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Big Ben is the symbol of London. Big Ben Tower is located in the north corner of the Parliament Building on the Thames. The bell tower is 79 meters high. Big Ben is embedded in the upper part of the bell tower. There are round clock plates of Big Ben on all sides of the bell tower. The dial diameter is 6.7m, the hour hand is 2.7m, the minute hand is 4.7m, and the total weight of the clock is 2 1 ton. Big Ben was built in 1859 and was made by Sir Benjamin Hall, then Minister of Engineering. In order to commemorate his achievements, it was named "Big Ben". Big Ben rings every hour according to Greenwich mean time, and its loud sound can spread to more than ten kilometers away. When installing Big Ben, eight workers, sixteen horses and more than one hundred tons of auxiliary materials were used, and it took thirty-two hours to transport it to the tower.

Big Ben has always been world-famous for its toughness and accuracy. During World War II, after being bombed 12 times by the German army, Big Ben still works normally, telling the time accurately for the citizens of London. However, this big clock also "had several mood swings". 1962, it didn't tell the time until 10 minutes after the arrival of the new year. The analysis was caused by the snow on the pointer. 1977, Big Ben, which has been running for nearly two centuries, can't work because of disrepair. After several weeks of maintenance, it resumed normal operation. 1April 30, 997, 24 hours before Blair and his Labour Party came to power, the clock suddenly stopped running. Three weeks later, it mysteriously stopped again. No one can tell the reason for these two stops. Every hour, the big clock makes a heavy and loud sound according to Greenwich Mean Time, and the bell can be heard for miles away.

The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing, also known as the Forbidden City. Twenty-four emperors lived here, which was the palace of Ming and Qing dynasties (A.D.1368 ~1911). Now it's the Palace Museum. The whole building of the Forbidden City is resplendent and magnificent. It is known as one of the five largest palaces in the world (the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace in Britain, the White House in the United States and the Kremlin in Russia) and is listed as a "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO.

Palace buildings in the Forbidden City are the largest and most well-preserved ancient buildings in China, with a total area of over 720,000 square meters and 9,999 and a half palaces. It is called "the sea of palaces" and it is magnificent. Whether it is plane layout, three-dimensional effect or grand form, it is an unparalleled masterpiece.

A central axis runs through the whole Forbidden City, which is on the central axis of Beijing. The three main halls, the last three palaces and the imperial garden are all located on this central axis. On both sides of the central axis palace, there are also many temples symmetrically distributed, all of which are magnificent. These palaces can be divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court. The outer court is centered on the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, and the Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall are two wings. The Forbidden City is centered on Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, with six palaces in the east and west as its wings, and its layout is rigorous and orderly. There are exquisite turrets in all four corners of the Forbidden City, which are beautifully built and very beautiful. Miyagi is surrounded by palace walls, which are 10 meters high and 3400 meters long. There is a moat 52 meters wide outside the wall.

At present, some palaces in the Forbidden City have established comprehensive historical and artistic museums, painting museums, classified ceramics museum, bronze museums, Ming and Qing craft museums, sculpture museums, toy museums, Four Treasures of the Study museums, toy museums, treasures museums, clocks and watches museums and cultural relics exhibitions in the Qing Dynasty. According to statistics, there are 1052653 pieces, accounting for 6% of the total national cultural relics.

On July 1 day, 2004, the 28th World Heritage Committee meeting held in Suzhou, China approved the inclusion of Shenyang Forbidden City in China in the World Heritage List as an extension of the palace cultural heritage of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Washington is a city with a strong political atmosphere. This is the political center of the United States, and the highest legislative, administrative and judicial organs of the United States are here. A strong political atmosphere can also be deeply felt from the main attractions of the city. All institutions here, including the White House and the Capitol, are open to ordinary tourists. The Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial Hall, Jefferson Memorial Hall and Kennedy Art Center express the American people's deep memory of these presidents who have made outstanding contributions in American history. In addition, the memorial to the soldiers killed in Vietnam and the memorial to the soldiers killed in the Korean battlefield are symbols of the American people's deep reflection on the war. So far, people who come here to pay homage are in an endless stream.

Washington, the capital of the United States, lies between Maryland and Virginia and is surrounded by mountains. The scope is the same as that of the District of Columbia, with an urban area of 174 square kilometers and a population of 578,000, of which blacks account for about 70%. The standard metropolitan statistical area also includes two counties in Maryland, four counties in Virginia and three towns in Fairfax, Falls Church and Alexandria, with a population of 3.2 million. The urban area is located on the northeast bank of the intersection of the Potomac River and Anacastilla River, with a flat terrain, with an average elevation of about 22 meters, and only the northwest corner has a gently undulating highland. The climate is cold in winter, hot in summer and humid all year round. The annual average temperature 12.6℃, July 20-3 1℃, June 5438+1October 3-6℃, and the annual average precipitation 1068 mm are evenly distributed in seasons.

Washington was named in memory of Washington, the first president of the United States. It is the seat of important departments of American state organs, such as the Presidential Palace, Congress, the State Council, Department of Defense, etc. It is the highest command center and political and cultural activity center in the United States. There is a "Federal Triangle" complex between the Capitol and the White House, which includes various departments and agencies of the federal government, as well as the National Gallery, the National Archives, the Pan-American Union, the Smithsonian National Museum and the Federal Reserve Building. The Parliament Building is adjacent to the Supreme Court Building in the east, and the nearby Library of Congress is the second largest library in the world after Lenin Library in Moscow. The adjacent Shakespeare Library is famous for its collection of Shakespeare's works and research documents. The Pentagon, where the Ministry of National Defense is located, is located on the southwest bank of Tomak River in Apollo. The downtown area of Washington is rectangular, with an area of 178 square kilometers. Centered on the Capitol, it is divided into four regions: southeast, northeast, northwest and southwest. North and South Streets are named after Arabic numerals, East and West Streets are named after English letters, and 13 Diagonal Streets are named after the earliest 13 state in the United States. The northwest is the center of Washington, with the most important government buildings, monuments and museums. North of Pennsylvania Avenue is the main business district. The northern extension of Massachusetts Avenue is the embassy district.

Washington is one of the few modern big cities in the world that mainly focuses on government administrative functions. Fiscal revenue mainly depends on government official business and business activities of enterprises, followed by tourism. Manufacturing accounts for only a small part of the economic structure. The federal government forbids the development of industry in this city.

There are hundreds of memorial buildings, monuments, statues, etc. Throughout Washington, DC, most of them are related to previous presidents. In the green belt on the east bank of the Potomac River in the west of the city, there is a memorial site of three presidents in history: the Washington Memorial Tower faces the Potomac River Park, which is a white marble obelisk with a height of 169 meters overlooking the whole city. Along the river is the famous Japanese cherry blossom forest; To the west of the memorial tower is the Lincoln Memorial Hall, which is an ancient Greek building. There are 36 white marble columns outside the hall, symbolizing the 36 States that made up the country at that time. There is a statue of Lincoln in it; To the south of the memorial tower is the Jefferson Presidential Memorial Hall, outside which there is a statue of him riding a horse. 197 1 year, the John F. Kennedy center was completed, including modern theater, concert hall, opera house, symphony orchestra and ballet theater.

There are many parks, boulevards and grass squares in Washington. The largest is the Rock Park, which covers an area of 765,438+00 hectares and is located in the northwest of the city. Famous universities include Georgetown University, George Washington University, American University, Howard University and so on. The latter is the largest university in China with mainly black students.

In 1960s, this city built a158km long "railway transportation system". Including underground railways and ground railways, to all parts of the city and suburbs. The largest railway station, Union Station, is located in the northeast of the Capitol. There are three international passenger airports in Washington, Dulles and Baltimore, among which Washington National Airport is the busiest airport in the United States.

Every June 65438+February, the streets of Washington are filled with the breath of Christmas. The Oval Square and the Capitol Square in front of the White House are decorated with two big Christmas trees, surrounded by small trees or reindeer huts with the names of 50 States. The Christmas tree in the White House is also beautifully decorated, no less than the Christmas tree in the square. You can go in and visit as long as you line up.

The Colosseo Arena is located in the south of Venice Square in the center of Rome, Italy, close to the ancient Roman market. It is the most outstanding representative of ancient Roman architecture left over so far, and it is also the eternal symbol of the ancient Roman empire. The Colosseum was originally named "flavio Colosseum". Its foundation was originally a small lake in the Golden Hall of Emperor Nero, a famous tyrant in the ancient Roman Empire. In 72 AD, after conquering Jerusalem, Emperor Weipa Mi of flavio Dynasty forced more than 80,000 Jewish prisoners to build the Colosseum to commemorate his great victory and powerful martial arts. This huge project used 654.38 million cubic meters of stones and 300 tons of iron bars to connect the stones. Eight years later, it was completed by Emperor Titus, the son of Weipa Mi. Since then, due to the destruction of lightning and earthquakes, the Colosseum has gradually declined and once became a Roman quarry. Up to now, the cornerstone of the ancient Roman Colosseum can still be found in some famous buildings. 1800 years later, after several major renovations, the Colosseum took on a new look and became one of the world famous monuments. The appearance of the arena is a perfect circle, but it is oval when viewed from above. The whole building covers an area of 20,000 square meters, with a circumference of 527 meters, an outer diameter of 188 meters, an inner diameter of 156 meters, and a fence height of 57 meters, all of which are made of light yellow marble. It can accommodate 87,000 people. The fence is divided into four floors. The first, second and third floors are decorated with semi-exposed columns, followed by Dogs, Ionia and Collins. There is a rectangular arch between every two semi-exposed columns, and there are 80 arches on the first, second and third floors. The exterior wall of the fourth floor is decorated simply, and consists of rectangular windows and rectangular semi-exposed square columns. At the height of 2/3 of this floor, there are equidistant brackets to fix the canopy at the top of the dome to block the audience when holding a grand event. It is said that in ancient times, every arch on the second and third floors was decorated with a marble figure statue with different postures and heroic spirit, which made the building look majestic and elegant, dignified and ethereal. The whole building looks like a modern circular stadium. The arena is a stepped stand. According to records, the stands of the arena are divided into three areas: the first floor is the seats of emperors, nobles and knights; The second floor is the second district, which is a public seat; The top floor, the third district, is a civilian area. There is another floor above the third section, which is reserved for women. The seats are made of wood. Above it is a big platform where the audience can stand and watch the performance at will. For safety reasons, there is a high railing wall in the stands, which is separated from the performance area. In the center of the arena is an oval arena, about 86 meters long and 63 meters wide at its widest point. It is a place for fighting animals, racing, horse racing, singing and dancing, military parade and simulated war. At the beginning, in order to watch the fighting in the water, you can also pull the lake into the field and flood it into a pool. Later, many cellars were rebuilt under the stage for gladiators to make up for their fights and shut off wild animals. According to records, on the day when the Arena was completed and unveiled in 80 AD, there were 5,000 fierce beasts such as lions and tigers and 3,000 gladiators composed of slaves, prisoners, criminals and Christians persecuted by religion, who continued to "perform" 100 days for slave owners, emperors and dignitaries to enjoy. As a result, many gladiators were killed and injured on the big stage of the arena, and 5,000 animals died in the "battlefield", even Gaudenzio, the designer of the arena, was not spared. This fully reflects the cruelty of the ruling class of the ancient Roman Empire at that time. Today's Colosseum, its northeast building is still basically intact. In its south, there is a road paved with black stone, which still maintains its original style. On a lawn in the northwest corner, there stands a 35-meter-high giant gilded bronze statue of Emperor Nero. The head of the statue is decorated with a beautiful sun aperture. According to legend, this is the masterpiece of architect and artist Nuo Ze Doro. It is worth mentioning that there used to be a fountain in the south of the Colosseum. It was originally built by Emperor Tito and later rebuilt by Emperor Constantine. Because the fountain is conical, the water drops slowly from the tip, which is known as sweating. Although it was demolished at 1936, there is a sign commemorating it near the Arc de Triomphe in Constantine.

The creator of the Eiffel Tower

Gustave eiffel (1832- 1923) is a very famous large-scale project undertaker in the field of metal construction in the world. His company has built more than 100 famous buildings all over the world, such as the Statue of Liberty, the steel skylight in the annex of Louvre Department Store (1879), the dome of Nice Observatory (1886), the gate of Panama Canal, and the Third China Bridge. One of the last works of this "Iron Magic Master" is the Eiffel Tower. He built the Eiffel Tower with the sincere cooperation of famous engineers Moles Ketchelling, Miao Lei Nujil and architect Stephen Sovester, and finally achieved this great building. This project officially started in July 1887, and it took five months to lay the foundation. Finally, it took 300 workers 2 1 month to assemble all the metal parts.

Eiffel tower structure

From the early days of the construction of the Eiffel Tower to today, the century-old Eiffel Tower has been 100 years old. He is the perfect expression of post-modern art in the field of French industrial revolution architecture. His unique all-metal structure was really innovative at that time: the Eiffel Tower was fixed by1500,000 rivets, and Mr. Eiffel also decided to replace the cast iron fittings of 18038 with lighter and stronger alloy fittings, so the final Eiffel Tower was very "light". On the concrete floor where it stands, it only bears 4.5 kilograms of pressure per square centimeter. Its total weight is 10000 tons, including 7300 tons of quadruped metal bracket. A square with a side length of 125m is formed between its four fulcrums. The 1665 steps of the Eiffel Tower can take you to the top of the tower with a height of 3 10. Together with the height of the antenna at the top of the tower, the total height of the Eiffel Tower is 324 meters. The second floor is off the ground 149 m, and the first floor is off the ground 9 1 m. When the Eiffel Tower was completed, it was the tallest building in the world, and it kept this record for 45 years until the Empire State Building in New York was completed in 193 1.

Maintenance of Eiffel Tower

Night view of the Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower is also called "Madame Grande" by the French. In order to keep this "lady" young, daily maintenance is essential. The usual maintenance work is to keep the luster of the Eiffel Tower and ensure the safety of tourists in the tower. Therefore, the overall structure of the tower and the elevators on the tower should be checked regularly. In order to prevent the metal from rusting, the tower was painted with antirust paint. Since its completion, it has experienced 17 heavy oil and changed many colors. It was painted red and yellow, and finally it was painted iron brown, which is its original color. The last painting of the whole tower was at 200 1, and 60 tons of paint was painted for a whole year. At night, the Eiffel Tower looks like a lady in an evening dress inlaid with sparkling gems: in 2003, she wore a diamond evening dress, and in 2004, when the China New Year came, she specially put on a ruby dress to welcome the China New Year with people all over the world. Now this lady is waiting for you in a luxurious golden dress.

The function of Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower was originally designed to be destroyed twenty years after it was built and used. Therefore, gustave eiffel must find another practical use for him to protect his works from being destroyed. Finally, this lady attracted the attention of some scientists engaged in scientific research, and a scientific laboratory has since settled in the Eiffel Tower, mainly engaged in meteorology, radio science and aerodynamics. It can be said that science saved the Eiffel Tower. So the names of 72 great scientists are engraved on the four sides of the Eiffel Tower, that is, on this lady's skirt.

The fame of the Eiffel Tower

From the day the Eiffel Tower was built, it caused a great sensation on the Eiffel Tower in the world. It has inspired many film artists, photographers, poets and famous painters from different aspects, such as Seurat and Delaunay. It has also become a landmark building in Paris since the beginning of the twentieth century, and it is also a historic building that attracts the most tourists in France. In the first year of opening to the public alone, it welcomed more than 2 million tourists. Today, more than 200 million people have visited it. But at the same time, it is also the victim of its great success. It has been photographed, copied and miniaturized for tens of billions of times, and you can even see it in other cities in the world: Lyon (French), Shenzhen (China), Tokyo (Japanese) and Berlin (German). ...

During your visit to the Eiffel Tower, don't forget to visit the elevator control system under the tower and the shops, exhibition rooms and restaurants on the first and second floors. On the top floor, you can also see the whole city of Paris, and even see the scenery 90 kilometers away in the clear sky of Wan Li.

The appearance of Sydney Opera House is three groups of huge shells, which stand on the pedestal of cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure with a length of 186 meters from north to south and a width of 97 meters from east to west. The first group of shells

On the west side of the lot, four pairs of shells are arranged in a string, three pairs face north and one pair faces south, and there is a big concert hall inside. The second group is on the east side of the lot, roughly parallel to the first group, with the same form and slightly smaller scale, and the opera house is inside. The third group is the smallest group in their southwest, which consists of two pairs of shells and has a restaurant inside. Other rooms are cleverly arranged in the base. The entrance of the whole building complex is at the southern end, and the steps are 97 meters wide. The vehicle entrance and parking lot are located under the big steps.

The Opera House is divided into three parts: Opera House, Concert Hall and Benilan Restaurant. The Opera House, Concert Hall and Lounge stand side by side on a huge granite pedestal, and each pedestal consists of four towering big shell roofs. These shells are arranged in turn. The first three cover one, facing the bay, and the last one stands with its back to the bay. It looks like two groups of clams with their lids upside down. The spire shells of different heights are coated with white plaid glaze. In the sun, they look like upright shells, and from a distance they look like two huge shells.

On the blue sea, white sailboats are flying, so it is called "sail-top theater". The shell-shaped pointed roof consists of 265,438+094 arc-shaped concrete precast blocks each weighing 65,438+05.3 tons, which are tensioned by steel cables and cover 6,543,800 white or cream tiles.

According to the designer in his later years, his creativity actually came from oranges. It was the orange that had been peeled for half a layer that inspired him. This creative source is also carved into a small model and placed in front of the Sydney Opera House for visitors to appreciate the great ideas triggered by this ordinary thing.