Tianyi British history

The Historical Changes of the British Isles Hello, I'm glad to answer your question.

1. The eastern island of Great Britain is the largest island in the archipelago and the most important territory of Britain. England, Wales and Scotland are called "British Isles".

The northern part of most parts of England is rugged and mountainous. Major rivers include Thames and Severn River, and major cities include London, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle and Birmingham. The English Channel Tunnel near Dover Harbour connects Britain and France on the other side of the channel.

The topography of Scotland is diverse, with plains in the south and highlands in the north and west. Welsh terrain is rugged, and most of it belongs to the cambria Mountains. Northern Ireland is mountainous and the main city is Belfast.

Maps and detailed reference materials

Prince Charles is the Prince of Wales because:

During the conquest of Wales, King Edward I of England (1 154- 1399) killed the Welsh leader, the Prince of Wales, and the leaders of two local resistance organizations, Llewellyn and David, but the people persisted in their struggle. In order to stabilize the situation, Edward decided to win over and buy off the local minority elites.

He invited many chiefs to his fortress in Wales, Carnarvon Castle, to negotiate. When discussing who will be the new ruler of Wales, the chiefs put forward three requirements: he should be the prince of Wales, not the king of England; He should be born in Wales, with good conduct and royal blood; He can't speak English or French, and he hasn't done anything wrong or wronged anyone. There are several chiefs who are related to a dynasty in English history. They privately think that these conditions can only be met from among them.

Edward agreed to these demands, and then sent someone to take away the queen who was about to give birth to Wales. On the day when the winner was announced, not only the chiefs waited eagerly, but also many local residents came to see the result. After publicly reiterating the conditions agreed with the chiefs, Edward took his one-week-old son from the castle to the balcony and announced that this was the Prince of Wales who met all the requirements. Because Edward II was born in the military camp where his father conquered Wales, he naturally could not speak any language before the full moon, let alone do evil, which fully met the requirements. This happened at 130 1.

Since then, addressing the male heir to the king as "Prince of Wales" has gradually become a habit, and "Prince of Wales" has become synonymous with the British Crown Prince.

The relationship between England, Scotland and Wales.

The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the official name of Britain, abbreviated as U.K.)

Including England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The Olympic Games is called a country, but the World Cup is different: autonomous regions are allowed to participate in the World Cup, for example, China and China and Hongkong play the World Cup at the same time. England cannot represent Britain or the national team. But England accounts for most of the land and population in Britain, so people sometimes call Britain England.

England only represents the English Football Association and the English region, probably because English teams are stronger and there are more stars, which are broadcast by the Premier League. Many people don't know much about other teams.

In fact, Scotland also reached the final stage of 1998 World Cup, Northern Ireland also beat England in this World Cup qualifier, and there are also stars like Ryan Giggs in Wales.

England is a part of the territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, located in the southwest of the island of Great Britain, south of Scotland and east of Wales. It is the largest, most populous and most developed area in Britain. Historically, Scotland was bounded by Hadrian's Great Wall.

Great Britain is an island on the west coast of Europe. It is divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales, and some small islands around it. Currently controlled by Britain.

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What is the history of Burberry? Burberry, the Royal Brand, was founded by Thomas Burberry, a British youth who was only 2 1 year old. Burberry (Chinese trademark: Burberry Burberry) has become the most representative brand in Britain.

BURBERRY was founded in 1856 and is a British royal product. 1879, Burberry developed gabardine, a waterproof and wrinkle-resistant fabric, which won everyone's approval. 190 1 year, Burberry designed the first trench coat, which was designated as the senior military uniform of the British army during World War I.

Nowadays, when you open the Oxford dictionary, BURBERRY has become another synonym for windbreaker. Nowadays, by constantly upgrading design and innovative graphics, BURBERRY perfectly combines classic sensibility with the times, injects quality into fashion and becomes an eternal brand, thus enhancing its mouth-watering appeal! The dry and wet clothes designed by Burberry in 1890 have always been an enduring trend.

After the war, this dry and wet suit became the favorite of many stars, including cordelia Sharpin, humphrey bogart, the hero of Bourne ultimatum, and ingrid bergman, the heroine. In addition to the knight trademark founded in 190 1 year, it has also become a household name in Burberry.

Secondly, of course, I have to mention the Burberry plaid "nova" created by 1924-the plaid pattern representing Burberry. This plaid pattern first appeared on the lining of dry and wet clothes. After it was registered as a trademark in 1967, it was more widely used in other products, such as umbrellas and suitcases.

Burberry has always been deeply loved by the royal family, and became a royal brand in 1955 and 1999 respectively. 1997, due to the change of management and the joining of Rose Marie Bravo, the current CEO, the direction of Burberry changed, from mainly providing clothes for royalty and elderly celebrities and guests at all levels, and further expanding the guest network.

In 200 1 year, under the leadership of creative director christopher bailey, Burberry launched Prorsum high-end men's and women's wear series, which not only injected new elements into classic dry and wet jackets and plaid patterns, but also established a new fashion image for the brand and washed away the old image. In addition, new colors-black and red plaid were added to Burberry plaid at that time, and supermodels Kate Moss and stella tennant were found wearing Burberry plaid to take hard photos, which also revived Burberry, which was once at a low brand tide, and its sales doubled, making it the highest sales year in a hundred years.

In 2003, Burberry launched a new series named after its founder Thomas Burberry, which provided younger and timely light clothes and further pushed the brand to young taste groups. Black label is the most expensive.

Burberry is deeply loved by Asians, especially by Japanese. In view of the attraction and hot demand of the Japanese market, Burberry specially cooperated with the franchise to make Japan produce Burberry blue labels with bright colors, younger age and cheaper price.

Its products are only sold in Japan, and even Britain, as its headquarters, cannot set up retail services of these two brands. Different from Burberry London's calm and heavy, Burberry Blue Label gives people the feeling of lightness and simplicity, so many girls also love blue label products.

In July 2006, Rose Mary Bravo, known as the best CEO ever, will leave the position of CEO of Burberry to see if the CEO of Burberry can maintain his current achievements. Brand story: Being in the streets of Britain, even if it is windy and drizzling, British people don't like to carry umbrellas, preferring to wear windbreakers.

This is not a British quirk, but the benefits provided by windbreakers to keep out the rain. When it comes to windbreakers, many people first think of the British brand Burberry. During World War I, Burberry was designated as 1856, the image of British senior military uniform. Founder Thomas Burberry opened a clothing store in basingstoke, Hampshire, England. 1879, he developed a clear, waterproof and breathable twill fabric-gabardine. Because of its durability and penetration, it was quickly widely used by British pilots and the military. At the end of 1990s, there was a wave of brand rebirth in the fashion industry, and Burberry began to seek a breakthrough in the big environment.

Rose Marie Bravo, the current brand CEO, joined Burberry with 1997, and invited Roberto Menichetti and christopher bailey as design directors. The combination of photographer mario testino and supermodels stella tennant and Kate Moss injected classic elements into it, which continued the traditional British aristocratic personality and life taste and re-romanticized Burberry's new dynamic philosophy. When people familiar with Burberry see "Burberry Plaid", it is like seeing their beloved brand.

This plaid pattern with strong Scottish flavor was registered as a trademark in 1924. Soon, red, camel, black and white plaid patterns became synonymous with Burberry products. Now, blue has also been added to it, enriching the connotation of Burberry plaid pattern.

Today, nostalgia and innovation coexist, Burberry's plaid style has successfully penetrated into all fields from clothing, accessories to household items, and has a long-standing reputation after nearly a hundred years. Burberry is a brand that can easily arouse people's romantic reverie. People like it not only because of its classic history of more than 65,438+000 years and its iconic plaid pattern, but also because Rose Marie Bravo said that "high fashion has returned to luxury and gorgeous fashion, and the younger generation has found a truly traditional model from Burberry".

Please tell us something about the history of the British Isles. It seems that the British Isles have always been synonymous with Britain or Great Britain.

Suddenly one day, I found that Great Britain seems to have only two islands: Great Britain and Ireland, and there is no third island. But I never believed that my predecessors couldn't count, so I did some research.

The British Isles, a word is divided into two parts, Britain and the three islands. What is England? Offline, check the information. I don't know when I can find it.

Google, in one result, found an introduction to Vancouver, which read, "and exchanged local information with Spanish explorers Valdez and galliano in the English Bay on the British beach, which is also the origin of Vancouver's place names in the future." From this point of view, Britain is probably an English translator, and it should be said by people from Taiwan Province Province.

Judging from the historical evolution, this title should be a title for Britain since the Republic of China. Where does Mishima come from? Interestingly, it was not an article about geography that found the clue to this title, but an article about Napster.

The excerpt is as follows: "He thinks that if Napster is not located in California, but in the English Channel, Jersey, Guernsey and Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, the situation will become more reflective." .

Where are these three islands? See attached drawings. How reasonable is this statement? I read the source of Mishima's quotations, which is also the website of Taiwan Province Province. Is it a coincidence or a connection? I think the latter is more likely.

The reason should be that an article may talk about three small islands in Britain during the Republic of China, so the English three islands were translated into the British three islands, and later people extended this concept to the whole of Britain. References:

Please see: (including the map) the general situation of Britain.

What is the big problem between the British and sugar in history? Throughout the Middle Ages, the powerful monarchy in England threatened the independence of Scotland. England has also waged wars against Scotland many times.

The combination of Scotland and England began at 1603. At that time, the British peninsula was leaving the Catholic Church because of Protestantism. Queen Elizabeth I, who accepted the Protestant faith, never found a suitable husband and never got married for fear of the court struggle caused by the issue of heirs. Before she died, she passed the throne to young James. James' mother Mary is the nominal king of Scotland. She didn't want to give up her Catholic faith in order to please Elizabeth, and was later executed for participating in the plot to assassinate Elizabeth I. In this way, young James became the king of Scotland and England at the same time. Scotland is called James VI, England is called James I, and the two kingdoms of Scotland and England merged to form the main confederation. However, Scotland still retains its own parliament, judicial system and * * *. For continental Europe, these are still two countries.

Summarize the whole history of Britain-Iberians from the Mediterranean, cyclists and Celts came to Britain one after another in BC.

1-In the 5th century, the southeast of Great Britain was ruled by the Roman Empire. After the Romans retreated, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Northern Europe invaded and settled in succession.

The feudal system began to form in the 7th century, and many small countries merged into seven kingdoms, contending for hegemony for 200 years, which is known as the "Anglo-Saxon era". In 829, King Egbert of Wessex unified England.

It was invaded by the Danes at the end of the 8th century, and from 10 16 to 1042, it was a part of the Danish pirate empire. The Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England in 1066 after the short-term rule of the English king.

12 15, King John was forced to sign Da * * *, and the kingship was suppressed. From 1338 to 1453, Britain and France fought a "hundred-year war", and Britain won first and then lost.

1536 Wales was incorporated into England. 1588 defeated the Spanish "Armada" and established maritime hegemony.

1640, Britain was the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of bourgeois revolution. 1May 649 19, the Republic of China was proclaimed.

1660 restored the dynasty, 1688 witnessed a "glorious revolution" and established a constitutional monarchy. England 1707 merged with Scotland, 180 1 merged with Ireland.

/kloc-from the second half of the 8th century to the first half of the 9th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. /kloc-the 0/9th century was the heyday of the British Empire. 19 14 years, the occupied colony was11times larger than the mainland, and it was the first colonial power, claiming to be "imperial".

It began to decline after the First World War. Britain established Northern Ireland in 1920, and allowed South Ireland to break away from the rule of 192 1 922 and establish an independent country.

193 1 year promulgated the Westminster act, which forced the autonomous territories to be independent in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the colonial system of the British empire was shaken. During World War II, Britain's economic strength was greatly weakened and its political status declined.

With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system collapsed in the 1960s. 1973 65438+ Britain joined Europe in October.

Historically, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland are four countries. Later, England and Wales merged by marriage. Later, Elizabeth I, the last king of Tudor dynasty, passed it on to her nephew James, king of Scotland, and Scotland and England merged.

Charles, the son of James, was overthrown by Cromwell's revolutionary army. During Cromwell's reign, Ireland was conquered by force. 1923, the British Parliament decided to split Ireland in two. Twenty-three counties in the south became independent countries of Ireland, and four counties in the north remained in Britain as Northern Ireland.

Great Britain is an island, which consists of England, Scotland and Wales. The so-called UK is the abbreviation of United Kingdom, which means the United Kingdom. -The Enlightenment of British History that I summarized before, handwritten typing-separated from the mainland, although it did not exceed the British Isles, it did not return; It was the first century AD when the conquest of the Roman legion brought civilization.

Geographical marginalization leads to the marginalization of civilization. The British Isles have always been on the edge of western civilization, and have neither developed their own civilization independently nor played a major role in western civilization. About 200 years after the end of the Roman occupation, Britain returned to barbarism, which is rare in the history of human civilization.

Fortunately, Christianity has not forgotten, especially when St. Augustine was ordered to land at the end of the 6th century. It was pulled back into the framework of the main civilization in Western Europe, maintained a close contact with the European continent, and gradually developed its own "feudal society". This process was interrupted by the Normandy conquest, and the mainlanders ruled Britain again, bringing the social and economic system of the mainland.

They completely transformed the conquered society, and Britain was completely integrated into western European culture; It also made Britain and France intertwined, Britain could not leave Europe, and its marginal position was gradually changed. The dispute between Britain and France became one of the main lines in the history of Western Europe in the Middle Ages and developed into a hundred-year war, so France became a nation and Britain became a nation. This has a great influence on Britain, France and Europe. Soon, both countries established autocratic regimes, the kingship unified the country by force, established a centralized central government, and a nation-state emerged-this is precisely the premise of modernization! A ring links British luck. /kloc-the serfdom disintegrated in the 4th century,/kloc-the Renaissance began in the 5th century,/kloc-the religious reform occurred in the 6th century, and/kloc-the political revolution occurred in the 7th century.

When the absolute monarchy was about to be established, a wars of the roses swept the inheritance and wiped out the military nobles in the ancient territory. The establishment of autocratic power is almost effortless. As a result, this power does not need to be too strong and the state machine does not need to be incomplete.

Therefore, Britain has neither a standing army nor a sound bureaucratic system, and local forces still play a huge role. The squire's control over the place can compete with the royal power, and in this environment, the tradition of "local autonomy" has been cultivated, and "born free Englishman" is the natural product of this tradition. Later, the monarchy tried to continue to expand. Following the example of France, the "people" defeated the king, and the parliament mastered the country's * * *, pushing Britain into the door of modernization.

After the glorious revolution, a relaxed society emerged, thus creating an environment for economic development. Once the industrial revolution happened, it shook all the existing civilizations of human society and created a new civilization, which is not only a new productive force, but also a new society and culture.

Britain was the first country to enter the modern world. With its industrial strength, Britain extended its reach to the world and seized a world empire with the bloody means of early capitalism! At this time, the map of the world seems to be redrawn for it-Britain has changed from the edge of geography to the center! However, Britain's glory has finally become the past. In the 20th century, two world wars exhausted its national strength. After World War II, it finally fell from the peak of the world empire to a position matching its population and area.

Is this the return of nature? After all, with a small population and few resources, it has been an extraordinary display of the peak of industrial civilization for more than a century. Now, when the rest of the world finally catches up with industrial civilization, Britain has returned to its normal position.

I want to know the geographical environment and historical background of southern England, but I can only find ~ ~ ~ in the whole UK. Sorry, Britain is an island country consisting of Great Britain, northeastern Ireland and many nearby islands.

East of the North Sea, facing Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway; Ireland is adjacent to the west, and the United States and Canada are facing each other across the Atlantic Ocean. North across the Atlantic to Iceland; Cross the English Channel 33 kilometers south to France. England covers an area of 6.5438+0.3 million square kilometers, accounting for most of the island of Great Britain.

This area is divided into four parts from west to east: the Midland Plain centered on the Severn River basin; Highlands about 200 meters above sea level; London basin; Wilder Hills. Wales covers an area of over 20,000 square kilometers, with mountainous territory and rugged terrain.

The land in Wales14 is listed as national parks and nature reserves. Scotland and many small islands around it cover an area of 78,000 square kilometers.

The whole area is mountainous, and only the middle part is relatively flat. Northern Ireland covers an area of10.4 million square kilometers, facing the island of Great Britain across the Irish Sea.

There are many lakes in Northern Ireland, including Lake Neuer, the largest lake in Britain. The lake is a plain.

The climate belongs to the maritime temperate broad-leaved forest climate. The average temperature on the hottest day (July) is 19~25℃, and the average temperature on the coldest day (65438+1October) is 4~7℃.

England is low-lying, with an average annual rainfall of 830mm. The rainfall in the western and northern mountainous areas is relatively large, reaching 4000 mm. The main mineral resources in Britain are coal, iron, oil and natural gas.

The total reserve of hard coal is1.700 million tons. The reserves of iron are about 3.8 billion tons.

There are tin mines in Cornwall Peninsula in the southwest. There are many stone salts in Cheshire and Durham.

Staffordshire has good clay. White clay is produced in Cornwall Peninsula.

Dolomite can be mined in the east slope of pennines. The timely mine is located near Hill Hildry in the southwest of Lancashire.

The oil reserves on the continental shelf of Britain's North Sea are about10 ~ 4 billion tons. Natural gas reserves are about 860 ~ 2585 billion cubic meters.

The history and traditional monarchy of Britain is the oldest system in the world today. Queen Elizabeth II has been the head of the United Kingdom since she ascended the throne in 1952. She is also a direct descendant of King egbert.

During his reign, King egbert unified England in 829 AD. Before the birth of the parliamentary system, the monarchy had existed in Britain for hundreds of years, and it was interrupted only once, from 1649 to 1660, when Britain adopted the * * * system and implemented a republic.

For centuries, the absolute power of the monarch has been eroded and weakened. Nevertheless, as the constitutional head of state, the monarch still retains important symbolic significance. In the past few hundred years, the personality characteristics of the reigning king have had an important impact on state affairs.

At the end of the 9th century, Alfred, king of the West Saxon, defeated the invaders led by King Goudron of Denmark, and transformed the Danish king into a Christian, which greatly changed the political map of Britain and laid the foundation for the unification of Anglo-Saxon races in Britain. Many years later, the rule of King Henry VIII triggered a major social change.

In order to establish a dynasty, Henry VIII reformed the church, which paved the way for the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism in the future and strengthened the power of parliament. During the reign of Henry VIII, the economic strength of the nobles was strengthened, which laid the economic foundation for their internal struggle in Tudor dynasty.

/kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, facing multiple crises at home and abroad, the ruling Elizabeth I proved to the world that she was a shrewd and courageous political leader. /kloc-in the 9th century, during the reign of Queen Victoria, Britain once again entered a period of great social and political changes, and established and developed the position and influence of the British Empire in the world.

At the same time, Prince Elbert, the husband of Queen Victoria, actively encouraged the development of art, science and industry during the long reign of Queen Victoria (from 1837 to 190 1), which also had a far-reaching impact on the development of British society. In 2002, Britain celebrated the 50th anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.

During this period, although great social and technological changes have taken place in Britain and even the whole world, Queen Elizabeth II has always been an unshakable helm of British society and a sacred representative of traditional values such as public service and public responsibility. Historic buildings, numerous castles and country houses are historical testimony that British land and real estate have been owned by aristocratic families for a long time.

A large number of precious ancient buildings are well preserved, including Brenim Palace of Duke of Marlborough, Chatsworth Palace of Duke of Devonshire, and Rongsu House of Dragon Park of Marquis of Bath, which are still in use today. These private manors and mansions built by princes and nobles in historical periods such as George Dynasty, Tudor Dynasty and Elizabeth Dynasty are typical representatives of British historical buildings. Many private manors and mansions scattered in towns and villages, as well as ancient city walls, ancient pagodas, unique buildings and other unforgettable buildings, have been actively protected as British historical heritage. Historic buildings under protection include ancient mining towers, mills and factories during the industrial revolution, iron bridges and other bridges built by Thomas telford, Voss Bridge, a masterpiece of steel structure construction, and Clifton Suspension Bridge with exquisite shapes.

Britain * * * invested a lot of money to protect the above-mentioned historical architectural heritage. Some of these buildings have become museums themselves, and many of them are still used and lived by people today.

The department responsible for the protection of historic buildings in Britain is the British Heritage Protection Agency, and its superior department is the Department of Culture, Media and Sports (DCMS). In Scotland, this task is undertaken by the Scottish Historical Buildings and Cultural Relics Protection Bureau; In Wales, it is the responsibility of the Welsh Historical Monuments Protection Bureau. In Britain, historical relics in need of protection are registered and divided into three grades according to their importance. In Scotland, more than 370,000 buildings are on the list of historical relics protection.

The British Heritage Protection Agency is also responsible for the maintenance and routine maintenance of 409 state-owned historic buildings. There are more than 45,000 buildings on the list of cultural relics protection in Scotland; There are more than 23,500 places in Wales.

The history of hovercraft

The earliest recorded hovercraft design was put forward by the Swedish philosopher Emmanuel Swedenburg in 17 16. His design is to blow air into the air cushion by manpower. At that time, the physical object had not been made, probably because everyone knew that manpower could not generate enough buoyancy.

1In the mid-1970s, Sir John Isaac Thornycraft, a British engineer, made several models close to the air cushion according to the ground effect principle, and registered some patents, but they were not applied in practice.

Finnish engineer DI Toivo J. Kaario is the chief inspector of the aircraft engine workshop of Valtion Lentokoehdas(VL) Company. He started designing hovercraft from 193 1. He built and tested his water glider pintaliit5aj5a, and obtained a patent. 18630 and no Finland 26 122. Kaario is believed to have designed and built the first hovercraft, but his invention did not get enough funds for further development.

The modern hovercraft was invented by the Englishman Christopher cockerell in 1952. He made a model hovercraft with the motor of the vacuum cleaner and conducted an experiment. 1959 Britain made the first manned hovercraft SR-N 1 and successfully crossed the English Channel. In the 1960 s, several British manufacturers produced several commercial hovercraft to provide ferry services across the English Channel. Later, due to the rising fuel price, the English Channel hovercraft was slowly replaced.

I hope it helps you.