Malta island of Mediterranean civilization

Malta is also a small island that cannot be ignored. The whole territory consists of five islands, of which malta island is the largest, with an area of 3 16 square kilometers, which is located at the junction of the eastern and western Mediterranean. Malta, an island country in the middle of the Mediterranean, is called "the heart of the Mediterranean". Coastline length180km. It belongs to the subtropical Mediterranean climate. The annual average temperature is 2 1.3 degrees, the highest temperature is 40 degrees, and the lowest temperature is 5 degrees. The average annual precipitation is 560mm. The population of the island is mainly composed of Arabs, sicilian, Normans, Spaniards, Italians and British. The locals speak English and a Marta language with Semitic characteristics, and many people speak Italian. Everyone believes in Roman Catholicism. Historically, Malta was occupied by Phoenicians, then Greeks, then Carthaginians and finally Romans. Later Arabs, Normans, Turks and finally Napoleon. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Britain expelled the French and became a British colony.

1869 The opening of Suez Canal has promoted Tsushima Island's strategic position and made it a coal loading and unloading station for ships to India and East Asia.

In the middle of World War II, this was the most thoroughly bombed area by Germany and Italy. In the last century, the island gained independence and became a constitutional state.

Coastal countries and regions

There are 2 1 countries and regions in coastal countries, which are divided into:

European countries: (from the west) Spain, Gibraltar (British overseas territory), France, Monaco, Italy, Malta (island), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece and Cyprus (island).

Asian countries: (from north to south) Turkey, Syria, Cyprus (island), Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian self-government.

African countries: (from east to west) Egyptian, Libyan, Tunisia, Algerian, Moroccan.

Countries active near the Mediterranean:

Kingdom of Egypt

Hittite Empire Hittite Empire Hittite Empire is an ancient tribe living in northern Syria and Asia Minor from 2000 BC to 1200 BC.

the kingdom of israel

Kingdom of Judea: Ancient southern Palestine, including present-day southern Israel and southwestern Jordan. When Jesus was alive, he was a kingdom ruled by Herod and a part of the Syrian province of the Roman Empire.

Assyrian empire

Babylonian empire, Babylonian kingdom

Persian Empire Persian Empire

Macedonia & The Greek Empire Macedonia and the Greek Empire

Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire

Sassanian dynasty: A dynasty of Persia (A.D. 224-65 1 year) that was the last king of Persia before the Arab conquest. The Sassanian era was marked by wars against Romans, Armenians and Huns and the revival of Zoroastrianism.

Caliph (Islamic Empire)

During the Crusade of the Crusader Kingdom.

Saladin Empire Saladin Empire

The Mongol empire

Ottoman Turkish Empire

European colonialism during the period of European colonial rule

Phoenicia is an ancient nation on the east coast of the Mediterranean, which established a slave city-state in the 20th century BC. Around the 10 century BC, the activities of this nation have reached today's Cyprus, Sardinia, France, Spain and North Africa.

sensitive

Mediterranean cuisine generally refers to the cuisine of Greece, Spain, southern France and Italy in European countries along the Mediterranean. Seafood is its theme, accompanied by healthy olive oil, refreshing fruits and vegetables, mellow cheese, mellow wine and so on, with endless flavor.

The mysterious door of disappearance

The plane continued to mysteriously disappear.

1May, 969 15 18, an albatross plane of the Spanish Navy inexplicably crashed into the sea in the Mediterranean Sea off arvo. There are eight crew members on board, and the flight altitude is very low. The pilot may try to land on the water, but he failed. Captain McKinley was lucky to survive, but after being rescued, he could not tell the cause of the plane crash. The accident happened only near the coast.

1July 29, 969, around 15: 50, another albatross plane of the Spanish navy mysteriously disappeared while performing an anti-submarine alert mission in the same sea area. Captain Boado's last call was that we were flying towards the huge sun, which was hard to decipher. The military authorities used more than 10 planes and four surface ships to search in the vast sea area, and only two missing planes were found.

1975 July 1 1 day 10: 30, four Zeta planes of the Spanish Air Force Academy flew in formation in this sea area. Suddenly a flash of light flashed, and then four planes crashed into the sea. The rescue team only found the bodies of five crew members.

The sea area of Alvo is called the death triangle of the western Mediterranean. According to statistics, from the end of World War II to 1969, there were1/air crashes here and 229 people were killed. When the plane passes through this sea area, the instruments and wireless communication on board will be disturbed strangely, and even the positioning system often fails, so that it is impossible to know its position.

Ships crashed one after another.

1at 22: 30 on July 26th, 964, the coast radio station of Tenerie Island received an ambiguous SOS distress signal from a ship, but did not give the name and direction of the ship. At 2300 hours, the radio station heard nothing after receiving the same emergency signal. Later, I learned that the boat was a fishing boat named Mahena, and 16 fishermen were killed. The radio station received a telegram from another fishing boat saying that seven bodies wearing life jackets were found in the sea area. After three days of searching, five bodies were found one after another, and four others were missing. However, it is puzzling that the crew of Mahena failed to escape in two distress signals separated by half an hour. Why can't I report my name and position twice? If the man wearing a life jacket drowned, but the place of death was only one nautical mile from the coast, why didn't even one of these skilled sailors swim to the shore? The argument that the crew starved to death is untenable, because the seven people who were first fished out only stayed in the sea for nine hours at most. There was no explosion on the ship, because there were no scars on the people who were salvaged. On August 8 of that year, the Spanish newspaper published the news and said: There is no reasonable explanation.

If the disappearance of fishing boats can't explain more problems, the continuous disappearance of submarines equipped with advanced instruments is even more mysterious.

In the Gulf of Toulon in the Mediterranean, during the 25 years from 1964 to 1989, six submarines disappeared, and during this period, there were 1 1 submarine accidents all over the world. Four of the six wrecked submarines were French. There are many deep trenches on the seabed of Toulon, and the task is to test the performance of the submersible. Minerva, a French submarine with 52 crew members, suddenly disappeared during a test in this area. The French military sent more than 30 naval vessels, reconnaissance planes and lifeguards equipped with advanced sonar instruments to immediately start the search. At the request of the French government, the United States also sent a special ship "Haiyan" to assist in underwater search. At this time, Haiyan also searched the same sea area for the Israeli submarine Dalol, which disappeared two days ago. After careful search, no relics were found. Minerva and Darrol have disappeared from the earth forever, so far.

The mysterious disappearance of two submarines in the same sea area within two days is puzzling and incredible. All the hypotheses were rejected by French military experts. The French military said that the assumption that they were attacked by the enemy was as mysterious and whimsical as their disappearance itself.

For thousands of years, ancient Greek fables, myths and epics have repeatedly mentioned the ancient city of Pharaoh under the sea. There used to be an extremely powerful city near the Mediterranean-the ancient city of Farah, Egypt. Herodotus, the father of western history, wrote down the history and described in detail what he saw and heard when he visited the ancient Egyptian city of Farah, such as the heraklion Harbor in the city and the spectacular temple of Hercules. At that time, it was a pilgrimage site for many religions, but this civilized city mysteriously disappeared more than 2400 years ago. What is even more surprising is that there is no written record about this city in the official history of ancient Egypt. Since 1870, German archaeologist Sheriman excavated the ancient city of Troy according to the description in Homer's epic, people believed that "He Jie" was not a myth. But where is the lost ancient city of France? 1988, an expert group composed of world-renowned archaeologists discovered the possible location of the ancient French city on the seabed 30 meters off the coast of Alexandria in northern Egypt. Archaeologists salvaged the black Sphinx and Isis statue in the sea, presumably the father of Queen Cleopatra-Pharaoh Tochenmi XII.

In June 2000, when archaeologists wearing diving suits finally dived into the sea floor, they finally found the ruins of the palace in the city. According to cultural relics, the city was built in the 7th century BC-6th century BC. Archaeologists also found that these houses tilted in the same direction. It is expected that the earthquake may cause the city to sink to the bottom of the sea quickly because it is located in the Mediterranean-Himalayan earthquake zone.

On June 3, 2000, the news of the discovery of the old town of France spread all over the world by radio waves. Ali Jalaba, an Egyptian archaeological authority, said excitedly: (This) is the greatest discovery in the history of marine archaeology. Ancient Egypt mysteriously went from the ground to the sea, so rich. Archaeologists will make a final appraisal of the ancient French city, the black Sphinx and the statue of Isis. Finally, it is confirmed that the old city of France and the underwater palace belong to Cleopatra's father.

The mysterious Mediterranean and its surrounding ancient civilizations are mysterious, but with the development and progress of science and technology, people will one day be able to uncover their mystery and find out their true colors.

Maritime terminology

The Mediterranean is a kind of sea. The so-called sea refers to the marginal part of the ocean. According to the location, it can be divided into marginal sea, Mediterranean sea and inland sea.

The Mediterranean Sea is the sea between continents, also known as the "land sea". The area and depth are large, and there are straits connected with adjacent sea areas or oceans. Such as the "Mediterranean" between Europe, Asia and Africa.

The Caribbean Sea between North and South America also belongs to the Mediterranean Sea.

Climate type

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by dry heat and little rain in summer and warm and humid in winter, which makes the surrounding rivers abundant in winter and dry up in summer.

The Mediterranean climate is characterized by westerlies in winter, frequent frontal cyclones, mild climate, the lowest monthly average temperature of 4 ~ 10℃ and abundant precipitation. Summer is controlled by subtropical high, the airflow sinks, the climate is hot and dry, the clouds are sparse, and the sunshine is sufficient. The annual precipitation is 300 ~ 1000mm, accounting for 60% ~ 70% in winter and only 30% ~ 40% in summer. The climate characteristics of rainy winter and dry summer are unique among various climate types in the world.

The Mediterranean climate is mainly caused by the westerlies in winter, with frequent frontal cyclones. In summer, controlled by the subtropical high pressure belt, the airflow sinks. Among more than ten climate types in the world, the climate types controlled alternately by pressure belts and wind belts throughout the year include tropical grassland climate (controlled alternately by equatorial low pressure belts and trade winds) and tropical desert climate (controlled alternately by trade winds and subtropical high pressure belts) in addition to the Mediterranean climate. The climate controlled by westerlies throughout the year is temperate maritime climate.

The distribution law of Mediterranean climate is located on the west coast of the mainland between 30 and 40 degrees north and south latitude. Mediterranean climate is the only climate type that exists on all continents except Antarctica. Among the distribution areas of Mediterranean climate, the Mediterranean coast is the most obvious. Other areas such as California coast in North America, central Chile in South America, Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and the southwest and southeast coasts of Australia. Most of its distribution areas are economically developed and are also hot spots in the world.

Dietary pattern

The so-called Mediterranean diet refers to eating a lot of fruits, vegetables, beans, cereals and unsaturated fatty acids); Such as olive oil; Eat a small amount of dairy products, meat, chickens and ducks; Eat more fish "in moderation"; Drink some wine with dinner. Columbia University's research team has also published reports in the past, indicating that this eating habit can reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Dr. Scarmis of Columbia University Medical Center said in the latest issue of Neurology that the more strictly people with Alzheimer's Harmo's disease follow the Mediterranean diet, the longer their life expectancy will be. Earlier, other studies in Britain also found that Mediterranean food can help patients with rheumatoid arthritis improve their symptoms.

artistic style

There are many countries around the Mediterranean with different folk customs, but the unique climate characteristics still make the Mediterranean customs of all countries show some consistent characteristics. Usually, the "Mediterranean style" residence will adopt several design elements: white gypsum walls, continuous arcades and arches, tiles, sea blue tiles and doors and windows.

Of course, design elements cannot be simply pieced together, and there must be a style soul running through them. The Mediterranean-style soul, the more consistent view is "blue romantic feelings, the pure beauty and nature of the sea, sky and sun." The origin of Mediterranean civilization

Three thousand years ago, a blind man named Homer described the legendary island of Crete in an epic: in the deep blue sea in the distance, there was a big island named Crete. Surrounded by waves, the island is rich and beautiful. It is densely populated with 90 towns, the largest of which is Knossos.

Knossos Palace is the symbol of Minoan culture in Crete, Greece, and the most prosperous capital of Minoan dynasty at that time. According to the crustal theory, the Cretes who ruled the Aegean Sea here should be the same ancestor as those who built the Stonehenge Temple in Malta. So, is it possible for us to find some clues on this beautiful island today?

The Minoan identity in Crete remains a mystery. However, Knossos' labyrinthine style, superb construction technology and elegant art form all answered the questions of Stonehenge Temple in Malta. Who is the origin of Mediterranean civilization?

If the Stonehenge Temple in Malta is a closed miracle of civilization, then the Knossos Palace in Crete marks an important period of communication between different civilizations. Near the old port, we found some ancient fortresses, customs and warehouses, which silently told the glory of Crete's past maritime trade.

When the exchange ships arrived in Greece, Crete civilization ushered in new prosperity. From the development period centered on Athens to Alexander's eastward expedition, the ancient Greek civilization gradually took shape after merging with some eastern civilizations and evolved into the source of European civilization.

Bustling pedestrians and crowded and noisy streets make Athens have the same pace of life as many other cities. Only the ancient ruins scattered in every corner of the city remind people of the glory here. How should people mourn Athens, the center of European civilization more than 2,000 years ago?

Liberal democracy brought Greece to its peak, eventually winning the marathon and repelling the Persian attack. In order to express gratitude to the patron saint Athena, the Greeks built a new temple-Parthenon on the Acropolis Mountain.

The Parthenon is the main building of the Acropolis. Because it is located at the highest place on the Acropolis, it can be seen anywhere in Athens. Forty-six thick Doric stone pillars surround the temple, and clever craftsmen use various visual correction methods to make it look rough and not heavy. The Parthenon is the main representative of architecture and sculpture in the heyday of Greece. It is a monument of ancient Greek architectural art and represents the highest achievement of ancient Greek architectural art, so it is called "the temple in the temple".

It once led western civilization, but failed to stop the invasion of war. After countless wars, only broken walls is left in the Parthenon today. The statue of Athena guarding the Acropolis also quietly disappeared from people's sight.

However, because Helius, the sun god of Rhode Island, is Athena's brother and the guardian of her and the Acropolis. So some people say that the disappearance of the Colossus of Rhode Island is the main reason for the fall of the Acropolis.

There are two of the seven wonders of the ancient world recognized by the world in Egypt, one is the number one ancient Egyptian pyramid and the other is the Alexandria lighthouse.

After thousands of years of vicissitudes, only the pyramids among the seven wonders of the ancient world still stand tall, and the Alexandria Lighthouse is considered to be the last miracle to disappear. What did the tallest building in the world look like when it was built for more than 40 years, and how did it disappear?

At present, there is no conclusion about the appearance and specific location of Alexandria lighthouse. There are various versions of Alexander Lighthouse in ancient coins and artists' works. But we found such a record about the lighthouse in the notes of an Arab traveler: the lighthouse was built on three steps, and in a navigation room at the top of it, a mirror reflected sunlight during the day and guided the ship by burning flames at night.

Until 1994, an archaeological team found clues in the depths of the Mediterranean, which are said to be the remains of the Alexandria lighthouse.

More and more evidence pieced together the outline of Alexandria lighthouse.

The Romans' obsession with gladiatorial performances lasted for about 700 years, and there were about 100 days of gladiatorial activities here every year.

In that era of indulging in fighting, the arena became a microcosm of the Mediterranean world, and the emperors of the Roman Empire almost regarded the whole world as the Colosseum. After several battles and expansions, Rome not only became the overlord of the Mediterranean, but also became a great empire across Asia, Europe and Africa.

More than 200 years ago, along Apia Avenue, the German poet Goethe spent 32 days walking to Rome. It is said that the great writer was surprised by the number of Roman cultural relics. But what impressed him most was not Rome, but Pompeii, a city that disappeared for nearly a thousand years.

In 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius suddenly erupted, and two days later Pompeii was buried under volcanic ash. For nearly a thousand years, people can no longer find any trace of it. Like Troy in Turkey, Pompeii has become a beautiful legend. It was not until18th century that the ancient city of Pompeii was discovered by accident.