Does information equal knowledge?

Information refers to the processed data! There is no right or wrong! It may also be information such as raw data, but it can only be called data professionally!

Knowledge is more formal, which is a kind of information that many people have reached * * *! Extensive!

Information is information, and information is the symbol of matter, energy, information and its attributes. In 2006, medical information (journal).

Information takes material media as the carrier, transmitting and reflecting the appearance of the existence, movement and behavior of all kinds of things in the world.

Information is the sum of the laws of material movement, and information is neither material nor energy!

Information is a universal form of the state and motion characteristics of objective things, and there are a lot of information expressed in these ways in the objective world.

The purpose of information is to "eliminate uncertainties".

Information-related data: picture information (also called information), also called information, is a kind of information, usually expressed in the form of words, sounds and images, which is the result of arranging data according to meaningful associations. Information consists of meaning and symbols. Literature is a kind of information, which is usually called literature information. Information refers to the actual content represented by sound, language, words, images, animations, smells, etc.

Information is a set of mappings abstracted from matter.

[Edit this paragraph] Opinions of various information schools

[Edit this paragraph] 1. The classic definition of information:

1948, Shannon, an American mathematician and founder of information theory, pointed out in his paper entitled Mathematical Theory of Communication that "information is used to eliminate random uncertainty".

1948 Weiner, a famous American mathematician and founder of cybernetics, pointed out in his book Cybernetics: "Information is information, neither matter nor energy."

[Edit this paragraph] 2. Modern definition of information:

[Edit this paragraph] 2. 1 Shannon information definition is inverse

Shannon's definition of information: information is the increase of certainty.

Information is something that confirms certainty. Or confirm that the information is positive. Correspondence formula

Ir=-logPi+ 1

Or IR' = log ((n-ni)/n) = log (NQ/n) = logpq.

That is, Shannon information is transformed from formal negative entropy uncertainty to formal positive entropy complementary certainty. See the original definition of negative Shannon information: information is something to eliminate random uncertainty. formula

I =-logPi =-log((ni)/N)=-(logni-logN)= logN-logni

=-log((N-NQ)/N)= 1- 1-logPi = 1-( 1+logPi)=( 1-logPi)- 1

[Edit this paragraph ]2.2 Definition of Inverse Wiener Information

Contrary to Wiener's definition of information, information is information, and information is the symbol of matter, energy, information and its attributes.

[Edit this paragraph] 2.3 Deng Yu and other general information definitions

In 2002, Deng Yu put forward the concept and definition of "information": "Information is a collection of things and their attribute marks". [4]

"Information is the way, form or movement form of material existence, and it is also the universal attribute of things. Generally refers to the meaning contained in data and messages, which can reduce the uncertainty in the events described in the messages. "

..... "Science and Technology Information System Standards and Guidelines for Use-Terminology Standards"

[Edit this paragraph] 3. Information characteristics

(1) identifiability

Information can be identified, and identification can be divided into direct identification and indirect identification. Direct identification refers to sensory identification, and indirect identification refers to identification by various testing methods. Different information sources have different identification methods.

(2) Storage resistance

Information can be stored in various ways.

(3) Extensibility

Information will continue to expand over time.

(4) Compressibility

People can refine and concentrate information by processing, sorting, summarizing and inducing it.

(5) transitivity

The transmission of information is the essential feature of information.

(6) Convertible surnames

Information can be converted from one form to another.

(7) Effectiveness within a specific range

Information is valid within a specific range, otherwise it is invalid.

[Edit this paragraph] Second, the characteristics of information

? Transportability: information needs to be attached to the carrier to be transmitted.

? Identifiable: Information can be identified in some way.

? Machinability: Information can be processed by certain means.

? Restorable and replicable: Information can be transmitted, restored and copied in different forms.

? Diffusibility and enjoyment: the same source can supply multiple destinations, so information can be enjoyed.

? Timeliness and time lag: information is valid for a certain period of time, and it is invalid after this time. Moreover, it takes a certain time for any information to spread from the source to the destination, which has time delay.

? Reusability: No matter how many destinations the information sent by the source is sent to, it will not be reduced because of the number of destinations, and one kind of information can be reused many times.

? Storage: Information can be stored on different media in different ways.

? Information can be converted: information can be converted from one form to another.

? Information is valuable: information is a kind of resource, so it is valuable.

Three forms of information

Information generally has four forms: data, text, sound and image. These four forms can be transformed into each other. For example, when a photo is sent to a computer, the image is converted into numbers.

(4) Type of information

Information can be classified from different angles.

① According to its importance, it can be divided into strategic information, tactical information and operational information.

② According to its application fields, it can be divided into management information, social information, scientific and technological information and military information.

③ According to the processing order of information, it can be divided into primary information, secondary information and tertiary information.

④ According to the reflection form of information, it can be divided into digital information, image information and sound information.

Fourth, information composition.

Information consists of information sources:

(1) content;

(2) the carrier;

(3) communication;

(4) the addressee.

[Edit this paragraph] Second, the popular philosophical expression of information

Popular philosophy holds that information is the movement state and transformation mode of the material world and the essential attribute of matter. Matter here refers to all possible research objects that humans and animals can identify, including material objects in the external universe and spiritual phenomena in the subjective world. "Movement" refers to all sensory changes, including mechanical movement, chemical movement, thinking movement and social movement; "Motion mode" refers to all kinds of complex processes presented by the movement of things in time; "Motion state" is the form of things moving in space.

For example, people's time is life, quality is enterprise's life, information is instruction, and information is business opportunity, which fully reveals that information is the inherent law of the material world to some extent. And some of the information people have is just a part of ignoring the law of expression!

China's ancient idioms: Happiness begets sorrow, sorrow without happiness, etc., are popular philosophies to express daily life. All are conventional explanations and expressions!

[Edit this paragraph] Third, the specific performance of information

1, define the source

As we all know, any information must be reasonably and scientifically explained and revealed by information standards experts according to the common standards defined by "definition" and some recognizable laws in the material world; After defining science and technology in stages.

2, information performance

In the long development and evolution of human history and the continuous accumulation of scientific and technological practice, information is always manifested as a news group that is difficult to distinguish between true and false at first. Due to the inherent laws of the material world, human beings need to rely on five senses, thinking, recognition and monitoring technologies, which are constantly advancing with the times and developing dynamically; Message is just the shell of information, and information is the core of message; Information is different from signal, which is the carrier of information, and information is the content carried by signal; Information is different from data, which is a form of recording information, and the same information can also be expressed by words or images. Information is also different from intelligence and knowledge. In a word, the definition of "information is the state and way of things moving" has the greatest universality (this definition may only take part to explain the whole), which can not only cover all other information definitions, but also be transformed into all other information definitions by introducing constraints. Wu Yu thinks that information is a set of mappings abstracted from matter. Since information is a mapping, there is no transformation between matter and information, and such a mapping is related to the world and the model. The transformation of information is nothing more than the transformation between mapping worlds. Professor Zhong's definition may only be partial. For example, introducing the constraint of cognitive subject can be transformed into the definition of information in the epistemological sense, that is, information is the state and way of the movement of things perceived or expressed by cognitive subject. In another constraint, based on the cognitive ability and observation process of the subject, the information in the epistemological sense can be further divided into transcendental information (knowing the memory ability of the subject), acquired information (knowing the learning ability of the subject) and real information (knowing all the information about things obtained by the subject under ideal observation conditions). The more constraints introduced layer by layer, the richer the connotation of information and the smaller the scope of application, thus forming a related information concept system.

For example, human's initial language communication and babbling are dynamic expressions of interactive information. Food search, safety warning, courtship and reproduction, sleep fatigue, etc.

[Edit this paragraph] 4. Highly developed information-information technology

Information is closely related to people's understanding of the material world and their own growth history.

The reason why human society is so colorful is the inevitable result of the continuous progress of information and information technology!

Information technology is a technology that studies the acquisition, transmission and processing of information. It is a combination of computer technology, communication technology and microelectronics technology, and is sometimes called "modern information technology". In other words, information technology is a new discipline that uses computer to process information and modern electronic communication technology to collect, store, process and utilize information, as well as related product manufacturing, technology development and information service.

V. Experience of human information activities 1. Language acquisition II. Creation of words. The invention of printing. Application of morse telegraph technology. Application of computer network

Appendix reference

1 0,000 version of ISO9000 family standard.

Information information

Meaningful information

2, the definition of communication economics:

Information is the reflection of the state, characteristics and changes of everything in the world, and its highest form is human thought and theory.

3, the method of transmitting information:

Information is spread through the media, including the Internet, television, posters, newspapers and so on.

Future information technology

The 21st century will be the information age. Information technology will realize the combination of microelectronics and optoelectronics in information resources, information processing and information transmission. Intelligent computing, combined with cognitive and brain science, will be applied to a wider and more diverse field, bringing a new way of working and living to mankind.

At present, the development of Internet in China is still in its infancy, and it will show a trend of rapid development in 2 1 century. In China, the number of Internet users increased from 2,654.38 million at the beginning of the year to 6 to 8 million at the end of the year. At this growth rate, some people predict that it will reach nearly 10 million next year. By then, there will be a qualitative change in the whole industry. This qualitative change benefits from the penetration of the Internet into all walks of life and large-scale social benefits. In fact, the Internet has gradually penetrated into various industries in China. In the long run, this penetration will also extend to retail, manufacturing and traditional commercial fields.

In the future, the Internet economy will embody two core values. The first is scale and popularity. The understanding of the Internet has gradually spread from a few people to people's lives and become an important part of people's lives. The other is the combination and penetration with traditional industries. Internet business will gradually penetrate into all traditional industries from simply focusing on IT industry, and become a part of the progress of all walks of life, even a booster. These two cores are the real exertion of the Internet value and a trend of the whole Internet development in the future.

[Edit this paragraph] VI. Information in communication

From the philosophical point of view, information is the existence or expression of the movement of things, and it is the universal attribute of all substances, which actually includes the representation of all material movements. The information of communication is anything that can reduce or eliminate the uncertainty in a situation, and it is a spiritual creation of human beings.

Characteristics of information: objectivity and universality, expressiveness and fluidity.

Functions of information: cognitive function and social function.

Information society: also known as post-industrial society, refers to the information society, that is, the whole society is characterized by using information theory and technology to deal with practical problems in breadth and depth.

Informatization: It can be understood as the process that information technology and electronic information equipment are widely used in economic and social activities to develop and utilize information resources more effectively, promote economic development and social progress, and make the labor value created by using information resources (information economy added value) gradually rise in the gross national product until it occupies a dominant position; It can be understood as a new economic and social pattern relative to industrialization. In this new pattern, information, as the basis of management, the basis of decision-making and the first element of competition, has become a more important resource than material and energy. It can be understood as a new stage of cultural development.

The most direct form of informatization is information technology;

1 has brought great changes to the industrial structure, which are shown as follows: on the basis of modern information technology, a large number of emerging industries have emerged that were not available before the industrial revolution; The traditional industrial system has entered a period of decline, and the transformation of it by information technology has become the way out for traditional industries to gain respect; The development of service industry makes it more and more dominant in the national economy;

2. It has brought about changes in the structure of production factors and management forms. In modern society, the role of knowledge and technology in the structure of production factors has been greatly enhanced and become the primary productive force, while the role of material data and capital has been relatively weakened.

3. Accelerating the process of economic internationalization, on the one hand, is manifested in the internationalization of the development of modern information technology itself, on the other hand, it is manifested in the promotion of modern information technology to the whole economic internationalization; 4. It leads to the change of social structure, which is manifested in the decentralized trend of urbanization, the strengthening of family social functions, the increase of knowledge and high-tech occupations in the professional structure, and the changes in working methods and lifestyles.

In the management information system, information is defined as: information is the exchange of knowledge about objective facts.

The latest definition of information: information refers to excluding the contingency of material movement (copying Shannon's definition, the old definition); Its characteristics are: transitivity, enjoyment, dependence and treatability, value relativity, timeliness and authenticity; Data is the carrier of information.

Information is invisible and intangible. It seems different from a real existence. For example, it is different from tools held in the hand and food eaten in the mouth. But people are more and more aware of the importance of information, and its value even far exceeds many things that can be seen and touched. If we regard the history of human development as a trajectory and extend it according to a certain purpose, we will find that it is moving in the direction of expanding information. The society with little information and low communication efficiency develops slowly, and the stagnation of information growth is social stagnation, which can even remain unchanged for thousands of years; A society with a large amount of information and high communication efficiency has a fast development speed. You can travel thousands of miles in one day, and the development in one year exceeds that in the past hundred years. The explosion of information has accelerated the progress of human society to an incredible degree. Mankind is stepping into the information society. Information is a great power to promote social progress. The traditional form of information dissemination is changing, and this change is profound. People receive a lot of information from TV, radio, newspapers, telephones, books, magazines, computers and other media every day. Our ancestors may not get as much information as we do. The dissemination of information is no longer limited by time and region. The ability of human beings expands with the increase of information. The rapid dissemination of information leads to the development of science and technology, which provides a new means for the dissemination of information. The appearance of computer and optical fiber finally led to the arrival of a global networking era, which made information spread from the natural kingdom to the free kingdom. Today's middle school students can use computers to complete tasks that mathematicians all over the world could not do many years ago in just a few minutes. Before the advent of the global computer internet, even with modern postal services, it took a month or so for a letter to cross the Pacific Ocean, while an email only took a few seconds. Today's computer communication technology enables people in any corner of the earth to work face to face at the same time.

Modern society is transforming from a post-industrial society to an information society. People in the past can't imagine what our society is like today, nor can we imagine what our society will be like tomorrow. Information is emerging from the hazy background of human civilization and becoming the most authentic and perceptible thing. Information is the blood of civilization, because of its surging, human beings have unlimited vitality.

What is information? (Nothing, I still don't know what information is)

People are talking about information everywhere, and we hear the word information more and more. We heard that we have entered an information society, we are heading for the information superhighway, and we are about to usher in a new era of information explosion.

So what is information? Logical cycle, not clearly explained, for example: information is news, news is information. What information is it or I don't know! )

Broadly speaking, information is news. Everything exists with information. For human beings, human facial features are born to feel information. They are the recipients of information, and everything they feel is information. But a lot of information can't be directly felt by our five senses, and human beings are inventing various instruments to perceive and find it by various means.

Today, mankind has entered an information age, and the spread of information has greatly changed people's lives. The development of human society is dazzling.

However, people generally refer to information exchange. Information can be exchanged, and it is useless if it cannot be exchanged. Information can also be stored and used. The books you read, the music you listen to, the things you see, the things you think and the things you do are all information.

Information is the foundation of the development of human civilization.

All human knowledge and stories are information.

Information is the information and news transmitted by all human survival activities and natural existence. The accumulation and dissemination of information is the basis of the progress of human civilization. [/font]

[font face= "??" size="3"] The three foundations for the survival and development of human society are material, energy and information. The world is made of matter, energy is the motive force of all material movements, and information is the evidence for human beings to understand nature and human society.

This is a rock painting left over from ancient times. The characters in it look like cosmic people, wearing fat robes, bowls of helmets and antennas. This mysterious information makes people daydream today.

This is China's Tang Xuanzang, who went to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures in the Tang Dynasty. He went through a lot of hardships and went not far to Wan Li just to get something unknown. Human needs for information often exceed everything.

Cameras have been used to record images for many years. Before that, we could not see the true face of people in the past except through painting.

Information falls into three categories.

There are many ways to classify information. People generally divide it into cosmic information, earth natural information and human social information.

Cosmic information refers to all kinds of electromagnetic wave information constantly emitted by stars and information emitted by planets through reflection, forming direct propagation information and reflection propagation information.

Earth's natural information refers to all kinds of actions and forms of creatures on the earth for reproduction and survival, all kinds of information about biological movement and information about the movement of inanimate matter.

Human social information refers to the indirect information about the objective world expressed by human beings through gestures, eyes, language, words, charts, graphics and images.

Ten characteristics of information

Information has a basic feature:

Measurable. Information can be measured and encoded in a certain unit of measurement. Such as the binary used by modern computers.

Recognizable. Information can be grasped in many ways, such as intuitive identification, comparative identification and indirect identification.

Convertible. Information can be converted from one form to another. For example, natural information can be converted into language, characters, images, electromagnetic wave signals or computer codes.

Storeable. Information can be stored. The brain is a natural information storage. Words, photography, audio recording, video recording and computer memory invented by human beings can store information.

Processed. The human brain is the best information processor. The thinking function of the human brain can carry out various information processing activities such as decision-making, design, research, writing, improvement, invention and creation. Computers also have information processing functions.

Transferable. The transmission of information is carried out simultaneously with the transmission of matter and energy. Language, expressions, actions, newspapers, books, radio, television, telephone, etc. Is a common way of information transmission.

Renewable. After the information is processed, it can be regenerated in other forms. If natural information is processed manually, it can be reproduced by language or graphics. Input all kinds of data, words and other information into the computer, and reproduce them by means of display, printing and drawing.

Compressible. Information can be compressed and different information can be used to describe the same thing. People often use as little information as possible to describe the main features of a thing.

Available. Information has certain validity and availability.

Can be enjoyed by * *. Information is diffuse, so it can be enjoyed.

Information dissemination

Need to spread information. If information can't spread, the existence of information will lose its meaning. So what is communication?

Sending information and receiving information is the spread of information. When we talk, write articles and do things, we are all spreading; When we listen to other people's speeches, read articles written by others and understand what others are doing, we are accepting communication. We have knowledge because we live in an information dissemination society.

In human society, communication seems to be a ghost, which is everywhere. Therefore, without communication, there would be no society and human beings would not survive.

When a person is alone, communication is actually going on. Meditation is an inner communication; Thinking is to discuss with yourself and convey some information; Keeping a diary or reading a book is a kind of communication. In human society, communication is everywhere.

Three main forms of information dissemination

When human beings have the means of transmitting information such as language, writing and painting, they get rid of the ignorance of animals and enter a civilized society. Because the exchange of information enables human beings to master more experience and knowledge, so as to move forward.

Language uses sound to convey information, characters use text symbols to convey information, and painting uses images to convey information. Sound, symbols and images have become the main forms of human communication. Only through this expression can human beings communicate and understand each other. Therefore, we can say that sound, symbols and images are three unique forms of information.

Human information activities have undergone five major changes.

The evolutionary history of human beings is also an evolutionary history of human information activities. In the whole development of human history, it has experienced three major information changes. Every information change has greatly promoted the development of human society and brought great progress. This information revolution is followed by: the birth of language, the birth of characters, the birth of printing, the use of electromagnetic waves and computer technology. They divided human history into an information age.

The appearance of language marks a leap in the scope and efficiency of human information activities, which improves human information activities from concrete to abstract. Words break the limitation of time and space, and make information pass longer and farther. The invention of printing greatly expanded the speed and scope of human information transmission, further strengthened the storage capacity of human information, and initially realized large-scale information sharing. The realization of telecommunication revolution is an epoch-making progress of mankind. Information technology in the modern sense came into being and developed after the telecommunication revolution. The emergence of new computers and the combination with communication technology have made information processing integrated and automated for the first time, thus realizing the fifth information revolution in human history.

With the development of human society, different times will face different problems, and related information has become a topic of special concern.