What materials and appliances do you need to prepare before climbing?

What materials and appliances do you need to prepare before climbing?

1. What materials and appliances do you need to prepare before climbing?

Pure sightseeing and leisure mountaineering activities are relatively simple, with reference to general outing and sightseeing activities. Let's introduce the mountaineering activities that need camping in the mountains.

Personal articles: including clothes, bedding, tableware and daily necessities. The basic principle of preparing these things is to be light, multifunctional and meet basic needs according to the climatic characteristics of mountainous areas. Among them, the varieties of daily necessities can be equipped with photographic equipment, binoculars, compass, rain gear, radio and so on according to their own conditions under the premise of ensuring basic needs. Accessories can't be ignored in daily necessities. It is best to have a backpack that can free your hands, plus a belt-type abdominal bag. The former stores camp supplies, while the latter stores items commonly used on the way.

Besides, don't forget to bring crutches. With it when climbing a mountain, people become "three legs", which play the role of anti-skid, anti-fall, stabilizing the center of gravity and saving physical strength. The length should not exceed half the height.

Collective equipment: mainly including camping equipment, cooking utensils and gas appliance. Of course, if rock climbing activities are arranged alternately, rock climbing technical equipment should also be equipped, including: safety helmet, main rope, iron lock, small rope sleeve, safety belt, rock cone, rock hammer, riser, descender, trauma medicine and so on.

Environmental protection appliances: portable shovels, pickaxes, garbage bags (waste plastic bags are acceptable), bamboo clips for picking up garbage (homemade), tents for building toilets, etc.

Food: The main and non-staple foods shall be prepared per person per day 1 kg, and the finished or semi-finished products that are durable, fresh-keeping and easy to carry shall be used as far as possible. In addition to the necessary drinks on the way, try to prepare powder particles to reduce the load on the way. Non-glass products are suitable for the outer packaging of various foods. Eating wild vegetables in mountainous areas needs the guidance of professionals.

2. What physical exercises should I do before climbing the mountain?

First of all, remember that mountaineering is a strong fitness activity. People with weak systems should not take part in activities beyond their ability. Conditional people, it is best to increase some exercise on the basis of the original exercise 1-2 weeks before entering the mountain. In mountaineering activities, physical fitness should give consideration to strength, dexterity and balance, while emphasizing strength training. Strength training focuses on the lower limbs (of course, if climbing, you should highlight the strength of the upper limbs). We can improve the strength of lower limbs by long-distance running, squat with load, squat with one leg, standing long jump and climbing stairs. The measure can be the number of squats on one leg (for example, ten consecutive squats on each side).

While doing physical exercise, we should also do some psychological exercise, and consciously ask for courage, will and calmness. Means can take personal ideas and collective examination, for example, what should I do if I encounter a storm in the mountains? What should I do if I encounter lightning? What should I do if I stay in the mountains for various reasons and the materials are not enough? What if the strong wind blows down the camp? What if I have a serious illness? What if I get lost? Wait a minute. In short, we should try our best to prepare ourselves for difficulties.

Mountaineering is a group activity. Wholeheartedly for the collective, unity and friendship, and caring for our companions are not only the necessary ideological basis for organizing mountaineering activities, but also the goal we want to achieve through exercise. Training and education in this field should be strengthened among peers from the preparatory stage. With the spirit of collectivism, the major difficulties in mountainous areas will become smaller and the minor difficulties will disappear. The spirit of collectivism is the soul of a mountaineering team.

3. Challenge the route selection of extreme mountaineering.

There are not many articles about the selection of mountaineering routes. Most climbers rely on some experience. Cheng, a former captain and senior coach of Tibet mountaineering team, has been engaged in mountaineering for many years. He has accumulated some valuable experience in many years of mountaineering activities and systematically analyzed various mountaineering routes. I hope these experiences can help climbers choose safe climbing routes.

-How to choose the mountaineering route and the problems that should be paid attention to.

I often meet young mountaineers and ask how to choose a mountaineering route. When crossing the river, we should solve the problem of tools, and when climbing the mountain, we should solve the problem of route. Their understanding of the mountaineering route is limited to "low latitude, take the path; Steep glaciers, lateral moraines; Slow glaciers, on the ice; Among the factors that ensure the success of mountaineering, the correct choice of mountaineering route is of great significance and is also very important for safety.

Looking back at the history of mountaineering, there are many precedents of mountaineering failure due to improper selection of mountaineering routes. In mountaineering in China, examples of missing the opportunity to board the event due to improper route selection are: 1975. In the fourth March, after starting from the last camp at 8600 meters, the assault team took a too low route because the route deviated from the original planned ridge route of the northeast ridge, so that it lost its due height, failed to reach the "second step" as planned, and missed the rare first-class weather cycle.

The first principle of choosing a mountaineering route is the safety principle. What is a safe route? Although the whole route from the base camp to Xiangfeng is full of difficult terrain and various mountain hazards, it is called a safe route or a successful route that can ensure personal safety after taking various technical measures and giving full play to the technical level of the players. For example, the route on the northeast ridge of Mount Everest has extremely difficult terrain such as "northern depression" and "second step", and there are mountain dangers such as extreme hypoxia, ice collapse, light and dark cracks, landslides and snowstorms. However, through the difficult and dangerous terrain, appropriate tactics and corresponding measures can be taken, which can also be called a safe route.

As for several comrades who died on these routes, such as Wu Zongyue (lost contact), Wang Ji (physiological reasons), Shao Ziqing (physiological reasons), Ma Gaoshu (violation of discipline) and Shi BenQ (physiological reasons), the basic reason is not the route selection itself, but the deaths of Wang Hongbao, Nima Tashi and Luo Lang are entirely caused by improper route selection.

The second principle of choosing a mountaineering route is that those who are easy to take refuge and those who are far away seek near. Climbing the peak of more than 8000 meters, the general climbing route is more than 20 kilometers, and the route of the northeast ridge of Mount Everest is as long as 35 kilometers. The route is long, which requires a series of workload in material transportation, physical preservation, camp setting, making good use of the weather, rescuing the sick and wounded, organizing and commanding, and communication. It is necessary to try to choose a shorter route under the premise of safety, reduce unnecessary workload and save the physical strength of the players.

Choosing a route according to the terrain of the mountain peak is the third principle. Mountaineering is a human experience in a special natural and geographical environment. To overcome all kinds of difficulties brought by nature, we must understand the environmental characteristics of activities.

Vertically, the topography of alpine areas has obvious zoning characteristics, with forest belts below 3,500 meters, grassland meadows from 3,500 meters to 5,000 meters, glacial moraine belts from 5,000 meters to 5,500 meters, and glacial cold desert belts on the plateau from 5,500 meters to 8,000 meters, which are often characterized by mixed terrain of ice, snow and rocks. Glaciers are mainly manifested as ice and snow supply areas, that is, sporadic ice and snow on the walls of snow basins and slopes of ridges. The rocks in this area are mainly frozen and weathered broken rocks.

When choosing a mountaineering route, we must consider how to cross the above various terrains. When traveling in the forest, we should make full use of the main roads and paths taken by local herders and hunters, and pay attention to indicating the direction with obvious road signs on the newly selected routes, while the alpine grassland meadow belt has a wide field of vision and is easy to choose routes, but we should pay attention to avoiding muddy swamp areas.

When choosing the route in the glacial moraine zone, we should pay attention to two aspects: if we travel along the direction of the glacier, the route on the valley glacier should be chosen in the drainage ditch between the glacial moraine and the glacier, and when we enter the gentle height of the glacier surface, we should turn from the drainage ditch to the glacier surface; Try to avoid activities in areas where glaciers are melting, such as the ice tower forest area.

When crossing the glacier, for the valley glacier at low latitude, the route should be above the junction of the particle cloud and the glacier tongue, that is, the upper limit of the ice tower, that is, the snow line. Here, the glacier is narrow and the slope of the ice surface is relatively gentle, which is the dividing line between the snow and melting area all year round, and also the export of particle clouds. The ice and snow here are limited by the terrain, and a large number of ice cracks begin to appear below it, which is relatively safe. For example, the East Rongbu Glacier on Mount Everest is 6,300 meters, and the Middle Rongbu Glacier is 5,800 meters. For short glaciers in high latitudes, such as those on the northern slope of Bogda Peak, the smooth and flat part of glacier tongue should be chosen when crossing the glacier, rather than the steep and broken snow basin area. At high latitudes, the valley glaciers in glacier tongue are still melting strongly, and the ice cliffs and steep slopes are covered with ice, which makes it difficult for glacier tongue to cross. The principle of crossing at the exit of low latitude snow basin is applicable, such as the glacier in Tomur, Tianshan Mountain, which is this type.

When choosing the route of moraine terrain, we should pay attention to the distribution law of moraine. The moraine and moraine on the surface of the glacier are generally 20-40 cm thick, and there is ice below, which fluctuates greatly and makes it difficult to walk. The last moraine is the ancient moraine, which is formed by the surface moraine and the middle moraine left by glacier retreat. There is no ice in it, and even a small amount of vegetation covers it, which is relatively solid and safe. The moraine in the glacier is distributed in the arc zone below the tongue of the glacier, which makes it easier to choose the route.

For the glacial lateral moraine, if you don't choose the glacial drainage ditch, choose the route on the lateral moraine steps. Generally speaking, the relatively new lateral moraine, that is, the lowest step near the glacier, is well preserved, while the ancient lateral moraine is severely cut, damaged and inconvenient to walk due to weathering, rolling stones and mudslides.

The middle moraine dike is formed by the combination of two moraines on the glacier side during the glacier movement, which is an ideal terrain along the glacier route. Generally speaking, the middle moraine vein can extend from the end of the glacier tongue to the vicinity of the glacier snow basin. Because it is between two glaciers, it is not easy to choose a route on it, and it is also vulnerable to ice avalanches and rolling stones on the hillside. For example, the 5,700-6,300-meter route of the East Rongbu Glacier on Mount Everest is selected on the moraine between the East Rongbu Glacier and the North Peak Glacier.

For glacier snow basin areas, it is mainly to prevent ice cracks. Because the snow basin of low latitude glacier is wider and the line of sight is wider, it is not too difficult to choose the route, but it is more difficult to choose the route for the wall of the snow basin or the snow basin of high latitude glacier itself. Generally speaking, after the mountaineering route arrives here, it will enter the ridge from the valley terrain, and there will often be extremely complicated ice and snow terrain at this junction. The northern depression and rock wall of Mount Everest, the source from Xiongkang Binchuan to South Australia and Xifeng, 6300-6500m and 6900-7100m all belong to this boundary area. This area is characterized by steep slope, frequent ice collapses, criss-crossing light and dark cracks and steep slopes of snow and ice, and has become a typical ice waterfall area. Route selection is extremely complicated, and the line of sight is often blocked. When choosing a route in such areas, we should take the 1-2 route for field reconnaissance in an appropriate place where we can see the whole picture, and then establish a safer and shorter route. In field reconnaissance, it is feasible to set up lookouts to contact the team at any time through walkie-talkies, for example, at 1977, when the terrain of Tomur Peak was 5600-6300 meters. It is also necessary to build roads and install fixed safety protection measures in individual sections.

The route on the ridge avoids the threat of ice collapse (only under the ridge), and the possibility of ice collapse is very small, but the high-altitude wind, snowstorm, landslide and so on below have become the main dangers, such as the topography of the northern depression of Mount Everest to 7500 meters.

For the alpine desert region, the main feature of the terrain is the mixed terrain of ice and rock. In this area, the macro terrain is relatively clear and the route selection is relatively easy. However, due to the obstruction of local terrain, sometimes it will hinder the sight of climbers, which requires us to be good at observing the whole terrain and master the general direction of the route, and not be confused by local terrain. The illusion of seeing a stone from a distance and a hill from a distance often appears in mountaineering. Here, climbers must strive to achieve the unity of the whole and the part, and don't lose the height they have reached. Keeping the general direction of the route is the key to success or failure.

The choice of mountaineering route is to see the main peak on the whole route, which is of great significance to organization, command and communication. However, the main peak of the whole line is rarely seen, and some high-latitude peaks such as Mustag, Bogda and Gong Geer Jiubie are ideal. When you can't see the main peak in the whole line, try to see the main peak from the route above the camp in front.

There are many ways to choose a mountaineering route. Before entering the mountain, try to collect the text, photos, movies, videos, maps, aerial surveys, aerial photographs and other information about the mountain peaks, and try to use the latest large-scale topographic map, preferably 1: 50000, and 1: 25000 can find better ones. From the topographic map, we can know the direction of the mountain peaks, preliminarily determine several route schemes, and roughly understand the slope of each route. It is essential to analyze these data before entering the mountain.

The route reconnaissance after entering the mountain should observe the whole route by various means. The general method should be to climb the hillside or hill opposite the planned route, analyze, observe, record and compare the whole route, and then the team will conduct field reconnaissance. The reconnaissance altitude and degree should be limited according to the safety principle of the selected route.

Reconnaissance is not the entrance. The specific route to the summit is that athletes will climb the mountain on the spot according to the above principles, and they are allowed to modify the planned route at any time, which is also a process of unifying subjective wishes and objective reality.

Generally speaking, the principle of choosing the mountaineering route should be: under the premise of safety, take a shorter length, avoid the easier ones, climb the ridge through the glacier, correct it on the spot, and reach the peak without losing height and direction.

4, the nature of fashion equipment dating

As the weather approaches, many young people are planning to travel abroad. Going camping, mountain climbing and rock climbing is certainly a fashion now, and it is also an excellent way to challenge yourself. It seems that after staying in the cement forest for a long time, I began to yearn for the most primitive life. Dating with nature is going on quietly.

To this end, our Sohu Mall provides some professional camping equipment online. Camping has become a fashion for many reasons. We are under the pressure of urban space and work. We are breathing dull air in the air conditioner, and we are becoming more and more unfamiliar with nature. Should we abandon the comfortable environment in the city, have the closest contact with nature, experience her beauty, feel her strength and challenge her strength? Challenge nature and challenge yourself.