That expert knows the meaning of "three lights and five levels" in movie lighting modeling.

Lighting is the arrangement of lighting, that is, according to the content and theme of TV programs, some lamps and light blocking tools are selected to produce certain lighting effects in the whole shooting scene. This lighting effect should have four functions:

1. Contrast of illuminance, color temperature and brightness that meet the technical requirements of video recording.

2. To complete the modeling of the image of the screen, it is necessary to change the plane structure of the screen into a visual three-dimensional structure to express the texture, three-dimensional sense and spatial perspective of the object.

3. Use the direction, intensity, softness and tone of light to match the theme and content of TV programs, and help express the emotions and inner world of characters.

4. Form artistic conception or create special artistic effects.

Light distribution method, as its name implies, is the method used in light distribution. Because there is no clear classification principle that conforms to the law of TV lighting art, many lighting engineers feel a little vague about the semantics of lighting methods. In the production of TV programs, there are many ways to mention lighting. For example: three-point lighting method, integral lighting method, multi-main lighting method, continuous lighting method, partition lighting method, imitation natural light method, traditional lighting method, night lighting method, virtual lighting method and so on. We believe that these light distribution methods can actually be divided into concrete methods and macro methods. The specific method is to use some skills and means to achieve a specific purpose when lighting a lamp. Such as continuous lighting, district lighting, night lighting, etc. Macro method is a design idea selected from the whole program to achieve an artistic conception or aesthetic effect. In the TV lighting art, the lighting technology as its material support and some specific lighting methods with strong skills are of course important, but the lighting design with aesthetic value is the decisive factor that makes it an "art". The light distribution method discussed in this paper is a macroscopic light distribution method with aesthetic significance.

Two. classify

From a macroscopic point of view, or from an aesthetic point of view, there are four light distribution methods: three-point light distribution method, large-plane light distribution method, virtual light distribution method and decorative light distribution method.

1. Three-point light distribution method is a classic light distribution method. It uses the main light, auxiliary light and backlight to distribute the light to the subject, and consciously creates shadows on the subject's face to change its brightness, but the overall tone does not exceed the dynamic range of the camera, and it can clearly distinguish the subject from the background. This light distribution method does not fix the three lights in a certain position in specific use, but determines the position of the main and auxiliary lights according to the face of the subject. In fact, some decorative lights other than the three lights are used to hide or highlight some features. This light distribution method is suitable for a single host, and it is a cheap photographic equipment. With the increasing number of subjects, the lighting effect is difficult to control.

2. The large plane lighting method means that all lights are aimed at the subject and background regardless of priority, so that the surface of the subject and background forms a unified brightness, and the characteristics of the subject and background are not highlighted or concealed, so that the audience can see at a glance. This lighting method is suitable for shooting occasions where the subject's appearance and figure are good or the makeup and clothing are elegant. The advantage is that you can basically drain the light at one time, and you don't have to move any more, so you can get rid of the shadow better. The disadvantage is that the light has no layering and no lasting appeal of light and shadow.

3. Virtual lighting method mainly uses lamps and lanterns in the studio and various light blocking tools to imitate some weather in nature or some light in social life, and produces an effect similar to natural simulation, which can also be called simulated lighting method. This kind of lighting is most used in movies and TV series. The characteristics of virtual lighting method are:

(1) has a unique main light direction. There is only one main light in the whole scene. Of course, this unique main light is often caused by multiple lamps, and one lamp is rarely used.

(2) No matter the main light, auxiliary light, backlight, effect light and decorative light, they all have their realistic basis, that is, light sources can be found in the scene. What kind of environment there is, what kind of light there is; What kind of light there is, there must be an environment that produces it.

(3) Environment and light are integrated, just like a scene in nature or real life, which is real and natural. Therefore, in actual program production, lighting engineers and artists are closely related. Lighting engineers should participate in scene design, or artists should participate in lighting design. Both should consider the possibility of lighting. The virtual lighting method is also suitable for talk shows, virtual studios and so on.

4. Decorative lighting method refers to the use of some lighting equipment to produce abstract patterns on the background of the picture, or to create a three-dimensional "light" shape that can change continuously in the scene, so that it not only has the function of lighting, but more importantly becomes the composition or decorative element of the shooting scene. Generally, this kind of design and modeling is not directly related to the content of TV programs, but mainly plays the role of decoration and rendering atmosphere. These methods are:

(1) Use a slide projector or a spotlight with a pattern board to project patterns on a screen, curtains or smoke.

(2) Using various computer lights and laser lights to project two-dimensional or three-dimensional light modeling in the scene or air.

(3) The conscious arrangement of lights in the shooting scene not only makes the beam shape become the composition or decoration element of the stage, but also its own modeling or the placement of group lights becomes an organic part of the stage art scene. For example, "bobbin lamp wall".

Nowadays, there are more and more kinds of computer lamps, more and more patterns of beam modeling, and the lamps themselves are becoming more and more exquisite and beautiful, so decorative lighting methods are becoming more and more common. However, the patterns or shapes used in decorative lighting method must have certain aesthetic feeling, and have indirect, internal and deep consistency with the content of TV programs and the background of the times at that time, so as to bring visual pleasure to the audience. Otherwise, it is gilding the lily. Decorative lighting method is generally not used alone, but on the basis of other lighting methods.

Three. Relationship between light distribution methods

The above four lighting methods all represent an aesthetic style.

The three-point lighting method evolved from Rembrandt's oil paintings, which can beautify the image of the subject to the maximum extent (especially when the subject's image is not very good), reflect light and have a strong sense of painting.

The large plane light distribution method will not modify or change the shooting scene, which can make the audience completely unaware of the existence of light and produce a simple and refreshing lighting effect.

Virtual lighting method is closest to natural life, which makes everyone's light in the picture different, but the light of the whole scene is unified. In this way, the image of the picture changes naturally, like a tune, high-pitched, low-pitched, short-pitched, long-pitched, smooth and sonorous, giving people beautiful enjoyment.

Decorative lighting method highlights the shape and arrangement of lamps and lighting itself, which has a strong sense of modernity, and increases the depth of field with lighting, so that the audience can enjoy the spiritual pleasure brought by machinery while enjoying the program. Decorative lighting method is an artistic language and design language adapted to the industrial era.

Several light distribution methods are not completely separated in practical use, but often blend and penetrate each other. However, this blending and infiltration will generally not affect the overall aesthetic orientation of the program lighting effect, but only a partial modification or supplement.

For example, cold light source lamps are widely used in news programs. Cold light source lamps have the characteristics of high brightness and soft and uniform light, which is very suitable for the application of large plane light distribution. Foreign cold light source lamps and lanterns all adopt "ring light distribution method", which is the large plane light distribution method in this paper. On this basis, domestic lighting engineers adopt the concept of three-point lighting method to form soft, uniform and rich lighting effects. This is a combination of three-point light distribution method and large plane light distribution method. This kind of lighting effect is actually close to the lighting effect needed in HDTV system. By the way, the luminous characteristics of cold light source lamp are very suitable for the demand of HDTV, so is it accidental or inevitable that cold light source lamp and HDTV system are invented at the same time?

In special topics and talk shows, the three-point light distribution method is generally used. This way of lighting can really make the image of the subject perfect, but it really makes people tired of its uniformity and all the colors. If we use virtual lighting to distribute light, it will give viewers a refreshing feeling. Although the virtual lighting method imitates natural light, it does not imitate all natural light. The light of nature is colorful and changeable. According to the existing lighting conditions, we can choose the expressive light in nature and the light suitable for TV characteristics to be "virtual". With the development of TV technology and lamp technology, the range of our choice will be larger and larger. Then lighting engineers usually have a lot of storage about the lighting effects of nature and real life in their minds. Which effect should he choose for "virtual"? This requires long-term cultivation of artistic appreciation ability. This ability also includes beautifying the artistic thinking ability of characters with three-point lighting and cheap flash.

The lighting of variety shows is more complicated, because there are so many kinds of programs that it is impossible to light them all. We must choose different lighting methods according to the nature, characteristics, theme and content of each program. The lighting effect of each program is different, but the overall lighting effect of the party must be coordinated and unified. The lighting design of the party should not only meet certain requirements in the three-dimensional space, but also keep the audience interested and happy to watch in the fourth dimension-the continuous development of time. In this case, all kinds of lighting methods will be fully utilized by lighting engineers to create various visual aesthetic images.