Is Han Shantong known as the King of Ming Dynasty?

Han Shantong (? -135 1 year), Zi Han Liner, leader of the People's Uprising Army (Red Scarf Army) at the end of Yuan Dynasty, a native of Luancheng, Zhaozhou (now Luancheng, Hebei), and a family of Bailian Sect. As an adult, while farming, he spread the White Lotus religion, publicized "Maitreya Buddha was born" and "Wang Ming was born", advocated overthrowing the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, and met Liu Futong, a native of Fuyang, Anhui. In the 11th year of Zheng Zhi, Yuan Shundi (135 1), the Yuan Dynasty forced 15000 migrant workers to build the Yellow River Dam. Hanhe thought that the time had come, so he made up a folk song "One stone man with one eye, stirring the Yellow River against the world" and spread it everywhere. At the same time, there is also a stone man buried in the river, with the inscription "The one-eyed stone man provoked the Yellow River against the world" engraved on his back. When the stone man was dug up, people's hearts floated, and Han and Liu took the opportunity to launch an uprising in Yingzhou Yingshang. Han claimed to be the grandson of VIII. The local county magistrate urgently mobilized troops to encircle and encircle. Han was unfortunately captured and immediately killed.

Han's grandparents moved to Yongnian (now southeast of Yongnian, Hebei Province) because of their activities, but his father Han still organized the masses together. In the 11th year of Zheng Zhi (135 1), Han, Du Zundao launched an uprising in Yingshang (now Anhui), Han was arrested and sacrificed, and fled to Wu 'an with his mother to conquer Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui). In the spring of 15th year, Liu Futong and others welcomed Han Liner to Bozhou (now Bozhou, Anhui Province), made him emperor and called him Wang Xiaoming. The country name is Dasong, the year name is Longfeng, and Bozhou is its capital. The meta-imitation system consists of Zhongshu Province, Privy Council, Yushitai, six departments and local provinces. With Du Zundao and Sheng Wenyu as prime ministers, Luo Wensu and Liu Futong as flat chapters, and Liu Liu, Liu Futong's brother, all knew about the Privy Council. Soon, Liu Futong killed Du Zundao, made him Prime Minister and called him Taibao. At the end of the same year, Yuan defeated Taikang (now Henan) and Bozhou and retreated to Anfeng (now Shouxian, Anhui). The following year, the troops recovered and recovered Bozhou. /kloc-In May of 0/8, the capital was conquered in Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan). In August of 19th year, the capital of song dynasty conquered Chahan Timur for Yuan and returned to Anfeng. At that time, although Han Liner had the name of emperor, the real power was in the hands of Liu Futong, and most of the generals who went out were unconstrained, and the political power construction was very poor. In February of the 23rd year, An Feng was besieged by Zhang Shicheng, and Han Liner was rescued by Zhu Yuanzhang (that is, Zhu Yuanzhang) who nominally belonged to the Dasong regime, and was placed in Chuzhou (now Chuzhou, Anhui), and was held hostage by Zhu Yuanzhang from then on. In twenty-six years, Zhu Yuanzhang was sent to Yingtian (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), passed through Guabu (now Pumpkin Port, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province), sank into the river, and Song died.

Anbailism originated from Tomi Pure Land Sect of Buddhism, and Hui Yuan of Lushan Mountain in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was named An Baili in the early 5th century. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Mao Ziyuan, a native of Kunshan (now Jiangsu), founded An Baili, namely An Baili. This religion worships Amitabha and believes that as long as you recite Amitabha, you can "die" in the western paradise after death. Based on the Buddhist scriptures of Amitabha, Mao Ziyuan compiled the festival essentials of Amitabha, declaring that "I miss the birth of Amitabha, and I am optimistic everywhere" ("Lotus Teaching in Lushan Mountain", Volume II, I can't live without Samadha), and that Amitabha and Pure Land are the products of the understanding of practitioners. The precepts of Bailian religion require disciples to achieve three conversions (conversion to Buddhism, conversion to Buddhism and conversion to monks) and five commandments (no killing, no stealing, no fornication, no lying and no drinking), and advocate vegetarianism, so its followers are called "Bailian vegetable people". Orthodox Tiantai monks, such as Pan Zhi, called Zoroastrianism, An Baili and Baiyun Sect "evil sects" in the history of Buddhism, and Zong Jian said in "Orthodox Interpretation" that "these three religions are all pseudonyms for Buddhism to banish ignorance and vulgarity".

Anbaili religion spread to the north before the Song Dynasty. After the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty, the incense sticks between the north and the south were very prosperous and received the support of the Yuan government. However, from the 17th year of Zhiyuan (1280), An Baili Du, Duchang, Jiangxi Province, organized an armed uprising, which happened frequently and eventually led to Wu Zongshi being banned. Although Renzong was restored, it was still discriminated against, and there were more and more folk believers. During the missionary period, the leaders of Anbalism infiltrated Zoroastrianism, Maitreya and even Taoism. For example, before the Red Scarf Army Uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the leaders of the White Lotus Society in the North and the South publicized "Maitreya was born" and the Han promoted "Wang Ming was born". They tried to convince the suffering people that once Maitreya was born and the Ming King was born, there would be a bright heaven.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, social contradictions were extremely acute, especially after the change of banknotes. After Han He and others decided to take this opportunity to launch an uprising, Jia Lu's conversation. They spread the folk song that "the one-eyed stone man provoked the Yellow River to rebel against the world", and at the same time secretly chiseled a one-eyed stone man, engraved on his back the words "Amo Taoist one-eyed stone man, this thing will rebel against the world" and buried it in the river near Huanglinggang, which is about to be excavated. In the 11th year of Zheng Zheng (135 1), in April, shortly after Jaruko opened the river, migrant workers dug up the one-eyed stone man, and the news spread like wildfire, and people's hearts floated. Han and others used the one-eyed stone man to encourage rebellion and achieved the expected results.

At the beginning of May, Han and his followers, Du Zundao, Luo Wensu, Sheng Wenyu, Han Yaoer, etc. gathered 3,000 people in Yingshang County (now Fuyang, Anhui Province) in Yingzhou, killed black cows and white horses, and vowed to tell heaven and earth to prepare for the uprising. Han Shan Tong issued a proclamation containing "Yu Yun Xi Yu Haidong, a good soldier from Japan. Poor Jiangnan, rich North "("Cao Jinkeqing ") and other words, hit" 3,000 samurai, go straight to the land of secluded swallows; Dragonflies in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the day of reopening the Great Song Dynasty "("Drop-outs, Volume Erqi, Banner League "). Shan Tong also claimed to be the grandson of Song Huizong VIII. These proclamations and propaganda were nothing more than to expose the inequality between the rich and the poor in the society at that time and to call on the masses to participate in the anti-Yuan armed uprising by "reviving the Song Dynasty". However, just as the uprising crowd gathered to swear the uprising, local officials suddenly sent troops to suppress it, and Han was arrested and sacrificed. Yang and his mother fled to Wu 'an Mountain (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) to hide.

At this point, Liu Futong and others rushed out of the tight encirclement, reunited with the insurgents, and occupied Yingzhou City on May 3, and the Great Uprising officially broke out. Liu Futong and others defeated the suppressed Yuan Army and quickly occupied many towns in Hubei, Henan and Anhui. In August of that year, Li Er (Sesame Plum) rose in Xuzhou. Xu Shouhui and Zou Pusheng revolted in qi zhou (now Qichun South of Hubei Province); In December, Quan Wang (Bu) and others marched to Dengzhou (now Dengxian County, Henan Province), which was called "Beisuo Red Army" in history. In the first month of the 12th year, Meng Haima occupied Xiangyang, which was called "Sonan Red Army". In February, Guo Zixing and others revolted in Haozhou (now northeast of Fengyang, Anhui). In a word, after Yingzhou Uprising, the fire of Uprising quickly spread all over the country, and those who opposed Yuan "had nothing to worry about". The meritorious service of the Northern Red Scarf Army is indelible.

Due to the suppression of the Yuan Army and the landlord armed forces, the once vigorous uprising situation quickly turned into a low tide. The northern Red Scarf Army led by Liu Futong was also pinned down. In September of 14th year, Shundi duly attached Muer, and ordered Prime Minister Right Tuotuo to lead a million troops to suppress Gaoyou (now Jiangsu) Zhang Shicheng. Due to the infighting of the Yuan court, Tuotuo was cut off from the front line, the Yuan army was defeated without fighting, and the million-strong army was scattered. The situation of the peasant war at the end of the Yuan dynasty changed greatly.

In the 15th year of Zheng Zheng (1355), in February, Liu Futong took advantage of the situation after Gaoyou Campaign to launch a large-scale anti-Yuan armed struggle again. He welcomed him from Dangshan Jiahe to Bozhou (now Anhui), made him emperor, founded the country, changed the dragon and phoenix, and took Lin Muyang as the empress dowager. Lin er is called the grandson of the ninth, and the old country is called Song, in order to cater to the national feelings of the Han people and express the realization of "restoring Song"; The so-called "Wang Xiaoming" caters to the prophecy of "the birth of the Ming King" to show that the darkness has passed and the light has arrived.

Han Liner appointed Du Zundao and Sheng Wenyu as prime ministers, Luo Wensu and Liu Futong as flat chapters, and Fu Tong's younger brother Liu Liu knew about the Privy Council. Soon, Du Zundao was killed by Liu Futong, and Futong became the prime minister and sealed the Taibao.

The Song regime attached great importance to the construction of political power, and most of the central institutions were imitations, including the Chinese Book Province, the Privy Council, the Yushitai and six departments. In order to control the Red Scarf Army in the north, the Song regime set up provincial institutions in those relatively consolidated areas. According to historical records, the Central Plains region includes Jiangnan, Yidu, Huai 'an, Liaoyang, Cao Zhou and other Chinese-written provinces. The provincial official system is also the same as the yuan system; Local governments below the provincial level will abolish Yuan's Taoist institutions, that is, prefectures, counties. Guan Jun's institutions are also sui generis, including Marshal's Office, General Manager's Office and Wan Hu's Office, all of which are under the jurisdiction of the Privy Council. Each province has a Privy Council, and the corresponding military posts are 100 households, 1,000 households, 10,000 households, the General Political Department and the Marshal's Office.

After the establishment of the Song regime, "Erh Lin has a hollow reputation, and everything depends on Fortis". Lin Er is young and has no military command ability and experience. Since Liu Futong led Yingzhou Uprising, in the past four or five years, he has fought many battles, faced the main force of Yuan Army, broke through encirclement and suppression, and won brilliant victories.

/kloc-in June of 0/5, Yuan Ting took Badulu, Pingzhang, Henan Province as the commander-in-chief of the Central Plains Yuan Army, and was defeated by the Governor (now northeast of Changge, Henan Province), Zhongmou and the Red Scarf Army, and Jiangbei was shaken. In December, the Yuan army surrounded Bozhou, Wang Xiaoming evaded Anfeng (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), Futong defeated the enemy, and Bozhou was safe. /kloc-In September of 0/6, Liu Futong launched the famous Three-way Northern Expedition: the West Road was led by Wu Li and Cui De and moved to Shaanxi and Gansu; Mao Gui, the Eastern Route Army, once arrived in Zaolin and Liulin (both in Tongxian County, Beijing), and the people of the Yuan Dynasty were terrified. In the middle road, Mr. Guan Jun and Mr. Toupan entered Hebei and Shanxi from Shandong, broke Shangdu in the north (now east of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia) and entered Korea in the east. /kloc-in may of 0/8, the capital of the capital of the song dynasty was moved to the capital of the capital of the capital of the song dynasty, which realized the long-cherished wish of making the song dynasty worthy of the name. The situation of the Song regime over the years is recorded in detail in Biography of Liu Futong.

As the emperor of the Song Dynasty, Han Liner was responsible for issuing imperial edicts, establishing central and local military and political institutions, and appointing officials at all levels. For example, in the second year of Longfeng (the 16th year of Zheng Zheng, 1356), in February, Zhu Yuanzhang celebrated Ke Jiqing (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). In July, the Song regime established Zhongshu Province and Privy Council in Jiangnan, with Zhu Yuanzhang as the provincial chapter, Guo Tianyou as Zuo Cheng, and later promoted to provincial prime minister and Wu Guogong. Although Bird has grown up, he still regards the dragon and phoenix as the new moon. Yidu Province was built in Longfeng for about three years, and Han Liner appointed Mao Gui as Pingzhang; Huai 'an Province was built in the year of Longfeng, and Han Liner appointed Zhao Junyong as Pingzhang; Liaoyang Province was founded in the fifth year of Longfeng, and Mao, Pan Cheng (Broken Head Pan), Guan Duo (Mr. Guan) were appointed as provincial chapters successively; At the beginning of the third year of Longfeng, the province was established and tachileik was the prime minister.

After the Song regime moved its capital to Bianliang, the northern Red Scarf Army reached its peak, but since July of the fourth year of Longfeng, Chahan Timur and Boluo Timur began a large-scale counterattack. At that time, the northern expedition of the Third Road did not achieve the expected purpose, but caused the troops to be scattered and trapped in the capital of song dynasty. In May of the following year, the capital of song dynasty was besieged. In August, the capital of song dynasty city was broken, and Liu Futong rushed out of the encirclement to protect Han Liner and fled to Anfeng. Tens of thousands of Lin's wives, family members of officials and 5,000 officers and men were captured, and seals, seals and treasuries were taken away, which seriously damaged the Song regime.

After Han Liner arrived in Anfeng, he no longer posed a threat to Yuan Ting because he lost most of his troops. Chahan Timur focused his attack on the Shandong Red Scarf Army. Han Liner was still nominally the emperor of the Song Dynasty, so he wrote several letters to seal Zhu Yuanzhang's office. However, Bird didn't issue an order until the twelfth year of Longfeng (to the twenty-sixth year, 1366), and still called it "imperial edict, decree of the prince of Wu", using the year number of Longfeng.

In February of the 9th year of Longfeng (1363), Zhang Shicheng sent Lu Zhen to attack Anfeng. An Feng was besieged for a long time. "City people eat each other, and the rotting buried in the ground also digs to eat. Or use the mud at the bottom of the well as a pill and fry it with people. " (Biography of Heroes at the Beginning of the Country, Volume I, King Xiao Ming of Song Dynasty, quoted from Chronicle of Ming Chengzu). Wang Xiaoming howled in the city, and Liu Futong sent someone to Zhu Yuanzhang for help. Liu Ji remonstrated, "Don't take it lightly. If you are rescued, where should you pay? " (Liu Chen: Deeds of the Early Years of the Republic of China) Zhu Yuanzhang refused to listen and led Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to attack Lv Zhen. Lv Zhen got the support of Luzhou Zuo Junbi and refused to keep it. He was defeated by Yuan and escaped with Zuo Junbi. Zhu Yuanzhang rescued Han Liner and Liu Futong. Bird intends to put Erh Lin in Yingtian (renamed after Zhu Yuanzhang occupied Qing Ji), and the generals also proposed to set up a throne in Zhongshu Province to serve Erh Lin. Liu Ji said, "What is it for?" (Lu Hongyu, Volume II, History of the Song Dynasty) The secret of Chen's "destiny" was discovered. Therefore, "set up an umbrella fan to welcome Chuzhou, build a palace to live in it, and it is easy for its officials to wait on it and treat it very thick." On March 34 of that year, he wrote a book and gave it to three generations: great-grandfather Dr. Kao Gongzi De, Jiangxi and other China book provinces You Cheng, Shang Baojun, and Wu Guogong, great-grandfather Mrs. Hou Guo; Dr. Guanglu, the first official of Zukao, and Mrs. Wu Guo, the first official of Zukao, are in the book. In the May 4th Movement, the examination was made public, and the ceremony was the same as that of the three divisions. He served the country by his post and recorded important military and political affairs. In the book, the right prime minister, Qiu, Wu Guogong and Chen Wu's wife.

In the first month of the tenth year of Longfeng (1364), Zhu Yuanzhang became the king of Wu after winning the battle of Poyang Lake. At this time, the Song regime existed in name only, but Bird still regarded it as a new moon. 1February 12, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Liao Yongzhong to meet Wang Xiaoming and Liu Futong from Chuzhou to Yingtian and take a boat to Guabu (now Liuhe South, Jiangsu) and drown.

Historians have always had a fair evaluation of the behavior of Minister Hanwang in the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. The words quoted in "A Brief Introduction to Founding Heroes" say: "Yuan can't take horses as a defense, but take Song as a defense. Han's monarch and subjects have made great contributions to China and to my understanding! " The Biography of Han Liner in the Ming Dynasty praised: "At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were more males. ..... Lin Er ran across the Central Plains and ravaged it, covering the river and Huai River for more than ten years. Taizu can calmly create Founder, how to use his power. The rise of the emperor must be funded by the pioneers, and it is accidental! "

Therefore, Han was not known as the Ming king, but his son became.