What can you learn about beer bottles?

When the American physicist Glasser was opening a beer bottle, he noticed that bubbles were easily generated around some rough protrusions on the glass of the wine bottle. During in-depth research on this phenomenon, he found that when overheated If there are charged ions in a liquid, the liquid around it will vaporize, and a string of visible bubbles will appear along the way the particles pass. This is the particle's track. The camera waiting nearby captured this fleeting scene in time, thus recording the trajectory of the particle movement. This idea led to the invention of the bubble chamber.

The bubble chamber used for elementary particle experiments is of course not filled with beer, but with liquid hydrogen, heavy water or nitrogen at more than 200 degrees Celsius below zero. Usually when conducting research, a target made of the substance being studied needs to be placed in the bubble chamber. However, when studying the properties of protons or neutrons, liquid hydrogen or heavy water in a bubble chamber is both a display medium and an ideal target. Because the nucleus of the former is a proton, the nucleus of the latter is composed of a proton and a neutron. This is the most popular part of the bubble room.

In order to achieve the superheated state of the liquid, a mechanical system is used to move the piston, so that the pressure in the bubble chamber suddenly decreases, and after a few milliseconds it returns to its normal state. The bubble chamber is sensitive to external charged particles. In a brief moment of a few milliseconds, the particles generated by the accelerator arrive exactly on time (that is, the accelerator and the bubble chamber are "synchronized"). At this time, the bubble chamber is illuminated with a flash light, and and stereoscopic camera equipment for automatic photographic recording. In the photos taken, we can clearly see the creation and annihilation process of particles. However, it is not an easy task to find a valuable photo, because tens of millions of photos are taken every year in large bubble chambers around the world. The work of image recognition and numerical analysis is quite complicated, and computers are generally used to do it. deal with.