What is modernization?

There is no unified definition of modernization at home and abroad, so this word has become an international scholar.

One of the important concepts was widely debated, and the meaning of modernization was confusing, which led to the wealth of the former Schroeder government.

Oscar lafontaine, a government minister, complained: "The words' modernization' and' modernity' are out of date now.

Depreciate to the point where you can stuff anything you want into it. "(quoted from Frederick JEM.

Although scholars generally believe that the meaning of modernization is very vague and complicated, some scholars even try to use development.

Research has replaced modernization research, but the broad and inclusive concept of modernization and its high frequency of use,

It has become an irreplaceable concept. Moreover, it lacks scientificity and completeness in the theoretical system of modernization.

Sexual criticism has not stopped a large number of scholars from developed and developing countries from entering this field. This is also

This is an interesting phenomenon in the development history of modernization theory.

The definition and connotation of modernization in theoretical circles can be summarized as follows:

First, the double scale theory of time and value.

The English translation of the word modernization is modernization, and the word English modernization comes from English.

According to Webster's dictionary, the English word modern is a form.

Zi Rong, produced in 1585, has two meanings: (1) indicates nature: modern, recent and fashionable;

(2) Time: Modern refers to the historical time of about 1500 years to the present.

The two meanings have different characteristics: (1) is only limited by time (recently) and not by domain, so,

It can refer to the characteristics of all aspects of human activities; (2) Only the upper limit of time (about AD 1500),

There is no time limit, so "modernity" can be extended indefinitely.

Produced in 1748, which means: modernization (becoming modern with modern characteristics), adaptation.

Adapt to the needs of the modern era. "Modernization" is a foreign word, which means modernization in English.

The noun form of "make modern" comes from 1770, which means "make modern".

In Chinese, there is no accurate equivalent word modern, which is usually translated as "modern", sometimes

It also translates as "modern", which means "new and trendy". As a concept of time, modernization is

It refers to a long historical period from 1500 to the present. "Modernization" is also a concept of value, which

Refers to the spirit and characteristics of the new era different from the Middle Ages (Middle Ages), that is, the Renaissance is regarded as one.

Denying the authority of medieval theology, advocating classical culture and opening up a new era of modern new culture.

On "modernization" has two basic meanings: modernization, adapting to the needs of modernity; About a.d. 1500

Since 2000, there have been new features and changes.

Second, the dynamic process of the transformation from traditional theory to modern theory.

The original modernization theorists, whether sociologists, economists, political scientists or historians,

They all focus on defining the concept of modernization from a historical perspective. For example, sociologist Daniel Lerner wrote The International.

The item "Modernization" written in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences says that modernization is an ancient process of social change.

Popular saying, and this process is that "less developed society" obtains "more developed society" with characteristics.

Will change ..., which is triggered by international or social exchanges (quoted from Bedia nast Waal

Horse). In fact, he thinks that modernization is "the system and values that have been produced in Western Europe and North America since the17th century."

After spreading to other parts of Europe,18-20th century spread to other parts of the world. "I

Some domestic scholars also agree with this view. For example, The Encyclopedia of China says, "Traditional society and modern society.

Society is a mutually exclusive society, and the process of evolution from tradition to modernity is modernization. "(in".

Encyclopedia of National University (Sociology Volume))

Economists believe that modernization is a development process from underdeveloped economy to developed economy, and social consumption starts from a low level.

They believe that economic modernization is the core content of the whole modernization, and its main body is industry.

The process of industrialization, informationization and economic modernization is actually the process of national economic development, from the traditional economy

The transformation process from a country to a modern economic country. Scholars who hold this view transform traditional society into modern society.

As the main clue of modernization research, it emphasizes the opposition between modernity and tradition.

Third, psychology, values, lifestyle, the process of comprehensive transformation theory.

This view mainly examines modernization from the perspectives of sociology, human culturology and psychology, that is,

In other words, modernization can be regarded as a "civilized form". "Modernization" refers to a special meaning.

Social change. This change first permeates the values, attitudes, beliefs and actions of westerners.

And changed the system and goals of western society. The system and goal of western social modernization can be clearly expressed as follows

Below: Personalization; Urbanization; Universal education; Representative government; Increase the gross national product; raise

Income from all walks of life; Provide welfare for the disabled and the poor. (Bedia Nass Valma)

Manning Nash, who is engaged in anthropological research, believes that "modernity" is a social and psychological knot.

Structure, which promotes the application of science in the production process. "Modernization" is to let society, culture and individuals gain their own experience.

The process of testing knowledge and applying it to daily life.

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In The End of Liberalism, immanuel wallerstein introduced two kinds of modernity with different views.

One meaning is positive and forward-looking, which refers to the most advanced technology, usually manifested as tangible things.

Quality: airplanes, automobiles, air-conditioning equipment, televisions and computers. There is also a more ideological reason.

Less materialistic, modernity means opposing the Middle Ages. (immanuel wallerstein)

K The definition of "Yi Dao" is: "Most of the ancient social, economic and psychological obligations that people undertake.

The process of erosion and collapse; The process of people acquiring a new socialization model. "(quoted from S.N. Ai

Senstad)

Fourth, the essence of industrialization.

Taking industrialization as the motive force of modernization or modernization as the final result of industrialization, this

This is a general view. The industrialization mentioned in this view does not only mean that it began in Europe in the late18th century.

The industrialization process caused by industrial revolution in europe also included the stage of high industrialization in the 20th century.

Broadly speaking, the word industrialization has even become synonymous with economic modernization. The process of industrialization is not limited to

In the economy itself, it also involves all aspects of society.

Mr. Luo Rongqu, an expert on China's modernization and a late Peking University professor, wrote in the book "A New Theory of Modernization"

After summarizing the explanations of modernization by scholars all over the world, he thought: "From a historical perspective,

Broadly speaking, modernization, as a worldwide historical process, refers to what human society has done since the industrial revolution.

It experienced drastic changes driven by industrialization, which led to the modernization of traditional agricultural society.

In the global transformation of industrial society, she made industrialism permeate into economy, politics, culture and thought.

Various fields, causing profound corresponding changes; ... as a concrete process of human recent historical development, the height

Realizing a developed industrial society may be a major symbol of modernization. " 1.

Researcher Yan Yinglong believes that modernization is based on market principles and industrialization is the main form of expression.

Modern productivity replaces traditional productivity and causes economic, political, social and cultural adaptability.

The process of change.

Researcher He Chuanqi, who put forward two modernization theories, believes that the world has changed from the agricultural era to the industrial era.

The transformation process of the times and its profound changes are the first modernization, the transfer from the industrial age to the knowledge age, and the

Luo Rongqu: A New Theory of Modernization, Commercial Press, 2004, p. 17- 18.

The process of its profound change is the second modernization.

Some modernization scholars (Ma Chongming, 2003) further defined the meaning of modernization as: modernization is

Refers to the social productive forces produced by the wide application of science and technology in the production process since the industrial revolution.

With the great development and the fundamental change of social structure, it is believed that modernization should be accompanied by conscious (or rational) choice.

Selectivity), science and technology (or technology-driven), and the application of science and technology to production will lead to the overall transformation of economy and society.

Fundamental changes in social and political structure.

It can be seen that every scholar will make different interpretations of the meaning of modernization according to his own understanding, but there is no

From which point of view, modernization contains similar contents and characteristics.