What are camera filters and what are their functions?

1.UV (ultraviolet) mirror: This kind of mirror can basically eliminate the influence of ultraviolet and stray light on film sensitivity and protect the lens. Photography is more needed in plateau areas.

Second, the sky mirror: absorbs ultraviolet rays and is suitable for all weather. Outdoor photography can reduce the blue shadow caused by scattered light in the sun and keep the natural color. At the same time, it protects the lens.

Third, the red mirror (R): absorbs blue light, which can produce romantic sky effect or moonlit effect during the day, and has the function of absorbing ultraviolet rays. When shooting, it is generally necessary to add three levels of exposure, which can be mastered flexibly according to shooting requirements and filter depth. This kind of mirror is generally used for black-and-white photos and can also be used for color photography.

Fourth, orange mirror: absorbs blue-green light and transmits yellow, orange and red, that is, the wavelength is about 560-700nm. It can deepen the blue tone and enhance the contrast effect of the scene.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) yellow mirror (y): used for all black and white films. It can accurately correct the tone of full-color film in outdoor photography, so that there is a greater contrast between blue sky or trees and white clouds. It can be used as a special effect filter in color photography.

6. Green mirror (G): transmits yellow light and green light, absorbs red light and blue-violet light, and can pass in the wavelength range of about 500-600nm. Often used to darken the sky and show skin color. Need to increase the exposure by about 3 levels. Generally only full-color film is used.

Seven, blue mirror (b): used for black and white photography. Mirrors absorb red, orange and yellow through cyan, blue and purple light. When the wavelength is about 400-500nm, it is necessary to increase the exposure by about 2 levels (depending on the depth of the color lens).

Grey mirror (ND): It has consistent absorption characteristics in the visible range. It blocks light without changing color. It is a common filter to adjust brightness.

9. Leiden 80: This mirror is a color temperature conversion filter, which is divided into three types: A, B and C. Leiden 80A can increase the color temperature from 3,200 K to 5,500 K. Using this mirror, the solar film can be applied to artificial light sources.

X. Leiden 8 1: Leiden 8 1 is a light balance filter with warm colors, which is divided into three types: A, B and C. The color is light amber, which can slightly correct the blue tendency in the shot picture and achieve true color reproduction. In practical use, Leiden 8 1C is the most.

1 1 .leyden 82: This mirror is a color balance filter. Light blue, divided into three types: A, B and C. This kind of filter is characterized by small color temperature change, and is mostly used for fine adjustment on the premise that the color temperature of light source is basically the same as that of film balance.

12. Leiden 85: 85 series is divided into three types: A, B and C, which belong to color temperature conversion filters. 85B can reduce the color temperature from 5500K to 3200K. The mirror is amber, which is suitable for using light film in the sun.

Fluorescent mirror: Fluorescent mirror is a special color compensation filter. When daylight color film is used to shoot under fluorescent lighting, the shot picture will produce blue and green tones. If you shoot with a fluorescent lens, you can correct the above color deviation and make the color of the picture return to reality.

14. Gray mirror. Be strongly blocked by light. Under the premise of proper exposure, you can shoot excellent night scenes in the sun.

15. Red intensifying mirror: This mirror is an advanced filter made of imported optical materials made of expensive rare earth elements. It can completely absorb the turbid yellow light and orange light between 570 and 600 nm in the spectrum, and at the same time make the red light pass smoothly. Therefore, the color saturation of red, light red and brownish red objects in the scene can be significantly improved, making them more vivid, gorgeous and intense. For example, maple leaves are redder in autumn, and strawberries and tomatoes are more attractive; The atmosphere of sunset is more intense; Weddings or Christmas are more festive. When mirrors are used with polarizers, the blue sky can be more colorful and beautiful. The exposure of 1/2- 1 should be increased when using this mirror.

16. Gradient mirror: Gradient mirror is one of the most important filters in photographic art creation. It can be divided into gradient mirror and gradient diffusion mirror. From the form of gradient, it can be divided into soft gradient and hard gradient. "Soft" means a large transition range, and vice versa, it means a small transition range, which should be chosen according to the creative characteristics.

17. Polarizing (vibrating) mirror: it plays the role of weakening the reflected light on the surface of the object. Exterior photography can make the blue sky bluer, with sharp contrast and saturated colors. Black-and-white and color photography are acceptable. When shooting, you need to add 2 levels of exposure, which is a necessary filter for photographers.

18. Soft-focus lens: also known as soft-focus lens, it is divided into 1#, 2# and 3#. Using this lens can produce a soft and clear effect. Shooting portraits can soften wrinkles, spots, pores, etc. Human skin creates a delicate, rich, youthful and charming effect. This kind of mirror is widely used in all kinds of photography and post-production.

19. Atomizing mirror: This kind of mirror is a common filter for natural scenery photography, and is also widely used in advertising photography and portrait shooting. It can make the work foggy and increase the sense of atmospheric perspective. According to the intensity of lens diffusion, different models are divided. A strong lens can produce a dense fog effect, and a weak lens can produce a mist effect. In addition, the exposure will also have an impact on the intensity of fog.

20. Crescent soft mirror: This kind of mirror is a kind of hazy mirror, which is designed to create special effects for wedding photography in professional studios. The crescent-shaped mirror, misty and hazy, can give people an elegant dreamy feeling and full of romance. It is one of the most popular mirrors in wedding photography.

2 1. overspeed mirror: this is a special-effect mirror, half of which is translucent and the other half is a cylindrical lens. Installing an overspeed mirror at the front end of the lens can make the front end of the subject's image clear, and most of the images behind it are dragged out of the virtual shadow, thus making the object show the effect of rapid movement, just like a moving object suddenly stops, and the picture is dynamic and interesting.

22. Mirror: This mirror is a rectangular mirror with positive reflection (mirror surface is silver plated in vacuum), and there are a pair of coaxial knobs at both ends (used to adjust the lens angle). It is best to use a tripod to fix the camera and shoot with a short focal length and a small aperture. Using this kind of mirror, the land scenery, buildings and people around without water can be photographed as if they were photographed by lakes or rivers, and the reflection of the scenery clearly appears, making the whole picture interesting. Tip: Pay attention to protecting the specular reflection film.

23. Starlight mirror: Starlight mirror is divided into 2 lines, 4 lines, 6 lines, 8 lines and 16 lines centering on the luminous point. This is a series of parallel lines etched regularly on the surface of colorless optical glass, which produces radiation effect after diffraction. This is an indispensable effect mirror for shooting a stage or night scene, which can play an extraordinary role in the picture.

24. Magic mirror: also known as cyclone mirror, it takes the center as the focus and scatters spirally around. The effect is like entering a magical magical world. You can use a wide-angle lens or a small aperture when using it.

25. Explosion mirror: also known as scattering mirror, it focuses on the center and produces strong radiation (explosion) around it. The movement is obvious, and the effect is better with complex background. It is one of the filters that render the dynamic effect of the subject. Shoot with a small aperture when using.

26. Hollow mirror: Hollow filter means that the central part keeps the original state of the glass, and the surrounding area is processed into various effects through special processes, including red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple, soft light, starlight, hazy, close-up, atomization, etc. The main feature of this kind of mirror is to highlight the theme and create an atmosphere that sets off the center around. It is one of the effect mirrors commonly used by photographers.

Twenty-seven, dream mirror: characterized by the central focus, the surrounding scenery fuzzy microstrip halo, so that people have the feeling of dreaming. It is often used to shoot wedding dresses and stars, and also used in other artistic photography. This kind of mirror is more effective in dark background and when using a long focal length lens.

28. Close-up lens: With this lens, the lens can focus on objects much closer than usual, thus producing close-up images, such as shooting flowers, insects and so on. Or re-create written materials. This mirror can be divided into four grades:+1, +2, +3 and +4. Try to use a small aperture when shooting. Photography and TV camera are both suitable.

29. Polyprism: Polyprism is divided into 2 shadows, 3 shadows, 4 shadows, 5 shadows, 7 shadows, etc. It is made of optical glass by cold working. When shooting, the aperture is small and the overlapping interference between images is less; The aperture is large and there are many overlapping interferences. If the shooting distance is short, there will be more overlap between images, while if the shooting distance is long, there will be less overlap between images. In addition, the scene background should not be complicated, otherwise it will affect the visual effect. This mirror works better with a SLR camera.

30. Multi-row mirror: it belongs to a prism, and its usage is the same as that of a multi-prism, but the arrangement direction is the same. This kind of mirror can form a special interest and is often used in advertising photography.

Rainbow mirror after the rain: The rainbow after the rain can artificially simulate the rainbow effect in any season, thus adding a charming and novel feeling to the picture. In order to make the simulated rainbow effect more ideal, we should choose the backlight when shooting, and pay attention to the influence of the change of focal length and aperture on the clarity of the rainbow. If the photographer uses a focal length of 35mm, it is generally appropriate to use an aperture of F 1 1.