American Firefighter and great train robbery by E.S. Porter developed the film from a novel to an art, and editing technology was applied in the film, and Porter became the first director to create dramatic effects through cross-editing.

High income and fierce competition. 1897, Edison sued the patent. 1908, the film patent company controlled by Edison was established with 16 patents. By 19 10, film patent companies monopolized the production, distribution and screening of American films. In order to get rid of the monopoly of patent companies, independent filmmakers went to Hollywood, a small town on the outskirts of Los Angeles, far from new york and Chicago, with unique natural conditions and close to the Mexican border. Once the patent company files a lawsuit, they can escape. David Griffith joined Bevograf Company on 1907, and directed the first film "Adventures of Peach and Plum" the following year. By 19 12, nearly 400 films had been shot for the company, and the focus of shooting gradually shifted to Hollywood, and many famous actors later were discovered and trained, such as M. Seinert, M. Bikefu, Gish sisters and so on.

After the golden age of American movies ended, major companies began to disintegrate or change production in the middle of India, and Hayes Code was officially abolished. Then came the mini cinema, the art cinema and the drive-in cinema. Both independent films and experimental films have developed.