What are the major scientific and technological inventions of the modern industrial revolution in the world?

The first industrial revolution was marked by the widespread use of steam engines as power machines. The first industrial revolution replaced manual workshops with factory system and manual labor with machines. The first industrial revolution greatly strengthened the ties around the world and changed the face of the world.

Around 1840, large-scale machine production in Britain basically replaced traditional handicrafts, and the industrial revolution was basically completed. Britain became the first industrial country in the world. /kloc-At the end of 0/8, the industrial revolution gradually spread from Britain to Western Europe and North America, and later to other parts of the world.

Second, the internal combustion engine

Internal combustion engine is a heat engine that burns fuel inside the machine and directly converts the released heat energy into power (mechanical energy). 1876, the German inventor Otto made the first four-stroke internal combustion engine, which is reciprocating piston, single cylinder and horizontal, and uses gas as fuel.

The invention and use of the internal combustion engine led to the invention of automobiles and airplanes. 1885, German karl benz developed a single-cylinder gasoline engine, and the car was successfully trial-produced. Karl benz (1844- 1929) is a German mechanical engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. Karl benz is one of the pioneers of modern automobile industry, and is called "the father of automobile" and "the originator of automobile". 1903, the Wright brothers in the United States built an airplane and successfully tested it.

Three, power application technology, power technology and electronic technology

The discovery and application of electricity not only led to the second industrial revolution, but also brought human life into a colorful and brilliant new era. That is, the electrical age, or the electrical age. The most important feature of the second industrial revolution is the wide application of electricity and electrical appliances. Since then, mankind has entered the "electrical age".

183 1 year, Faraday, an outstanding British scientist, discovered electromagnetic induction in his experiments. According to this principle, Faraday invented the world's first generator that can generate continuous current. The future generators are all made according to the same electromagnetic induction principle.

1879 Edison invented the world's first practical incandescent light bulb. Power plants around the world have developed rapidly since Edison invented the electric light. 1866, Germany's Siemens made the generator, 1870, Belgium's Dick invented the motor. The electric power industry and electrical appliance manufacturing industry have developed rapidly. Mankind has entered the "electrical age". Subsequently, electrical products such as electric lights sprang up like mushrooms after rain.

Four, electromagnetic wave technology, radio technology

Electromagnetic wave was first predicted theoretically by British physicist james maxwell in 1865 (Maxwell equations). According to Maxwell's equations, Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves theoretically.

1896, the Russian inventor popov successfully sent out the world's first wireless telegram with clear contents with his own invented radio transmitter. The invention of electromagnetic wave technology and radio wave technology makes long-distance wireless communication possible.

V. Computer and Internet Technology

The third technological revolution is marked by the invention and use of electronic computers.

The inventor of the electronic computer is john von neumann. 1946, the world's first electronic computer was born in America. In the next 60 years, computer technology developed at an alarming rate. The invention of the electronic computer is of epoch-making significance. The electronic computer is the greatest scientific and technological invention of the last century. The invention of electronic computer has had a great and far-reaching impact on society, human beings and the world. Since then, the world has entered the era of electronic computers.

Six, semiconductor technology, microelectronics technology (integrated circuit technology)

Semiconductors are materials whose conductivity is between conductor and insulator at room temperature. On the basis of semiconductor technology, integrated circuit technology (microelectronics technology) has been developed. With integrated circuit technology, VLSI and VLSI technology, it is possible to realize miniaturization, miniaturization, ultra-miniaturization and ultra-miniaturization of electronic computers and various electronic devices.

Seven, laser technology, optical technology (photon technology)

The principle of laser was discovered by Einstein, a famous American physicist as early as 19 16, but it was not until 1960 that the laser was successfully manufactured for the first time. 1964, according to the suggestion of Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist in China, "stimulated emission of light" was renamed as "laser". Laser is another great invention of mankind since the 20th century, after atomic energy, computers and semiconductors. Known as "the fastest knife", "the most accurate ruler" and "the brightest light".

Eight, atomic energy technology (nuclear energy technology)

Atomic energy is also called nuclear energy. Atomic energy (nuclear energy) is the energy released when the nucleus changes (heavy nuclear fission and light nuclear fusion). Heavy nuclear fission is a massive nucleus that splits into two smaller nuclei, and light nuclear fusion is the synthesis of a larger nucleus from two smaller nuclei. Both heavy nuclear fission and light nuclear fusion will release super-high huge energy, and light nuclear fusion will release more energy.

Nine, space technology, nanotechnology

Artificial earth satellite, lunar exploration, spacecraft, launch vehicle, space shuttle. Nanotechnology: Learn micro-technology in the range of 0. 1 to 100 nm.

X. chemical engineering technology and biotechnology

Chemical engineering and biotechnology: chemical industry engineering technology. Darwin's theory of evolution, cell theory, genetic law, DNA double helix structure, molecular biology and so on.