Seal cutting academic papers

Seal cutting is a unique art with a long history. It is an integral part of China's excellent traditional culture. The following is an academic paper on seal cutting compiled by me. Thank you for reading.

Academic Papers on Seal Cutting —— On Seal Cutting in Qing Dynasty

Seal cutting is a unique art with a long history. It is an integral part of China's excellent traditional culture, which embodies? Tianjin flavor? Use a knife instead of a pen in the only place? Square world? It is a great contribution of seal cutting to human civilization to express the feelings of literati and all things in the world. Taking seal cutting in the Qing Dynasty as the research object, this paper discusses the reasons, representative figures, works and influence of the prosperity of seal cutting in the Qing Dynasty.

Keywords: seal cutting; Qing dynasty; Representative figure

Seal cutting is the art of carving seal script on metal, ivory, rhinoceros horn, jade, stone and other materials. Because it is mainly to make seals, it is also called seal art. Although there were official script, official script and regular script printing in the past dynasties, it did not become the mainstream of printing in the historical choice. Because most of the printing surfaces use seal script, it is called seal cutting.

First, the development history of seal cutting

China's seal cutting is profound and has a long history. Since pre-Qin ancient printing and Qin and Han printing, there have been many printing owners and printing forms. But as far as its whole development process is concerned, just like social development, it is a cyclical historical process from scratch, from small to large, prosperity, decline and prosperity.

(A) the development of seal cutting

Since the Shang Dynasty, seals have appeared. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the political and economic development, the handicraft industry gradually developed and the use of seals gradually expanded. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, seal cutting entered its first prosperous period. Due to the unification of the country and the expansion of political power organizations, social prosperity, the use of official and private seals is more extensive, and printing has become a universal trend, thus promoting the unprecedented development of seal technology. The characters and shapes of seals have also undergone major changes. In the style of printed documents, the characters of Six Kingdoms have been replaced by Xiao Zhuan and mudra Zhuan, and tend to be upright. The layout is balanced, rigorous and rich in decoration, forming various white painting techniques and composition forms. The lines are vigorous and magnificent, reaching a high artistic level. Qin and Han dynasties also laid a complete official seal system.

(B) the emergence of seal cutting

The style of seal script in Wei and Jin Dynasties was mostly influenced by Han Dynasty, and in Tang and Song Dynasties, the seal script method began to decline. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, due to the popularity of cursive script, seal script was divorced from practical function, and seal script and regular script brushwork were mixed together. This phenomenon became more and more serious, so that the strokes were changed at will, and mistakes in seal script were everywhere. Therefore, it seems that the decline of seal script art is also caused by history. However, the art of painting and calligraphy gradually developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and seals were used for painting and calligraphy. Scholars are frustrated in officialdom, or dissatisfied with society, negative and world-weary, or devoted to poetry and painting. So the seal has become a way for them to express their leisure and feelings? Square world? . Especially since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the tendency of Chinese painting has become more and more obvious? Poetry, books, paintings and seals? Four in one? Literati painting? Form, but also promoted the development of seal cutting. The Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties are the transitional period of seal development from practical to ornamental.

(3) Seal cutting flourished.

The real seal cutting in China rose in the Ming Dynasty. Wen Peng used Chinese seal to standardize printing, popularized lithograph seal cutting materials, recruited disciples and popularized seal cutting. In the Qing Dynasty, seal cutting surpassed the previous generation in form and connotation, and various schools appeared. Many schools of Indian studies, such as Huizhou School, Zhejiang School, Deng School, Wu Pai School and Zhao School, have produced a large number of Indian masters, such as Zhao, Deng and Wu Changshuo, with outstanding achievements. The printing style of Qing Dynasty has always dominated and influenced the development of printing science in China, and it still has the significance of inheriting and drawing lessons from today's seal engravers.

Second, the reasons for the rise of seal cutting in Qing Dynasty.

In the Qing Dynasty, epigraphy and philology revived rapidly, which promoted the atmosphere of ancient calligraphy and made great progress in seal cutting. In order to deeply study and master the first-hand materials, the wind of collecting and sorting out inscriptions on Han steles, Han seals and bronzes followed, which greatly promoted the prosperity of calligraphy and seal cutting. At the same time, the relatively stable social environment, the prosperous domestic economy, the Qing government's policy of attaching importance to culture, the influence of mainstream academics in the Qing dynasty and the nourishment of other arts all played an important role in the prosperity of seal cutting.

(A) the influence of words

Since the Qianlong dynasty, the development of calligraphy has sprung up, and a group of calligraphers who are good at epigraphy have broken through the encirclement of calligraphy and raised the banner of revitalizing seal script. Both seal script and official script have had glorious times in history. Deng, Gui Fu and so on, their achievements can be said to be directly above the Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties. Are you online? Post? In addition, it opened up a new road for the development of calligraphy in Qing Dynasty. The combination of seal script and calligraphy led to the revival of calligraphy art in Qing Dynasty. Turn to profit and revitalize? With the successful experience, the enthusiasm of calligraphy circles to learn ancient inscriptions is further rising. In the development wave of new calligraphy, seal cutting in Qing Dynasty also entered a new period of comprehensive revitalization. Seal cutting is inseparable from seal script. The revival of seal script in Qing dynasty provided the necessary artistic carrier and fertile growth soil for seal cutting.

(B) the influence of epigraphy

Epigraphy began in the Song Dynasty. What is its mission? This paper studies the names, forms, systems and evolution of stone carvings in China in past dynasties, as well as the styles and patterns of carved characters and images. The prosperity of epigraphy in Qing dynasty also had an important influence on the development of seal cutting at that time. Under the situation of Qing dynasty, seal script managers, like literati, were exposed to a large number of inscriptions, which aroused artistic inspiration in the process of appreciation and research, improved the aesthetic ability of seal script and influenced their seal cutting practice imperceptibly. The study of ancient seal in epigraphy has deepened people's understanding of it and directly enriched and deepened various styles of seal cutting. The study of various categories in epigraphy has expanded the scope of learning from materials in seal cutting and directly bred? External printing? Theory. Phenomenologically, the number and achievements of famous seal engravers in the Qing Dynasty are unprecedented in Indian history, and they often have dual or even multiple identities, such as seal engravers, inscriptions, calligraphers and painters, and they are also integrated into one.

(3) Other influencing factors

This paper discusses the prosperity of seal cutting in Qing Dynasty from a deeper level, which is closely related to the cultural background and political quality of Qing Dynasty. First of all, the establishment of the Qing dynasty cut off the romantic calligraphy style formed by the late Ming sages, and brought the calligraphy innovation situation that deviated from the main line back to the neutralization system. The introduction of lithograph materials into the printing field has also promoted the development of seal cutting. At the same time, the enrichment and development of stable social economy and cultural life in Qing Dynasty created the demand for seal cutting. In addition, as the main body of seal cutting, their position in society is constantly mentioned, and the improvement of cultural level has also had a certain impact on the development of seal cutting.

Third, the representative figures, works and influence of seal cutting in Qing Dynasty.

The Qing Dynasty is another peak in the history of seal cutting, with different styles and independent schools. Especially when epigraphy prevailed in Qing Dynasty, epigraphists were good at seal cutting. It can be said that epigraphy and seal cutting in Qing Dynasty are complementary. The influential schools in Qing Dynasty are Zhejiang School, Deng School and Qian Shan School. Zhejiang School was initiated by Ding Jing. Taking ancient seals and Qin and Han seals as the Sect, it has the purpose of being vigorous, simple and vigorous. Deng School, also known as New Anhui School, is represented by Deng. Stone is like a four-body book. Is the book printed by yourself, and is it also printed by books? Advocating femininity, winning by circle, the works are vigorous, simple, magnificent, free and easy, fresh and unique. It has a great influence on the younger generation, such as Zhao and Wu Changshuo. Qian Shan School was founded by Huang Shiling. In his early years, Shi Ling studied under Wu Rangzhi, took the ancient seal of France, and found another way outside the Zhejiang-Anhui School. The layout is steep, the knife method is sharp, the flat and smooth, the static and dynamic, quaint and beautiful. The inheritors are Huang, Li and Qiao Dazhuang. This paper mainly introduces two representative schools-Zhejiang School and Deng School. (A) Ding Jing and Zhejiang School

Zhejiang School was founded by Ding Jing during the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong and Jiaqing, followed by Jiang Ren, Huang Yi, Xi Gang and others. The seal cutting styles of the four people are similar, but each has its own characteristics. Jiangren wins with simplicity, while Huang Yi and Xigang are famous for their elegance. With Chen Yuzhong, Chen Hongshou, Zhao and Qian Songji? Eight miles west cold? . ? Eight miles west cold? He is a representative of Zhejiang School, which shows China people's respect for rural sages. Because they are all from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, future generations call them and Indian artists who imitate their artistic style? Zhejiang school? . Zhejiang school advocates the seal of Qin and Han dynasties, and expresses the style of Qin and Han dynasties with strong knife skills, which is different from the gentle and smooth Huizhou style. Hui school is feminine, Zhejiang school is masculine? Comments: Zhejiang art dominated the Indian altar in the Qing Dynasty for more than a century, with far-reaching influence.

Ding Jingyuan inherited He Zhen, learned from others and had no family of his own. He is the author of Wulin Jinshi Lu and Lin Yin Pu Yin. Broken knife? For ever-changing techniques, emphasizing the ups and downs of rhythm, bright front and sharp lines can effectively overcome the shortcomings of flashy atmosphere and slimness of Ming people. Ding Jing's seal cutting method is characterized by simplicity, stability, naturalness and plainness, which has reached the realm of going beyond luxury and seeing the truth. His? Two lakes, three rivers and thousands of stones? 、? Wash the sentence pavilion? 、? Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence? 、? Without thinking about it? 、? Uncle Kay's private seal? In all kinds of vernacular printing, the seal method is gradually simplified and the official seal method is used by deleting complexity and simplifying. Simple is plain, the rate is true, and fancy is disgusting. It is quite elegant and subtle, and wisdom is stupid. Like one of them? Water? Next to the word, use official script to write. Nothing? The writing rules are completely borrowed from official script. Kay? Chinese characters are simplified. What is particularly amazing is that when Ding Jing was 55 years old, he carved a birthday seal for his poet friend monk Daheng and replaced it with an auspicious symbol of Buddhism? Wan? Word, this symbol is Sanskrit? A collection of auspicious virtues? Ding Jing put this word in central India to get Buddhist scriptures? Tathagata's breasts look like adults? Meaning, meaning is deep. Since then, there have been many imitators in later generations.

Jiang Gong is a painter and painter, and Ding Jing, a painter, is simple and vigorous, washing and practicing the ancient, and has his own style, so he has a special taste. Because of Geng Jie's temperament, he doesn't play with knives easily, and there are not many works circulating. His representative works are? True water without fragrance? Shao Zhichun's Ci "Huai Cui Zhuan Shu"? Wait a minute.

Huang Yi wrote The Inscription of Little Penglai Pavilion and The Seal of autumn scenery Temple. Specializing in epigraphy, good at landscape painting, calligraphy is famous for seal script. Its management of printing is carried out in Ding Jing, which is steady and changeable, smart and clear, and pays attention to the contrast between reality and reality in composition, which is thought-provoking. what's up Jiang Ren is stupid, but Huang Yi is smart? Said. His? Beware of ink marks and play with knives boldly? , obtained samadhi.

Xi just wrote "History of Mengquan India", which was recorded in poetry, calligraphy and painting at that time. Seal cutting is suitable for Ding Jing, and the printing wind is clumsy and elegant. Fiona Fang saw each other, which made him more natural and frank.

In a word, the influence of Jiang, Huang and Zhu Ding Jing Fang on imitation white printing is various, and tends to be stable in being good at it. The technique of breaking the knife and cutting it short has been further strengthened, which shows the vitality of Zhejiang School in the rising period.

(2) Deng and Deng School

Deng was an outstanding master in the printing altar of Qing Dynasty, and the book "The Seal of People in Wanbaishan" was handed down from generation to generation. Did Wei Xi of Qing Dynasty do it? Is the book printed and printed? His comments can be said to be a profound analysis of his artistic characteristics and its forming factors. In writing tools, he broke through? Do you burn pens? Method, give full play to the characteristics of both rigidity and softness, and form a new seal script of Fiona Fang, which is mutual knowledge, broad structure, ever-changing and interesting. The change of seal script style laid the foundation for the renewal of his seal script style. Deng greatly surpassed his predecessors and contemporaries in the perfect unity of calligraphy and knife technique, brushwork and knife taste.

His masterpiece? Italy and ancient society? 、? Thousands of feet, the river broke its banks. 、? Reading ancient prose and listening to strange words? , use? What are the disadvantages today when the ancient times were bad? Unique printing style. The first two political parties are quite distinctive in composition. Meaning? Printing three dense and one sparse, the composition has its own ethereal place; ? Jiang? The seal cutting method is natural and smooth, graceful and vigorous, and the knife cutting methods in Zhejiang are different, and the actual situation is oblique, which is a masterpiece. ? Prostitution? Printing can be regarded as the basic style of the Deng family, with Xiao Zhuan as the vernacular, which is quite bold and unconventional. There is no obvious craftsman intention, and it is achieved in one go, revealing an obvious naturalistic tendency. In terms of knife technique, the works of this period began to break away from the habit of Huizhou Indians emphasizing the unity of brushwork and craftsmanship, and expressed lines with a relatively free knife technique, with the characteristics of pen-like knife technique and light transshipment. From this point of view, how is Deng's knife method? Freehand brushwork? Personality is also very distinct.

Deng's aesthetic thought of seal cutting directly gave birth to his new artistic characteristics and inspired later generations. He proposed? Chinese seal cutting, Song Zhuwen? The difference between different forms of seal is expounded: what seal does he use? Robust and graceful? This aesthetic realm is my goal. He emphasized in his composition? When white turns black, the fun disappears. 、? You can walk fast in sparse places, but not in dense places? Contrast effect. In order to give people a vivid, interesting and balanced visual effect.

Third, the conclusion

As one of the quintessence of Chinese culture, seal cutting has experienced a long development process and recorded a long and heavy tradition. Seal cutting is an art that combines writing, carving and transfer printing. It is a concentrated and connotative beauty, which combines all kinds of weather in one square inch. As a wonderful flower in various art forms of the Chinese nation, seal cutting has not only practical value, but also unique aesthetic value. With its unique creative form and artistic charm, seal cutting is deeply favored by historical scholars. For thousands of years, it has been inherited and evolved, colorful and enduring.

References:

Deng Sanmu. Seal cutting [M]. Guizhou People's Publishing House, 2006.

[2] Han Tianheng, Sun Weizu. Introduction to seal cutting [M]. Higher Education Press, 1998.

[3] Han Tianheng. Selected Papers on Indian Studies in Past Dynasties [M]. Hangzhou: Xiling Publishing House, 1999.

[4] Gao Wenliang. On the formal beauty of seal cutting [J]. Journal of Art College of Inner Mongolia University, 2007(3).

[5] Dai Lin China Seal Art [M]. Beijing: Beijing Fine Arts Photography Publishing House, 1990.

(About the author: Chu (1970.6-), female, born in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, undergraduate, deputy research librarian of Jiaxing Cultural Center, Zhejiang Province, majoring in calligraphy. )

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