Basic knowledge of camera

(a), light and exposure

Thin film/photosensitive sensor

The main parameters of film refer to the sensitivity of film, which is expressed by ISO value (abbreviation of International Organization for Standards). The higher the ISO value, the higher the sensitivity of the film/photosensitive sensor and the easier the exposure.

hole

There is a set of overlapping metal blades in the camera lens. The aperture size and opening time of the blade determine the exposure of the primary phase, and also produce the aperture and speed of the camera.

When the exposure time is fixed, the larger the aperture, the greater the exposure of the film. Expressed in f/ value. The aperture values of general cameras are f/ 1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/1,f/ 16 and f/22.

shutter

Of course, it mainly refers to the shutter speed. As mentioned above, it is determined by the opening time of the metal blade. At present, the shutter speed of many cameras is controlled by the computer chip that comes with the camera. For traditional cameras or some semi-professional cameras, the shutter speed of the camera still needs to be manual, mainly including the following, from slow to fast, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8,115. Similarly, every time the shutter speed jumps up or down, the exposure is doubled or halved.

Relationship between aperture and shutter

The larger the aperture, the shorter the relative exposure time (except in special cases). There are many different shutter speeds and aperture combinations that can get the same exposure value, but the exposure effect is not necessarily the same, because it also involves the depth of field, which will be discussed later. The lens with the largest aperture is called "fast lens" because it can match the faster shutter speed.

(2) Camera operation mode

At present, some low-end models of digital cameras, the so-called family models, are mostly fools with automatic focusing and exposure. There are two basic exposure modes for mid-range and above cameras: manual mode and semi-automatic mode. This is basically the same as a traditional camera.

Manual control

Not all cameras can. When the manual mode is selected, the combination parameters suggested by the exposure meter can be ignored. You can choose the aperture and shutter value completely automatically. How to make an ideal exposure depends on the specific situation and personal preferences at that time, and of course you need to practice more yourself.

Semi-automatic mode

Many cameras offer at least a semi-automatic exposure mode. Generally, one of the aperture and shutter speed is fixed first, and the other can be adjusted. Then there is what we often call aperture priority mode or shutter priority mode. The difference between them is whether to choose aperture or shutter speed first.

Situational mode or special topic mode

In fact, this model is very popular now. Many mid-range so-called semi-professional cameras have a knob, such as Canon G3, G5, Olympia 730 and above. We can use landscape, sports, people and other modes without manual steps. Among them, the landscape mode generally considers the depth of field, the sports mode focuses on higher shutter speed, and the portrait mode focuses on the appropriate large aperture. The exposure combination decided by computer chips is often much more ideal than that decided by some beginners.

2. Basic knowledge of cameras

The main parameters of (1) light and exposure film/photosensitive sensor film refer to the sensitivity of the film, which is expressed by ISO value (abbreviation of International Standards Organization).

The higher the ISO value, the higher the sensitivity of the film/photosensitive sensor and the easier the exposure. There is a set of overlapping metal blades in the lens of an aperture camera. The aperture size and opening time of the blade determine the exposure of the primary phase, and also produce the aperture and speed of the camera.

When the exposure time is fixed, the larger the aperture, the greater the exposure of the film. Expressed in f/ value.

The aperture values of general cameras are f/ 1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/1,f/ 16 and f/22. Of course, shutter mainly refers to shutter speed.

As mentioned above, it is determined by the opening time of the metal blade. At present, the shutter speed of many cameras is controlled by the computer chip that comes with the camera.

For traditional cameras or some semi-professional cameras, the shutter speed of the camera still needs to be manual, mainly including the following, from slow to fast, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8,115. Similarly, every time the shutter speed jumps up or down, the exposure is doubled or halved.

The relationship between aperture and shutter The larger the aperture, the shorter the relative exposure time (except in special cases). There are many different shutter speeds and aperture combinations that can get the same exposure value, but the exposure effect is not necessarily the same, because it also involves the depth of field, which will be discussed later. The lens with the largest aperture is called "fast lens" because it can match the faster shutter speed.

(2) Operation mode of the camera At present, most of the low-profile models of some digital cameras, the so-called home models, are fools with automatic focusing and exposure. There are two basic exposure modes for mid-range and above cameras: manual mode and semi-automatic mode.

This is basically the same as a traditional camera. Manual mode is not available for all cameras.

When the manual mode is selected, the combination parameters suggested by the exposure meter can be ignored. You can choose the aperture and shutter value completely automatically. How to make an ideal exposure depends on the specific situation and personal preferences at that time, and of course you need to practice more yourself.

Semi-automatic mode Many cameras provide an exposure mode of at least semi-automatic mode. Generally, one of the aperture and shutter speed is fixed first, and the other can be adjusted.

Then there is what we often call aperture priority mode or shutter priority mode. The difference between them is whether to choose aperture or shutter speed first. Scene mode or special theme mode is actually very popular now. Canon G3, G5, Olympia 730 and many other mid-range so-called semi-professional cameras are equipped with a knob, so we can adopt scenery, sports, people and other modes without manual steps.

Among them, the landscape mode generally considers the depth of field, the sports mode focuses on higher shutter speed, and the portrait mode focuses on the appropriate large aperture. The exposure combination decided by computer chips is often much more ideal than that decided by some beginners.

3. Basic knowledge of camera

Aperture is a component used to control the aperture of the lens on the camera, so as to control the depth of field, the imaging quality of the lens and the amount of light entering with the shutter.

The aperture size is expressed by f value. For the manufactured lens, the diameter of the lens cannot be changed at will, but the luminous flux of the lens can be controlled by adding a polygon or circular aperture grating with variable area inside the lens. This device is called aperture, and the aperture f value = lens focal length/lens aperture diameter. The illuminance of light reaching the photosensitive film or chip through the lens is directly proportional to the square of the aperture and inversely proportional to the square of the aperture number.

The order of aperture numbers of commonly used lenses is 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 1, 16, 22, 32, 45, 64, 90,1. The smaller the aperture number, the larger the aperture.

The larger the aperture, the more light will pass in the same exposure time. The smaller the aperture, the less the luminous flux in the same exposure time. Therefore, under the same shutter time, the larger the aperture, the more light passes and the brighter the picture; The smaller the aperture, the darker the picture.

Under the same exposure conditions, the larger the aperture, the shorter the exposure time, and the smaller the aperture, the longer the exposure time. So generally speaking, the aperture is directly related to the shutter speed.

Aperture also determines the depth of field of the photo. Under the same focal length and shooting distance, the larger the aperture, the smaller the depth of field, and the smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field. Generally, the aperture of a lens can be adjusted within a certain range. Usually, only the maximum aperture is marked on the lens, not the minimum aperture. For example, a lens marked as 35mm F 1.4 has a maximum aperture of 1.4, but it can be adjusted to F2.0 F5.6 and so on. The maximum aperture of the lens of the other F5.6 F8.0 is 2.0, and it can't be adjusted to F6550 anyway.

Another example is a lens EF 28-300mm F3.5-5.6lis. From the name of this zoom lens, we can see that the maximum aperture of the wide-angle end (28mm) is 3.5, and the maximum aperture of the telephoto end (300mm) is 5.6. By the way, the minimum apertures at the wide-angle end and the telephoto end are 22 and 40 respectively. Generally speaking, a lens with the same focal length and a large aperture usually has higher quality and higher price.

Fixed focus refers to a lens with a fixed focal length, and zoom refers to a lens with an adjustable focal length. Because the focal length of the zoom lens can be adjusted, it is more convenient to use. In addition, its design usually pays more attention to portability and cost performance, so most of them are simple in structure, easy to carry and relatively low in price.

Fixed-focus lenses are generally designed and manufactured to meet the requirements of high imaging quality. Although they have a fixed focal length and are not as convenient to use as zoom lenses, their prices are generally higher and heavier than ordinary zoom lenses. However, the fixed-focus lens generally has a large aperture and the imaging quality is much higher than that of the ordinary zoom lens. In addition, the fixed-focus lens is usually designed as the most commonly used focal length, so although it can't be zoomed, it is still very practical.

Common zoom lenses are (the following lenses are produced by many manufacturers)17-85mm18-55mm18-135mm18-200mm28-135mm 28-28. 5 mm17-40mm17-55mm 24-70mm 70-200mm These are usually expensive zoom lenses. Common fixed-focus lenses are (the following lenses are produced by many manufacturers) 24 mm f1.8 35 mm f1.450 mm f1.0/f65438. F1.8 85mm f1.2/f1.4/f1.8100mm2.8 (usually macro lens)135mm F2.0 200mm2.

4. Camera tips

One of the great characteristics of single-lens reflex camera is that it can replace lenses with different specifications.

Therefore, most traditional camera lenses with the same specifications can be used in SLR digital cameras. SLR digital cameras are more expensive than ordinary digital cameras.

Some SLR digital cameras are sold separately from the body and lens. SLR digital cameras are more suitable for professionals and photographers. Single lens reflex (SLR) refers to single lens reflex.

In this system, the unique design of the mirror and prism enables the photographer to directly observe the image passing through the lens from the viewfinder. It can be seen from the structural diagram of a single-lens reflex camera that the light passes through the lens and reaches the reflector, and then refracts to the focusing screen above to form an image. Through the eyepiece and pentaprism, we can see the scenery outside in the observation window.

When shooting, press the shutter button, the reflector will pop up, and the shutter curtain in front of the film will be opened at the same time. The light (image) passing through the lens will be projected on the film to make the film sensitive, and then the reflector will immediately return to its original state, and the image can be seen in the viewfinder. This structure of the single-lens reflex camera ensures that it is shot through the lens, so that the image seen in the observation window is always consistent with the image on the film, and its framing range is basically consistent with the actual shooting range, eliminating the parallax phenomenon of the paraxial head-up framing camera. From the perspective of learning photography, it is very conducive to intuitive framing and composition.

Another major feature of a single-lens reflex camera is that it can replace lenses with different specifications.

5. Basic knowledge of photography and camera

Camera knowledge

Learn about SLR and card machine first. If photography entry ability allows, it is best to use SLR.

Basic knowledge of SLR camera: aperture, shutter, shooting mode, white balance.

The larger the aperture (the smaller the number), the more virtual the background. If the aperture of a frame is 3, it is smaller than the background of aperture 7.

P mode is commonly used by beginners.

AV mode, aperture priority, portrait shooting is better. First set the aperture, and the shutter will adjust automatically.

TV mode, shutter priority.

M manual mode

Mannequin, macro, movement, night image and other modes.

You can try to film this slowly.

White balance: mainly color temperature. Such as daylight (5200K), the larger the number, the more obvious the red tone of the picture. This also requires you to try shooting yourself, set different white balances and shoot the same scene, and you will find the difference yourself.

Basic knowledge of photography

Composition, light, theme, color and tone are the modeling means of photography.

There is still a lot of content, and the specific basic knowledge of photography should be digested in practice.

If you shoot more and take longer, your composition and theme will start to improve.

If you want to make rapid progress, you should read more works by famous photographers. This is according to your own preferences, like that style of pictures, to choose. You can learn from the master's techniques, integrate your own content and apply it to your own photography.

If you want to know more about photography, I suggest you read the books on photography basics. The one recommended upstairs is very good.