Ostrovschi's life information, famous books and articles.

Nikolai ostrovsky was born in a Ukrainian peasant family on September 29th, 1904. He ranks fifth. Is he the oldest in the family?

The ostrovsky family was tired of making a living, and all the children shouldered the burden of supporting their families since childhood. But it is very rare that all children learn to read and write and finish primary school, even if they are poor.

The future writer showed a strong thirst for knowledge and a high endowment when he was a child. He is obsessed with literature.

During the First World War and the Civil War, ostrovsky took an active part in the underground revolution.

1920, ostrovsky was seriously injured in the battle of Lviv. After the injury, he worked at the Kiev railway site. At the same time, he got typhoid fever. In addition, he was infected with bone tuberculosis, and his condition deteriorated rapidly.

1927 At the beginning of this year, 22-year-old ostrovsky was paralyzed and was ill in bed. His eyes began to go blind. It was in this difficult moment of life that he decided to show the face of his time and personal life experience through literary works. The first chapters of this novel were originally written by him, but the manuscript was accidentally lost in the mail. From then on, the writer began to write the novel How Steel was Tempered.

Nikolai ostrovsky's life is a miracle: despite suffering from illness, he never gave in to death for 10 years. In the case of serious physical exhaustion, he insisted on leaving this novel describing the fate of his generation to future generations.

The book How Steel was Tempered is an autobiographical novel, from which you can read many real fragments about the author's life. Ostrovsky's friends gave great support to his literary creation and helped him copy several pages of manuscripts. 193 1 year1October, the first novel was sealed, 1932 was published in Fu Zi. The second book was completed in May 1933 and published in 1934.

Ostrovsky didn't have an assistant when he first started writing novels. His wife, Raisa Porfiri Yevna Ostrovska, was busy with her work. Although the pain was unbearable and her body could hardly move, ostrovsky independently finished the opening of the novel with the help of the lettering board. 193 1 At the beginning of the year, his mother and sister went to Moscow to reunite with him, and he changed to oral writing. He needs to overcome difficulties unimaginable to ordinary people every day. He not only needs to remember the overall context of his work and visualize and detail his ideas, but also can't forget the sentences he wrote and the words he used. He is usually full of thoughts in the middle of the night, and successful people and beautiful words gush out. In order to grasp the fleeting inspiration, he can only stay up all night and recite precious fragments in his mind repeatedly. Every sentence in the novel has been carefully tempered by him.

The book How Steel was Tempered has achieved unprecedented success, exceeding everyone's expectations. As early as 1934, this book was translated into Ukrainian, Polish, Moldovan and Chuvash. Letters from readers came like snowflakes.

Some literary critics, especially today's critics, have always questioned the artistic value of ostrovsky's novels. Arguments are certainly allowed. But there is no doubt that this work has helped many readers in many countries in the world overcome the seemingly insurmountable difficulties at first glance, and has also given many people who are on the verge of despair a new life. There are countless examples of this. This is the real value of the novel. Ostrovsky's brave spirit in his struggle against the disease has become a treasure of the tenacious struggle of all mankind.

For example.

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Russian playwright. In his life, he provided nearly 50 plays for the Russian stage, created hundreds of characters and made great contributions to the development of Russian drama.

April 1823 was born in Moscow's Little alton Street (now renamed ostrovsky Street). My father is a judge. Engaged in business activities after retirement, most of the contacts at home are businessmen. 1840, ostrovsky entered Moscow university to study law, and graduated from 1843. 1843 ~ 185 1 year, worked as a clerk in "conscience court" and commercial court successively. before the court

He began to write during his work. The fragment of the play Bankrupt published by 1847 has attracted the attention of literary circles. After the whole play was written, it was officially published in Moscow Magazine on 1850 with the title "It's easy to settle accounts with your own family", which was praised by the progressive literary world, but it was banned by the police department until 186 1. Since then, ostrovsky has published one or several works almost every year.

Besides writing, ostrovsky also translated many foreign plays, including Shakespeare, W, Gozzi, C, Gordoni, C and Cervantes? The works of savidra, M.de and others. He is also an active social activist. 1865 initiated the establishment of Moscow Actors Association. 1870 initiated the organization of the Russian Writers Association. With the efforts of him and Rubinstein, an actor training class was established in the same year, and a number of outstanding performing artists such as Satovski, Satovskaya and Maksejev were trained. At his initiative, he also founded the Model People's Theatre.

In October, ostrovsky was appointed as the artistic general manager of the Moscow Royal Theatre. However, he failed to comprehensively reform the theater system and improve the theater art, so that he died in Sherekovo (now Kostrom Ostrovsky District) in June 14.

Ostrovsky's creation time coincides with the development of Russian capitalism. His works reflect the social changes of this era. He himself once said that he followed the creative path of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. He insisted on exposing the bad atmosphere of the society and described all the beings in the society at that time with satirical brushstrokes. Therefore, the rudeness and naivety of the budding merchant class, the hypocrisy, treachery and ruthlessness of the emerging bourgeoisie and the degenerated serf owners and landlords, the ignorance and degeneration of nobles and bureaucrats, and so on. , have become the characteristics of the characters in his plays. Early works, such as Duty (1852), Poverty is not a crime (1853) and Don't follow one's inclinations (1854), tend to beautify the Russian patriarchal clan system ideologically. Chernyshevski and Necrasov criticized these works. With the development of Russian revolutionary situation in 1950s and 1960s in 19, his creation entered a new stage. Since 1856, almost all the new works have been published in Modern People, edited by Klassov and Shedelin. The works of this period, including the famous Thunderstorm, have obvious tendency to expose society and hint at revolution, so they are besieged by reactionary forces. Ostrovsky had to put down his pressing social theme for a while and write historical plays instead. From 65438 to the end of 1960s, he faced the reality again, and there was a creative climax. From 1868 to the early 1980s, most of his works were published in Motherland magazine edited by Necrasov and Shedelin. A series of dramas, including the satirical comedy The Wise Sometimes Nod, mocked the new industrialists and Europeanized businessmen who had fallen from the remnants of serfdom. The later poetic drama Snow Girl (1873) expressed the author's ideal and exploration of the meaning of life. Several plays, such as The Unmarried Woman, describe the tragic fate of talented Russian women who were devastated in the hypocritical and selfish society at that time.

All ostrovsky's plays can be roughly divided into five categories according to the nature of their contents and the class to which the characters belong.

Scripts describing the life of businessmen: family portrait (1847), easy to settle accounts with one's family (1850), non-egoism, not pretending to be an expert (1853), being poor and not committing crimes (1854), and others getting drunk (/kloc) Thunderstorm (6555 happiness is better (1877), final sacrifice (1878), heart is not a stone (1880) and so on. The most important point of these plays is that the authors depict businessmen with a negative attitude.

Dramas about people's lives: Don't follow your heart (1834), downtown (1865), etc. In these plays, the author describes some people who have changed from farmers to small businessmen and ordinary citizens. They maintain their folk customs and lifestyles. Some scripts are similar to folk literature, with the flavor of folk songs, and have been adapted into operas.

Dramas depicting the life of small officials: poor bride (1852), fat vacancy (1857), abyss (1866), poor people getting rich (1872) and rich bride (65437).

Plays that show the so-called "social bigwigs": accidents (185 1), female disciples (185 1), disharmony in personality (1858), and wise people sometimes nod (. These plays, Blood Rice (1874), Wolf and Sheep (1875), Unmarried Women (1879), Celebrities and Actors (1882) and Handsome Man (65433) exposed the ugly souls of aristocratic landlords and celebrities.

Historical drama: Cozma? Zaharovici? Mininsuhuruk (1862), tyrant Dmitry and Vasily? Sui Siji (1866), Tusino (1867), etc. Ostrovsky wrote historical plays to escape from reality and resist persecution, but the theme was positive and patriotic.

In addition, there are Marriage by Berugen (1878), Men and Women (1880), Light Without Heat (188 1) and Delusion (/kloc-0).

Ostrovsky believed that "drama should be written for all people". Drama is closer to the people than all other literary works. The plays performed on the stage should be written with momentum, great drama, warm and sincere feelings and vivid and powerful characters. Among all Russian classical writers, his plays account for the vast majority of performances. Ostrovsky believes that writing about people's lives and writing for the people will not reduce the value of drama literature at all. On the contrary, "it can increase its strength and make it good and degenerate;" Only works that are truly loved by the people can be immortal. Sooner or later, such works will always be understood and appreciated by other nations and eventually by the whole world. "

Every time ostrovsky writes a play, he should observe and think deeply about what he describes and collect sufficient information. Before he wrote the script, he not only made a list of the characters in the play, but also made a list of who is suitable for what role. The characters he wrote, the language he used, all have living models. In the process of writing, actors are often changed to make them more suitable, so that specific actors can give full play to their artistic talents. Ostrovsky created a large number of various types of female images, enabling actresses to develop their own characteristics and achieve success, enabling them to have their own plays, so many actresses especially like this playwright.

Ostrovsky attached great importance to the expressive force of lines. His plays have clear and beautiful dialogue and beautiful language. He can master the position and scheduling on the stage and properly arrange the actors on and off the stage, which makes his script performance very dramatic.

Ostrovsky often writes playwrights of famous western European actors into his own plays, which makes it easier for Russian actors and audiences to accept. For example, write Abagong, the miser in Moliere's The Miser, into his The Poor Get Rich; It has achieved good results to write the seamstress's son in Dumas' illegitimate child as an innocent sinner. In the process of rehearsal, he often listens to the opinions of actors and modifies his own scripts. Katrina's monologue about her teenage life in Thunderstorm was written according to the self-report of Kosicka, the first actress who played Katrina.

Commenting on ostrovsky's creation has precious aesthetic value in Russian literature and drama. Important Russian critics and writers, such as Dobro Lyubov, Chernyshevski, Turgenev, Necrasov, Goncharov, plekhanov and Luna Tsarski, all spoke highly of ostrovsky from different angles. Dobro Lyubov thinks that ostrovsky is a man familiar with Russian life, a genius painter of human psychology and a master of character description. He said that ostrovsky can grasp the essence of life and the pulse of the times. He called ostrovsky's Russian life described in many plays before Thunderstorm "a variant of dark kingdom". This issue of the article is called dark kingdom, which is an important document in Russian social and literary history. As soon as Thunderstorm appeared, Dobro Lyubov immediately wrote a new documentary paper A ray of light in dark kingdom. He believes that katerina, the heroine of Thunderstorm, bravely protested under the oppression of religious superstition, feudal forces and ignorant customs. She committed suicide by throwing herself into the river, which indicates that a kind and beautiful woman can't stand it at last under the increasingly mature situation of the Russian revolution. This is the first sign that the revolutionary wave is coming. Ostrovsky's plays have been widely performed on the Russian stage, producing a number of outstanding Russian actors. The Moscow Theatre was once famous for staging ostrovsky's plays. 1926 stanislavski, who directed Hot Heart, and 1924 Meierkholid, who directed Forest, all became major dramatic events. Until the 1980s, some famous plays of ostrovsky still remained in Soviet theaters. Ostrovsky's plays were first introduced to China in Thunderstorm. Thunderstorm translated by Geng Jizhi was published in 192 1, and 1937 was renamed Thunderstorm and performed in Shanghai. By the mid-1980s, more than 20 theaters, troupes and drama academies had performed the play in China. In addition to Thunderstorm, Zheng Zhenduo's translation of Poverty is not a Crime and Ke Yicen's translation of Crime and Sorrow were published in 1922. Crime and Sorrow was adapted by Qian Ying and Zhang Geng into Love and Hate, which was performed in Shanghai on 1936. The Unmarried Woman (translated by Bing) and The Wise Sometimes Nod (translated by Lin Ling) were published in Shanghai after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. The latter was performed by Beijing People's Art Theatre 1962, and some of ostrovsky's plays were adapted into China's plays (such as Love on the Cliff, also known as The Oil Salesman, adapted from Unmarried Woman by Chen) or put on the screen (such as Innocent Sinner adapted into the film Mother and Child), which was loved by China people.